Phosgene

Suffocating odor; when diluted with air there is an odor reminiscent of moldy hay

Odor varies from strong and stifling when concentrated to hay-like in dilute form

Characteristic odor; the odor of the gas can be detected only briefly at the time of initial exposure. At about 0.5 ppm in air, the odor has been described as pleasant and similar to that of new-mown hay or cut green corn. At high concentration, the odor may be strong, stifling, and unpleasant.

Suffocating odor like musty hay

1.432 at 32 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.3719 at 25 °C

Density at critical point: 0.52 g/cu cm

Relative density (water = 1): 1.4

1.43 (liquid at 32 °F)

1.3719 @25 °C

6.8488X10-4 Pa.s at 263.15 K

Colorless gas [Note: A fuming liquid below 47 degrees F. Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas].

Colorless to light yellow liquid or easilty liquefied gas

Colorless gas at room temperature and normal pressure

Impurities may cause discoloration of the product to pale yellow to green /liquid/

Light yellow liquid when refrigerated or compressed.

Very slightly soluble (NTP, 1992)

Slightly sol in water; freely sol in benzene, toluene, glacial acetic acid, and most liquid hydrocarbons

Soluble in benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, toluene, and acetic acid

Solubility in water: reaction

Slight

Phosgene used in anhydrous equipment with reagents is not corrosive to ordinary metals. In presence of moisture, corrosive conditions will develop rapidly, in which case monel, tantalum, or glass lined equipment may be used.

47 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

8.2 °C at 760 mm Hg

8 °C

47 °F

8 °C @760 [mm Hg]

47 °F

... When heated to decomposition ... it will react to produce toxic and corrosive fumes of /carbon monoxide/ and /hydrogen chlorides/.

In the presence of moisture, phosgene decomposes to form hydrochloric acid and carbon monoxide.

-180 °F (EPA, 1998)

-118 °C

-128 °C

-180 °F

-127.78 °C

-198 °F

3.4 (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3.4 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.4

3.48

Odor Threshold Low: 0.12 [ppm]；Odor Threshold High: 5.7 [ppm]；Odor threshold from AIHA

Odor cannot be used as a warning for potential exposure. The odor threshold is reported to be between 0.5 and 1.5 parts per million (ppm) ... and tolerance to the pleasant odor of phosgene occurs rapidly.

The irritant properties of phosgene are not sufficient to give warning of hazardous concn. A trained observer can recognize 0.5 ppm as being "sweet" & at about 1 ppm, the odor becomes typical of the "musty or newmown-hay" smell usually ascribed to phosgene. Workers exposed to phosgene can lose their ability to detect low concn through olfactory fatigue.

ONE-HALF PART PER MILLION CAN BE RECOGNIZED THROUGH THE SENSE OF SMELL, BY NORMAL PERSONS ACQUAINTED WITH ITS ODOR, BUT OLFACTORY FATIGUE OR ADAPTATION CAN CAUSE A GRADUALLY INCREASING CONCENTRATION TO GO UNNOTICED.

0.5 TO 1.0 PPM

Recognition in air: 1.00X10+1 ppm /chemically pure/

1215 mmHg at 68 °F (EPA, 1998)

1420 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 161.6

1.6 atm

750 [mm Hg] @7.2 °C

1.6 atm

Danger

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]；H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P260, P264, P271, P280, P284, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P320, P321, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.2% (1 of 535) of reports.

Toxic/poison by inhalation (TIH/PIH)

Chemical: Carbonic dichloride

Hazard Traits - Neurotoxicity; Respiratory Toxicity；Authoritative List - CA TACs; OEHHA RELs；Report - if used as a fragrance or flavor ingredient

Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 (amended)

Carbonic dichloride is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Carbonic dichloride are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 02-08-2018 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/20452；Status: Active Update: 08-11-2012 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/10463

Phosgene: HSNO Approval: HSR001066 Approved with controls

IMAP assessments - Carbonic dichloride: Environment tier I assessment；IMAP assessments - Carbonic dichloride: Human health tier I assessment

- Indoor Air: Phosgene (CG) can be released into indoor air as a gas.；- Water: Phosgene is unlikely to contaminate water because it breaks down rapidly upon contact with water to produce hydrochloric acid and carbon dioxide.；- Food: Phosgene is unlikely to contaminate food because it breaks down rapidly upon contact with water to produce hydrochloric acid and carbon dioxide.；- Outdoor Air: Phosgene (CG) can be released into outdoor air as a gas.；- Agricultural: If phosgene (CG) is released as a gas, it is highly unlikely to contaminate agricultural products.

Poison Gas Corrosive

For information on chemical warfare choking agents see the ERG Criminal or Terrorist Use of CBR Agents. (ERG, 2024)；When heated to decomposition or on contact with water or steam, it will react to produce toxic and corrosive fumes. Reacts violently with aluminum; tert-butyl azido formate; 2,4-hexadiyn-1,6-diol; isopropyl alcohol; potassium; sodium; hexafluoro isopropylidene; amino lithium; lithium. Stable in steel containers if dry. Avoid moisture. (EPA, 1998)

· Some may burn but none ignite readily.；· Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground.；· Some of these materials may react violently with water.；· Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release toxic and/or corrosive gas through pressure relief devices.；· Containers may explode when heated.；· Ruptured cylinders may rocket.；· For UN1005: Anhydrous ammonia, at high concentrations in confined spaces, presents a flammability risk if a source of ignition is introduced.

Not combustible.

NONCOMBUSTIBLE

For information on chemical warfare choking agents see the ERG Criminal or Terrorist Use of CBR Agents. (ERG, 2024)；Phosgene is a lung toxicant that causes damage to the capillaries, bronchioles and alveoli of the lungs, by decomposition to hydrochloric acid. There is little immediate irritant effect upon the respiratory tract, and the warning properties of the gas are therefore very slight. Pulmonary edema, bronchopneumonia and occasionally lung abscesses develop. Degenerative changes in the nerves have been reported as later developments. A concentration of 25 ppm is dangerous for exposures lasting 30-60 minutes and 50 ppm is rapidly fatal after even short exposure. (EPA, 1998)

· TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin.；· Vapors are extremely irritating and corrosive.；· Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite.；· Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.；· Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause environmental contamination.

Phosgene is a colorless nonflammable gas that has the odor of freshly cut hay. It is a manufactured chemical, but small amounts occur naturally from the break down of chlorinated compounds. Phosgene is used in the manufacture of other chemicals such as dyestuffs, isocyanates, polycarbonates and acid chlorides; it is also used in the manufacture of pesticides and pharmaceuticals. Phosgene can also be used to separate ores. Phosgene is a gas at room temperature, but is sometimes stored as a liquid under pressure or refrigeration.

Phosgene is used as a chemical intermediate; in the past, it was used as a chemical warfare agent. Phosgene is extremely toxic by acute (short-term) inhalation exposure. Severe respiratory effects, including pulmonary edema, pulmonary emphysema, and death have been reported in humans. Severe ocular irritation and dermal burns may result following eye or skin exposure. Chronic (long-term) inhalation exposure to phosgene has been shown to result in some tolerance to the acute effects noted in humans, but may also cause irreversible pulmonary changes of emphysema and fibrosis. Limited human studies indicate no increase in the incidence of cancer among workers chronically exposed to phosgene. EPA has classified phosgene as a Group D compound, not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

Like ozone and nitrogen dioxide, phosgene is less soluble that other irritant inhalants and more likely to cause pulmonary edema without the signs of severe upper respiratory injury. [LaDou, p. 563-4] After a significant inhalation exposure, the onset of pulmonary edema may be delayed for up to 48 hours. [ATSDR Medical Management] A lachrymator; [CHEMINFO] See Results from the US industry-wide phosgene surveillance: the Diller registry. [PMID 21293301] 2021 TLV Basis: pulmonary edema, emphysema; [ACGIH] Phosgene is fibrogenic to the lungs in the context of an acute inhalation exposure complicated by bronchiolitis obliterans.

The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of phosgene stem from its toxicologic properties. Toxic by all routes (ie, inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption), exposure to this moldy smelling, colorless gas may occur from its use in the manufacture of toluene diisocyanate (TDI), methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), dyestuffs, polymeric isocyanates, and polycarbonate resins. It is also important to note that certain chlorinated solvents (eg, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and methylene chloride) can decompose to phosgene in the presence of fire, heaters, or welding operations. Effects from exposure may include contact burns to the skin and eyes, shortness of breath, chest pain, severe pulmonary edema (sometimes delayed up to 24 hr), and death. Both the OSHA PEL is set at a TWA of 0.1 ppm. Ventilation systems should be used to prevent hazardous levels of phosgene from accumulating. In activities or situations where over-exposure may occur, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus, and full (encapsulating) protective clothing designed specifically to protect against phosgene. If contact should occur, immediately flush the affected skin or eyes with running water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes at the site. While phosgene does not ignite easily, it can burn, and cylinders may explode in the heat of a fire. For fires involving phosgene, extinguish with dry chemical, CO2, Halon, standard or alcohol foams or water. Fight the fire from a maximum distance and dike runoff from fire control water. Phosgene may be shipped via rail (cargo only), road, and water, in containers bearing the label "Poison gas". Phosgene should be stored in cool, dry, well-ventilated areas, secured, and away from sources of ignition and physical damage. If small leaks of phosgene occur, first isolate the area for 600 feet in all directions (large spills are isolated in all directions for 1200 ft). Stop the flow of gas if it can be done without risk

1076 125

1076 125

Acyl Halides, Sulfonyl Halides, and Chloroformates

Symbol: T+; R: 26-34; S: (1/2)-9-26-36/37/39-45; Note: U

UN Hazard Class: 2.3; UN Subsidiary Risks: 8

For information on chemical warfare choking agents see the ERG Criminal or Terrorist Use of CBR Agents. (ERG, 2024)；If necessary to stop flow of gas, use water spray to protect the personnel effecting shutoff. Sodium hydroxide or anhydrous ammonia have been used to neutralize phosgene.；Nonflammable. For small fires, use dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Use water spray, fog, or foam for larger fires. Do not get water inside containers. Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk. Stay away from the ends of tanks, and cool exposed containers with water until well after the fire is out. Isolate the area until gas has dispersed. (EPA, 1998)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water. NO direct contact with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

- Phosgene (CG) is non-combustible.；- When heated to decomposition, phosgene (CG) produces toxic and corrosive fumes (hydrogen chloride, carbon monoxide, and chlorine).；- For small fires, use dry chemical or carbon dioxide.；- For large fires, use water spray, fog, or regular foam. Move containers from the fire area if it is possible to do so without risk to personnel. Do not get water inside containers. Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.；- For fire involving tanks, fight the fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after the fire is out. Do not direct water at the source of the leak or at safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tanks. Always stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.；- Run-off from fire control may cause pollution.；- If the situation allows, control and properly dispose of run-off (effluent).

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Administration of oxygen may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.；· Keep unauthorized personnel away.；· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.；· Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).；· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.；· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.；· If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.；· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.；· Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.；· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.；· Isolate area until gas has dispersed.

For information on chemical warfare choking agents see the ERG Criminal or Terrorist Use of CBR Agents. (ERG, 2024)；Warning: Effects may be delayed up to 24 hours. Caution is advised.；Signs and Symptoms of Acute Phosgene Exposure: Acute exposure to phosgene may result in severe irritation and burns of the skin, eyes, mucous membranes, and respiratory passages. Cough, dyspnea (shortness of breath), pain in the chest, and severe pulmonary edema may also occur. Cyanosis (blue tint to the skin and mucous membranes) and anxiety may be observed.；Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to phosgene may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.；Inhalation Exposure:；1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to phosgene.；2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.；3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.；4. RUSH to a health care facility.；Dermal/Eye Exposure:；1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to phosgene.；2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.；3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.；4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.；5. Wash exposed skin areas THOROUGHLY with soap and water.；6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.；7. RUSH to a health care facility.；Ingestion Exposure: No information is available. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:；· Call 911 or emergency medical service.；· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.；· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.；· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.；· If victim is not breathing:；-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.；-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).；-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.；· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.；· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.；· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.；· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.；· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.；· Keep victim calm and warm.；· Keep victim under observation.；· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.；· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.；Specific First Aid:；· In case of contact with liquefied gas, only medical personnel should attempt thawing frosted parts.

(General first aid procedures)；Eye: Irrigate immediately (liquid)；Skin: Water flush immediately (liquid)；Breathing: Respiratory support

Fireproof if in building. Isolated from work area. Separated from incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers. Cool. Dry. Ventilation along the floor.

Prolonged exposure of the cylinders or tank cars to fire or heat may result in their violent rupturing and rocketing.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).；· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.；· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

0.41 [ppm]

Use remote equipment wherever possible. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire.

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

The decomposition of chlorinated hydrocarbons in closed rooms can result in the accumulation of harmful concn of phosgene, as for example from the use of carbon tetrachloride as a fire extinguishing material, or tetrachloroethylene as a lubricant in the machining of high-grade steel.

Phosgene must be stored to avoid contact with water, moisture, or steam since violent reactions occur. Store in tightly closed, steel containers in an isolated area away from the work area and separated form all other materials, as well as sunlight. Although phosgene in anhydrous equipment is not corrosive to ordinary metals, in presence of moisture, use monel, tantalum, or glass-lined storage containers. Phosgene should be stored away from heating and cooling ducts. Containers should be frequently inspected for leaks.

Phosgene should be stored in appropriately labelled corrosion-resistant steel cylinders that conform to rigid safety-design specifications for this chemical. Storage should be in cool, dry, and well-ventilated fire-proof rooms isolated from the work area. Ambient air monitoring should be provided and ventilation should be located at floor level. Protect cylinders against physical damage, and secure to prevent falling or rolling. Because phosgene reacts with water, great care should be taken to prevent contamination with water, since this could lead to increased pressure in the tanks with possible resultant rupture. Phosgene containers should be frequently inspected for damage and prolonged storage should be avoided.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Outside or detached storage is preferred. Must be stored in a dry location.

Storage temperature: ambient

For more Storage Conditions (Complete) data for PHOSGENE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

For liquid spills, cover with sodium bicarbonate or an equal mixture of soda ash and slaked lime. After mixing, spray water from an atomizer with great precaution. Transfer slowly into a large container of water. ... For gas spills, allow gas to flow into a mixed solution of caustic soda and slaked lime. If possible, keep in a hood until cylinder is emptied.

Environmental considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors.

Dilute aqueous phosgene wastes can best be handled through caustic scrubbing in packed columns or by scrubbing in towers with activated carbon and water. ... Phosgene should not be introduced into an incinerator. However, if a product containing, or capable of producing phosgene is entering an incinerator, then there must be an adequate scrubbing installation to remove phosgene and/or HCl from the issuing gases. These techniques must conform to all local and national regulations. Welding and disposal of tanks and equipment used to handle phosgene should take place only after all residual phosgene has been purged from these materials.

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3).

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for PHOSGENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

For information on chemical warfare choking agents see the ERG Criminal or Terrorist Use of CBR Agents. (ERG, 2024)；Excerpt from ERG Guide 125 [Gases - Toxic and/or Corrosive]:；Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. (ERG, 2024)

... "Destruction of chemical weapons" means a process by which chemicals are converted in an essentially irreversible way to a form unsuitable for production of chemical weapons, and which in an irreversible manner renders munitions and other devices unusable as such. ... Each /nation/ shall determine how it shall destroy chemical weapons, except that the following processes may not be used: dumping in any body of water, land burial or open-pit burning. It shall destroy chemical weapons only at specifically designated and appropriately designed and equipped facilities. ... Each /nation/ shall ensure that its chemical weapons destruction facilities are constructed and operated in a manner to ensure the destruction of the chemical weapons; and that the destruction process can be verified under the provisions of this Convention.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P095 must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

If recycle of phosgene is not feasible, phosgene wastes can be handled most effectively through caustic scrubbing in packed columns.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

Pass controlled discharges of phosgene through a scrubbing tower, maintaining a 10% sodium hydroxide soln to decompose phosgene and convert to an alkaline chloride salt soln for disposal. Remove and isolate leaky cylinders (whose flow cannot be stopped) in an exhaust scrubber hood for discharge. Follow local regulations. Recommendable methods: Alkaline hydrolysis. Not recommendable methods: Evaporation & landfill. Peer-review: Extreme care: Phosgene is a highly toxic gas. Dilute the phosgene with air or nitrogen. Use properly engineered and constructed equipment. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

Dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate, aminophylline, and B-adrenergic agonist protect against pulmonary edema produced by phosgene.

Early reports of the effectiveness of methenamine in treatment of phosgene poisoning have been disproven. While this compound has been shown to have protective effects when administered prior to exposure the administration post-exposure has no therapeutic benefit.

Drugs disrupting the neutrophil influx associated with the oxidant pathway in phosgene such as aminophylline and terbutaline, ibuprofen and colchicine have been shown to reduce edema in animal studies

A reduction of lung nonprotein sulfhydryl groups through administration of buthionine sulfoximine led to an increased edemagenic effect in the lungs of mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, and rabbits exposed to 0.2 ppm phosgene for 4 hours. Nonprotein sulfhydryl may be important in the normal defense of the lung against the toxic effects of phosgene.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for PHOSGENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Respiratory

Eyes, skin, respiratory system

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2.2(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that phosgene is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of phosgene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.7X10-2 atm-cu m/mole(3). Phosgene is expected to hydrolyze in moist soil; hydrolysis of a 1% solution of phosgene in water is complete within 20 seconds at 0 °C(4). Phosgene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1420 mm Hg(5). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2007).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2.2(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that phosgene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.7X10-2 atm-cu m/mole(4). Phosgene has been reported to hydrolyze rapidly in seawater(5). Hydrolysis of a 1% solution of phosgene in water is complete within 20 seconds at 0 °C(6). Measured aqueous phase hydrolysis rate constants for phosgene have ranged from 0.29 to 100 sec-1(7). The rapid hydrolysis suggests that bioconcentration will not be an important environmental fate process(SRC). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2007).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), phosgene, which has a vapor pressure of 1420 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the gas phase in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase phosgene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 44 years(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.0X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Phosgene does not absorb UV radiation at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore would not be subject to direct photolysis by sunlight in the troposphere. Phosgene's hydrolytic half-life in the atmosphere, extrapolating from high temperature data, is 113 yr at sea level, assuming 10 torr of water vapor(5).

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.；Chronic Bronchitis - Chronic bronchitis is persistent coughing and production of phlegm for at least 3 months out of the year for at least two successive years. (American Thoracic Society).；Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.；Fibrogenic - Inducing tissue injury and fibrosis (scarring).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

inhalation, skin and/or eye contact (liquid)

Inhalation is the primary route of exposure to phosgene (CG). Ingestion is unlikely, as phosgene (CG) is a gas at room temperature. Exposure to phosgene (CG) may be irritating to the eyes and skin.

Human exposure in both the general population and occupational setting is primarily by inhalation. ... The primary route of exposure is by inhalation, the gas penetrates into the tissues of the respiratory tract and so only minimal amounts of phosgene are distributed in the body. The very short half-life (0.026 seconds) in aqueous solutions precludes a significant retention of phosgene in the body. ... The hydrolytic products of phosgene, i.e., hydrochloric acid and carbon dioxide, are disposed of by the body through normal physiological processes. Phosgene exerts its toxicity through acylation of proteins, as well as through the production of hydrochloric acid. The amino, hydroxyl and sulfhydryl groups in the protein appear to be the target for acylation leading to marked inhibition of several enzymes related to energy metabolism and a breakdown of the blood:air barrier. In all species studied, the lung is the major target organ. ... In all species the characteristic pathological feature is the delayed clinical manifestation of pulmonary edema, which is dose-dependent. Pathological changes in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli at low concentrations are typical of a pulmonary irritant, whereas at higher exposures pulmonary edema occurs, leading to interference with gas exchange and death. ... Phosgene exposure can result in eye and skin irritation. ... The target organ in humans, as in experimental animals, is the lung. After exposure to phosgene levels between 120 and 1200 mg/cu m-min, three distinct clinical clinicopathological phases have been reported. The initial phase consists of pain in the eyes and throat and tightness in the chest, often with shortness of breath, wheezing, and coughing; hypotension, bradycardia and rarely sinus arrhythmias can occur. The second or latent phase, which is often asymptomatic, can last as long as 24 hr depending upon the level and duration of exposure. In the third phase, pulmonary edema may develop, leading to death in some

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ It is technically infeasible to conduct aquatic toxicology studies with phosgene, a compound which hydrolyzes virtually instantaneously to form hydrogen chloride and carbon dioxide in aqueous media.

Cough. Sore throat. Chest tightness. Shortness of breath. Nausea. Vomiting. Symptoms may be delayed.

Redness. ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

Redness. Watering of the eyes. ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

irritation eyes; dry burning throat; vomiting; cough, foamy sputum, dyspnea (breathing difficulty), chest pain, cyanosis; liquid: frostbite

- Gas (high concentrations): Tear production (lacrimation), accumulation of blood (hyperemia), inflammation, and clouding (opacification) of the cornea.；- Liquid: Clouding (opacification) of the cornea and delayed perforation.

- Phosgene (CG) is present as a gas at room temperature, so ingestion is unlikely.

A survey of an isocyanate manufacturing plant resulted in phosgene levels ranging from 0-3.25 ppm(1). 31 of the 91 samples were negative and most of the samples were below 0.1 ppm(1). A later study of an isocyanate manufacturing plant found 91% of the air samples within the maximum permissible concn(1).

Phosgene

Respiratory

3 x 10 ^-4 mg/m^3

Consider hospitalizing all patients who have suspected phosgene exposure. Patients who have respiratory compromise should be admitted to an intensive care unit. ... Because pulmonary edema may not occur for up to 48 hours after exposure, patients who have known exposure should be observed and reexamined periodically before confirming the absence of toxic effects. Patients who have bronchospasm or pulmonary edema should be watched carefully for signs of impending respiratory failure and should be managed accordingly. Patients who survive for 48 hours usually recover. ... Asymptomatic patients who have normal initial examinations and no signs of toxicity after observation for 48 hours may be discharged with instructions to seek medical care promptly if symptoms develop.

... Laboratory testing is useful for monitoring the patient and evaluating complications. Routine laboratory studies for all exposed patients include CBC, glucose, and electrolyte determinations. ECG monitoring is useful for patients exposed to phosgene. Chest radiography and pulse oximetry (or ABG measurements) are also recommended for severe inhalation exposure. Evidence of pulmonary edema - hilar enlargement, and ill-defined, central-patch infiltrates on chest radiography - is a late finding that may occur 6 to 8 hours after exposure.

Pre-employment medical examinations should include chest X-rays and baseline pulmonary function tests. The eyes and skin should be examined /and the/ smoking history should be known. Periodic pulmonary function studies should be done. Workers who are known to have inhaled phosgene should remain under medical observation for at least 24 hours to insure that delayed symptoms do not occur.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of phosgene can be estimated to be 2.2(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that phosgene is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

Virtually all phosgene gas was adsorbed in sandy clay in 40 min ... The soil had an average moisture content of approximately 11%, and the amount of surface exposed ... was roughly 13 sq ft.

Chemical: Carbonic dichloride

Hazard Traits - Neurotoxicity; Respiratory Toxicity；Authoritative List - CA TACs; OEHHA RELs；Report - if used as a fragrance or flavor ingredient

Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 (amended)

Carbonic dichloride is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Carbonic dichloride are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 02-08-2018 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/20452；Status: Active Update: 08-11-2012 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/10463

Phosgene: HSNO Approval: HSR001066 Approved with controls

P095; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when phosgene, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to federal and/or state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any container or inner liner used to hold this waste or any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5(e)).

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Phosgene is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Phosgene is included on this list.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 10 lb or 4.54 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Phosgene is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 10 lbs.

Phosgene is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.

Phosgene

1.00

500

0.17

15

Toxic chemical that can be released at a facility.

Phosgene is a highly reactive gas capable of damaging a variety of biological macromolecules in an oxidant-like fashion. This activity potentially results from at least two separate chemical reactions: acylation and hydrolysis. Acylation, the more important and rapid mechanism, results from the reaction of phosgene with nucleophilic moieties, such as the amino, hydroxyl, and sulfhydryl groups of tissue macromolecules. Acylation causes destruction of proteins and lipids, irreversible alterations of membrane structures, and disruption of enzyme and other cell functions. Exposure to phosgene depletes lung nucleophiles, particularly glutathione, and restoration of glutathione seems to protect against phosgene-induced injury. For several days after acute phosgene exposure, tissue levels of antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase, increase as part of the lungs' response to injury. In addition to acylation, phosgene is hydrolyzed to HCl ... The formation of HCl occurs on moist membranes and may cause irritation and tissue damage. Because of the limited water solubility of phosgene, it is unlikely that large quantities of HCl could result from the exposure of biological tissues. However, small amounts do form and may contact moist membranes of the eye, nasopharynx, and respiratory tract. Hydrolysis to HCl is the probable cause of immediate inflammation and discomfort after phosgene exposure at concentrations greater than 3 ppm (>12 mg/cu m). Pulmonary cellular glycolysis and oxygen uptake following phosgene exposure are depressed and, thus, leads to a corresponding decrease in the levels of intracellular adenosine triphosphate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate. This is associated with increased water uptake by epithelial, interstitial, and endothelial cells. The semipermeability of the blood-air barrier becomes gradually compromised as a result of fluid entering the interstitial and alveolar spaces. Later, the blood-air barrier disrupts,

The pathology of phosgene poisoning is mainly due to its acylating properties and not a result of hydrochloric acid generation upon hydrolysis, although hydrochloric acid production may play a minor role. The production of pulmonary edema following phosgene exposure has been correlated with reductions in pulmonary ATP levels and sodium-potassium ATPase activity, as well as inhibition of other pulmonary enzymes. The role of the nervous system in the toxicity of phosgene is considered to be a nonspecific effect of irritant gases.

Phosgene is only slightly soluble in water; the small amount of phosgene which dissolves is immediately hydrolyzed to CO2 and HCl. The concentration of HCl produced from a lethal dose of phosgene is </= 10R-10 M, which can be easily buffered by the lung tissue. The inhalation toxicity of phosgene is enhanced by its low water solubility, which allows it to penetrate further into the lungs than can more soluble gases. When phosgene reaches the alveolar region it reacts with NH2-, SH- or OH-groups of the bloood-air barrier. The acylating reaction of phosgene occurs much more rapidly than the reaction of phosgene with water.

No reports found; [TDR, p. 1030]

Cysteine inhibited in vitro covalent binding of chloroform to liver microsomal protein and trapped a reactive metabolite, presumably phosgene, as 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid. This suggests that the carbon-hydrogen bond of chloroform is oxidized by a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase to produce trichloromethanol, which spontaneously dehydrochlorinates to yield phosgene.

Phosgene is formed during NADPH and oxygen dependent microsomal oxidation of /carbon tetrachloride/.

Phosgene reacts rapidly with water, but more rapidly with certain chemical groups found in tissue macromolecules, such as free amines and sulfhydryls. Because of its high reactivity, it is doubtful that any unreacted phosgene will enter the general circulation even after exposure to high concentrations of the gas.

... Sensitivity to chloroform correlates with the capacity of the kidney to metabolize chloroform to the toxic metabolite phosgene. ... Kidney homogenates of sensitive male DBA/2J mice metabolized chloroform to phosgene more rapidly than did the less sensitive C57BL/6J mice. Similarly, kidney homogenates from male mice, which are sensitive to chloroform induced nephrotoxicity, metabolized chloroform to phosgene at nearly an order of magnitude more rapidly than did those from female mice. Treatment of female mice with testosterone, however, reversed this trend. Cytochrome P450 in the microsomal and mitochondrial fraction of the kidney appeared to catalyze the metabolism of chloroform to phosgene.

Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during WARFARE.

Rats were exposed to 0.1 - 1.0 ppm 14C-phosgene (0.4 - 4.1 mg/cu m) for 0.5 to 4 hr and tissue distribution of carbon-14 was investigated. Phosgene adduct concentrations (measured as nmol carbon-14/g dry weight) were highest in the lung, trachea, nasopharynx and blood, and were also highly concentrated in constituents of nasal and broncheolar lavage fluids. Lung tissue carbon-14 was distributed in lipid, macromolecule, and water-soluble fractions in a manner which was proportional to the weight contributed by each fraction.

Rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, hamsters and mice were exposed simultaneously to 1.6 ppm 14C-phosgene (6.6 mg/cu m) for 3 min in a closed Plexiglas chamber. Mean lung concentrations of carbon-14 in these animals immediately following exposure were 3.15, 2.50, 5.33, 5.05 and 11.13 nmoles/g wet weight, respectively. Blood carbon-14 ranged from 2.5% of lung concentrations in rabbits to 5.9% in mice. The nasopharyngeal fraction of total respiratory tract carbon-14 was higher in rabbits and guinea pigs (0.46 - 0.50) than in the other species (0.22 - 0.36). Tracheal carbon-14 was always about 3% of total respiratory tract carbon-14. Liver carbon-14 was about 1% of lung concentrations. Tissue binding of phosgene was shown by a large percentage of carbon-14 in trichloroacetic acid precipitates of tissue and by the presence of carbon-14 in lungs (20% of initial) 3 days post exposure.

The gas penetrates into the tissues of respiratory tract and to some extent is absorbed by the lung. ... Hydrochloric acid and carbon dioxide produced by hydrolysis of phosgene are excreted largely by kidney and lung, respectively.

Rats, mice, hamsters, guinea pigs and rabbits were exposed by inhalation to 14C-phosgene at 1.6 ppm for 3 minutes. Carbon-14 was detected at very low levels in blood and liver samples of all animals.

Phosgene is a widely used chemical intermediate, primarily manufactured in the preparation of many organic chemicals. Phosgene is used for the synthesis of isocyanate-based polymers, carbonic acid esters, and acid chlorides. It is also used in the manufacture of dyestuffs, some insecticides, and pharmaceuticals and in metallurgy. In the past, phosgene was used as a chemical warfare agent (in WWI and WWII).

Used as an intermediate in the synthesis of many organic chemicals; also produced from thermal decomposition or photodecomposition of chlorinated hydrocarbons--the heat or UV light of welding can generate phosgene from degreasing solvents; [ACGIH]

Welding [Category: Weld]；Petroleum Production and Refining [Category: Industry]；Firefighting [Category: Other]；Burning Synthetic Polymers [Category: Burn]

Phosgene is primarily used in the polyurethane industry for the production of polymeric isocyanates. Phosgene is also used in the polycarbonate industry and in the manufacture of carbamates and related pesticides, dyes, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, and isocyanates.

For the prepn of many organic chemicals; as a war gas

INTERMEDIATE, CARBONYLATING AGENT

Chlorine (free), max 0.1%; hydrochloric acid, max 0.2%

Undesirable impurities in the production of phosgenes are sulfur chlorides

2023: 250,000,000 - <400,000,000 lb；2022: 250,000,000 - <400,000,000 lb；2021: 250,000,000 - <400,000,000 lb；2020: 250,000,000 - <400,000,000 lb

(1972) 3.21X10+11 GRAMS

(1975) 3.6X10+11 GRAMS

5.5X10+11 g

Phosgene is produced in large quantities (over 2,000 million pounds in 1987)

For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for PHOSGENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

62% IS USED TO PRODUCE TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE; 24% TO PRODUCE POLYMETHYLENE POLYPHENYLISOCYANATE; 4% TO MAKE POLYCARBONATE RESINS; 10% IN MISC APPLICATIONS (1973)

TOLUENE DI-ISOCYANATE (52%); MDI AND POLYMER ISOCYANATES (35%); POLYCARBONATE RESIN (6%); OTHER ISOCYANATES, SPECIALTIES AGRICULTURAL AND MISC USES (6%) (1984)

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Phosgene. Toluene diisocyanate, 45%; MDI and polymeric isocyanates, 35%; polycarbonate resins, 10%; miscellaneous, including specialty isocyanates, chloroformates and ag chemicals, 10%. (1987)

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Phosgene. Demand: 1986: 1,900 million lb; 1987: 2,050 million lb; 1991 /projected/: 2,250 million lb.

For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for PHOSGENE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Intermediate

Intermediate

The majority of phosgene for industrial applications is made on site by the reaction of carbon monoxide and chlorine gas using an activated carbon catalyst. Phosgene may also be produced as a combustion product of carbon tetrachloride, methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, or butyl chloroformate, although these methods are not utilized industrially.

Prepn from chlorine + carbon monoxide: Whitehouse, U.S. pat. 1,231,226 (1917); Peacock, U.S. pat. 1,360,312 (1921); Bradner, U.S. pat. 1,457,493 (1923); Douthitt, U.S. pat. 2,847,470 (1958 to Texas Co.)

Prepn from carbon monoxide + nitrosyl chloride: Williams, U.S. pat. (1930 to du Pont Ammonia Corp.)

Prepn from carbon tetrachloride + oleum: Murphy, Reuter, Aust. Chem. Inst. J. and Proc. 15, 144 (1948)

For more Methods of Manufacturing (Complete) data for PHOSGENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Grades or purity: commercial: 100%

99% min purity, liquefied gas

Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing；All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing；All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing

Carbonic dichloride: ACTIVE

/The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) is an international treaty which bans the development, production, stockpiling, and transfer or use of chemical weapons. The Convention mandates the destruction and prohibition of chemical weapons and related facilities and provides for restrictions on international trade in toxic chemicals and precursors./ The Convention's monitoring and verification measures involve submission of declarations regarding ... /Schedule 1, 2, and 3 chemicals/ and inspections by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons of the facilities where these chemicals are produced. ... Schedule 3 chemicals ... /may/ have been stockpiled or used as weapons, but ... are produced /and used/ in large quantities for purposes not prohibited by the Convention (2). Phosgene is listed in the CWC Annex on Chemicals under Schedule 3 (1).

Phosgene was first prepared in 1812 by the photochemical reaction of carbon monoxide and chlorine; it is now commercially prepared by passing chlorine and excess carbon monoxide over activated carbon. ... In its first application, phosgene was the most heavily used chemical-warfare agent during World War I . Its utility as a reactive chemical intermediate is of relatively recent origin. It is now an important and widely used intermediate; the majority of its production is captive, e.g., in the manufacture of other chemicals within the same plant. The principal use of phosgene is in the polyurethane industry, which consumes over 85% of the world's phosgene output. ...

Manufacture of phosgene in the United States is almost entirely captive (more than 99% is used in the manufacture of other chemicals within a plant boundary). Only one company sells phosgene on the U.S. merchant market. Over 80% of the phosgene used in the United States is involved in the manufacture of polyisocyanates in the polyurethane industry. The polycarbonate industry accounts for approximately 10% of phosgene used, and the remaining 10% is used in the production of aliphatic diisocyanates, monoisocyanates, chloroformates, agrochemicals, and intermediates for dyestuffs and pharmaceuticals.

Phosgene was a major threat agent in World War I until mustard was introduced. Today it is an industrial hazard in many manufacturing processes. More importantly, it is released from heating or burning many common chemicals or solvents. Carbon tetrachloride, perchloroethylene (a degreasing compound), methylene chloride (used in paint removal), and many other compounds break down to phosgene with flame or heat. Also, common substances such as foam plastics release phosgene when they burn.