HuagongsheHuagongshe Chemie-Druckbericht · Nur für Forschungszwecke
Carbon
CHARCOAL · TOC · SWCNT · PIGMENT BLACK 7 · ACETYLENE BLACK · CARBON NANOTUBES · MWCNT · CHARCOAL ACTIVATED
Identifikatoren & physikalische Daten
| CAS No. | 308068-56-6 |
|---|---|
| Summenformel | C |
| Durchschnittliche Molmasse | 12,011 g/mol |
| SMILES | [C] |
| InChIKey | OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| EC No. | 231-153-3 |
Chemische & physikalische Eigenschaften
| XLogP | 0,6 |
|---|---|
| Polarare Oberfläche (TPSA) | 0 |
| H-Brücken-Donoren | 0 |
| H-Brücken-Akzeptoren | 0 |
| Frei drehbare Bindungen | 0 |
| Schwere Atome | 1 |
| Formalladung | 0 |
| Komplexität | 0 |
| Stoffklassen | Other Classes -> Elements, Nonmetallic |
| Kosmetika | Cosmetic colorant |
| SpringerMaterials Properties | valence band parameter |
| Geruch | Odorless. |
| Dichte | The apparent density of beech charcoal is 0.45 g/mL and that of pine charcoal is 0.28 g/mLthe density of pore-free charcoal ranges between 1.38 and 1.46 g/mL, depending on the kind of woodthe porosity of beech charcoal is ca 70%the bulk density of charcoal, which depends on the kind of wood and the size of the pieces, ranges from 180 to 220 kg/cu mthe heating value ranges between 29 and 33 kJ/gRelative density (water = 1): 1.8-3.512.2 @25 °C1.5-1.8~1.7 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.) |
| Color/Form | Steel gray to black greasy feeling solid. |
| Löslichkeit | Solubility in water: noneInsolubleSoluble in benzene, toluene and chloroform.It is miscible, can be diluted with water. Soluble in benzene, toluene. |
| Endocrine Disruptors | Potential endocrine disrupting compound |
| Siedepunkt | Sublimes at 3642 °Ctriple point (graphite-liquid-gas), 4492 °C at a pressure of 101.325 kPa>4000 °C3825 °C @760 [mm Hg]500-600 °C(lit.) |
| Schmelzpunkt | Melting point equals greater than 3500 °CMW: 760.642 Yellow needles of plates. MP: >280 °C. Soluble in organic solvents /Fullerene-60/MW: 840.749. Red-brown solid. MP: >280 °C. Soluble in benzene, toluene /Fullerene-70/>3500 °C4489 °C6602 °F (Sublimes)3550 °C(lit.) |
| Dampfdruck | 1 mm Hg at 3586 °C0 mmHg (approx)1 [mm Hg] @3586 °C<0.1 mm Hg ( 20 °C) |
| Physical Description | Carbon, activated is a black grains that have been treated to improve absorptive ability. May heat spontaneously if not properly cooled after manufacture.CBILarge CrystalsOther SolidWet SolidDry PowderLiquidBlack powder or crystals[Sax]BLACK POWDER OR SOLID IN VARIOUS FORMS. ODOURLESS WHEN PURE.Black grains that have been treated to improve absorptive ability.Steel gray to black, greasy feeling, odorless solid. |
| Flammpunkt | >230 °F |
| Lagerbedingungen | 2-8°C, sealed storage, away from moisture |
| Aggregatzustand | rod |
| Farbe | Black |
| InChIKey | OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | [C] |
Sicherheit & Vorschriften
| GHS-Einstufung | This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 40.2% (1095 of 2727) of reports.WarningH319 (55.1%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]P261, P264+P265, P271, P280, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P337+P317, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 2727 reports by companies from 27 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 100% (105 of 105) of all reports. |
|---|---|
| Regulatorische Informationen | Chemical: CarbonCarbon is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Carbon are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Carbon: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard |
| Weitere Sicherheitsinformationen | IMAP assessments - Carbon: Human health tier I assessment |
| DOT-Kennzeichnung | Spontaneously Combustible |
| Brandgefahren | Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:· Flammable/combustible material.Highly flammable if powdered. Combustible. Finely dispersed particles form explosive mixtures in air. |
| Brandpotenzial | Activated carbon exposed to air is a potential fire hazard because of its very high surface area and adsorptive capacity. Freshly prepared material may heat spontaneously in air, and presence of water accelerates this.Mixtures /of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde/ with active carbon (1.5:1 mol) deflagrate at 1.25 cm/min. |
| Gesundheitsgefahren | Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:· Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. |
| Gefahrenübersicht | Dust explosions are possible when the powder is mixed with air[ICSC] Wet, activated carbon can remove oxygen from a confined space. [CHEMINFO] See Graphite, all forms except graphite fibers, Carbon black, Carbon nanotubes, and Carbon-14. |
| DOT-Nummer und Handbuch | 1362 133 |
| Reaktive Gruppe | Reducing Agents, Weak |
| UN-Einstufung | UN Hazard Class: 4.2UN Pack Group: III |
| Special Reports | European Chemicals BureauIUCLID Dataset, Carbon (7440-44-0), 18 pp. (2000 CD-ROM edition). Available from the Database Query page at: http://ecb.jrc.it/esis/esis.php as of July 18, 2008.USEPA/Office of Pesticide ProgramsReregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Carbon and Carbon Dioxide, 45 pp. (September 1991). Available from the Pesticide Reregistration Status page at: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm as of July 19, 2008. |
| FIFRA-Anforderungen | As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Carbon is found on List D. Case No: 4019Pesticide type: insecticide, rodenticideCase Status: RED Approved 09/91OPP has made a decision that some/all uses of the pesticide are eligible for reregistration, as reflected in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.Active ingredient (AI): CarbonAI Status: OPP has completed a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document for the case/AI. |
| Brandbekämpfung | Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. |
| Erste-Hilfe-Maßnahmen | Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). |
| Freisetungsmaßnahmen | · CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. |
| Erste Hilfe | Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:General First Aid:(General first aid procedures) |
| Sichere Lagerung | Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants. |
| Expositionsschutz und Persönliche Schutzausrüstung | · Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). |
| Brandbekämpfungsverfahren | If material on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. When fire is out, cover all suspected material with dry sand or earth to prevent re-ignition until material can be permanently disposed of. |
| Freisetung ohne Brand | Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]: |
| Entsorgungsverfahren | SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air qualitypotential migration in soil or watereffects on animal, aquatic, and plant lifeand conformance with environmental and public health regulations. |
| Verschüttetes entsorgen | Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Store and dispose of according to local regulations. |
| Preventive Measures | If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Cover all suspected material with dry sand or earth to prevent ignition until material can be permanently disposed of.Personnel protection: Keep upwind. Avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from burning material.SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place. |
| Isolation and Evacuation | Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:Immediate precautionary measure |
| Zielorgane | respiratory system, cardiovascular system |
| Unerwünschte Wirkungen | Fibrogenic - Inducing tissue injury and fibrosis (scarring). |
| Expositionspfade | inhalation, skin and/or eye contact |
| Ökotoxizitätsauszüge | /BIRDS and MAMMALS/ ... Several non-target organisms, including burrowing owls, may inhabit the burrows of target pests ... . Due to the potential risk to non-target organisms, the EPA is currently developing more extensive labeling regarding timing of application and observation of signs indicating the presence or absence of target and non-target organisms. These instructions will be explicit concerning actions users must take before applying the product. |
| Signs and Symptoms | Cough, dyspnea (breathing difficulty), black sputum, decreased pulmonary function, lung fibrosis |
| TSCA Test Submissions | Dermal carcinogenicity was evaluated in groups of male C3H/HeJ mice (40/group) receiving 25ul applications of either CF carbon fibers (100% carbon), MAT carbon fibers (98% carbon), PAN carbon fibers (94% carbon) or PAN oxidized carbon fibers (64% carbon) suspended in benzene to the skin of the back three times weekly until death, beginning at age 51 to 76 days. The mean survival time of the CF carbon fibers treatment group and the PAN oxide treatment group were significantly greater (p < 0.05) than the solvent control group. In the CF carbon fiber treatment group, one mouse was observed with a papilloma on the skin of the back, and one mouse diagnosed with a squamous cell carcinoma on the skin of the back, and a third was diagnosed with an hemangiosarcoma in the subcutis of the right side. In the PAN oxidized treatment group, one mouse was diagnosed with a leiomyosarcoma of the skin and subcutis of the shoulder. The mean survival time of the MAT carbon fiber treatment group was 518 days. In the MAT carbon fiber treatment group, one mouse was observed with a squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in the inguinal region, one with fibrosarcomas on the skin of the axilla and one with a hemangiosarcoma in the subcutis of the abdomen. No skin or subcutaneous tumors were observed in the PAN carbon fiber treatment group and mean survival time was 522 days. The solvent control (benzene) group had a mean survival time of 435 days and no tumors were observed. |
| Natural Pollution Sources | Abundance in earth's crust: approx 0.027%. Cosmic abundance: 6 atoms/atom Si. Occurs in 3 forms: (1) diamond(2) graphite or black lead(3) amorphous carbon such as coal, lampblack, and the various forms of artificial carbon.... very widely distributed in nature. It is found in abundance in the sun, stars, comets, and atmospheres of most planets. ... Without carbon, the basis for life would be impossible.(14)C Isotope, continuously formed in earth's atmosphere by bombardment of nitrogen with cosmic neutrons. /(14)C/Diamond, an allotropic form of carbon, crystallizes isometrically, consists of carbon atoms covalently bound by single bonds only in a predominantly octahedral structure. The purest diamonds used for gems are mined in South Africa, lower grades in Brazil, Venezuela, India, Borneo, Arkansas. /Diamond/ |
| Human Toxicity Excerpts | /SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... INHALATION OF CARBON DUST ... CAN IMMEDIATELY GIVE RISE TO AN INCREASED MUCOCILIARY TRANSPORT ... & AIRWAY RESISTANCE MEDIATED BY THE VAGUS. /CARBON DUST//EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ /The objective was/ to investigate the risk of cancer and non-neoplastic respiratory diseases among workers who manufacture carbon electrodes, as this industry entails exposure to mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ... A historical cohort study was carried out of 1006 male workers employed for at least 1 year between 1945 and 1971 in a carbon (graphite) electrode production plant in central Italy, who were followed up for mortality between 1955 and 1996. The ratio of observed to expected deaths (standardised mortality ratios, SMRs) was computed from both national and (for the period 1964-96) regional age and period specific mortalities. A multivariate Poisson regression analysis was performed to investigate the relative risk (RR) of death according to duration of employment and time since first employment in the factory. ... A total of 424 workers had died, 538 were still alive, and 44 were lost to follow up. Mortalities from all causes, all cancers, and respiratory tract cancer were in line with the regional figure. An excess was found over the expected deaths from skin cancer including melanoma (SMR 3.16, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.65 to 9.23) and from non-neoplastic respiratory diseases (SMR 1.58, 95% CI 1.16 to 2.11). Poisson regression analysis including age as a covariate showed an increased risk of dying from gastric cancer with increasing duration of employment, and an increase in the RR of dying from lung cancer and from non-neoplastic respiratory diseases with increasing time since first employment, although the linear trend was not significant. ... This study supports previous findings that working in the carbon electrode manufacturing industry may not increase the risk of dying from respiratory cancer./SURVEILLANCE/ The 42 patients admitted to our Burn Center from January 1, 1994 to December 31, 2005, with electrical and fire burn injuries caused by electricity-conducting graphite-carbon fishing rods touching overhead high voltage electrical lines were ... studied retrospectively. All patients were men, with a mean age of 40.33 years. The majority of patients (59.5%) were burned with less than 10%, mostly deep burns. The hand was the predominant electricity "entry" point and foot was the most frequent "exit" point. Admissions increased from 5 in 6 years, 1994 to 2000, to 15 in 3 years, 2000 through 2002, to 22 cases in 3 years, 2003 through 2005. Spring and fall, and months May and October were times of highest incidence. The treatment was complex, difficult, long, and costly. Thirty-eight patients (90.4%) required operations, including early excision and graft (34 patients), and amputation (14 patients). Two patients had an inhalation injury that necessitated a tracheostomy and four victims had additional skin and soft-tissue injury. Thirty-two patients had a record of unconsciousness immediately after the electrical injury and atrial premature beats were a frequently found arrhythmia. A significant (P <.01) increase in serum creatine kinase MB fraction was found in 11 patients. The mean time in hospital of the survivors was 28.97 days. Acute renal failure was the commonest complication and one patient died of sepsis with giving a mortality rate of 2.4%. Caution and preventive measures are warranted while fishing near electrical wires, and improvements in electrical burn treatment are needed./ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ ... The toxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) was assessed in human keratinocyte cells. The results show increased oxidative stress and inhibition of cell proliferation in response to treatment of keratinocytes with SWCNT particles. In addition, the signaling mechanism in keratinocytes upon exposure to SWCNT particles was investigated. Results from the study suggest that SWCNT particles activate NF-kappaB in a dose-dependent manner in human keratinocytes. Further, the mechanism of activation of NF-kappaB was due to the activation of stress-related kinases by SWCNT particles in keratinocytes.For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CARBON (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Artificial Pollution Sources | A fourth form, known as "white" carbon, is now thought to exist. |
| Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts | /LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute lung toxicity of intratracheally instilled single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) in rats. The lungs of rats were instilled either with 1 or 5 mg/kg of the following control or particle types: (1) SWCNT, (2) quartz particles (positive control), (3) carbonyl iron particles (negative control), (4) phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) + 1% Tween 80, or (5) graphite particles (lung tissue studies only). Following exposures, the lungs of PBS and particle-exposed rats were assessed using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid biomarkers and cell proliferation methods, and by histopathological evaluation of lung tissue at 24 h, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postinstillation. Exposures to high-dose (5 mg/kg) SWCNT produced mortality in ~15% of the SWCNT-instilled rats within 24 h postinstillation. This mortality resulted from mechanical blockage of the upper airways by the instillate and was not due to inherent pulmonary toxicity of the instilled SWCNT particulate. Exposures to quartz particles produced significant increases versus controls in pulmonary inflammation, cytotoxicity, and lung cell parenchymal cell proliferation indices. Exposures to SWCNT produced transient inflammatory and cell injury effects. Results from the lung histopathology component of the study indicated that pulmonary exposures to quartz particles (5 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent inflammatory responses, concomitant with foamy alveolar macrophage accumulation and lung tissue thickening at the sites of normal particle deposition. Pulmonary exposures to carbonyl iron or graphite particles produced no significant adverse effects. Pulmonary exposures to SWCNT in rats produced a non-dose-dependent series of multifocal granulomas, which were evidence of a foreign tissue body reaction and were nonuniform in distribution and not progressive beyond 1 month postexposure (pe). The observation of SWCNT-induced multifocal granulomas is inconsistent with the following: (1) lack of lung toxicity by assessing lavage parameters, (2) lack of lung toxicity by measuring cell proliferation parameters, (3) an apparent lack of a dose response relationship, (4) nonuniform distribution of lesions, (5) the paradigm of dust-related lung toxicity effects, (6) possible regression of effects over time. In addition, the results of two recent exposure assessment studies indicate very low aerosol SWCNT exposures at the workplace./ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ ... The impact of /carbon/ single-walled nanotubes (SWNT) on rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) was examined for SWNT (0.0-0.1 mg/mL) over a 3.5-day time-course. Cell culture medium was filtered to remove the aggregate material and both nanomaterial (un-filtered) and filtered SWNT media were used to examine cell growth. In general, the removal of SWNT aggregates from cell culture test medium by filtration increased the SMC number in comparison to unfiltered medium at pre-filtered SWNT dosages below 0.1 mg/mL. However, at 0.1 mg/mL, both filtered and unfiltered media exhibited a similar decrease in cell number relative to the control medium. The filtered medium was characterized and contained both suspended nanoparticles as well as a small quantity of SWNT, which may have contributed to the observed cell growth inhibition. As a comparison to the SWNT, activated carbon (0.1 mg/mL), a nanoporous, microparticulate carbon material, was found to be less inhibitory to SMC growth than the SWNT at the same dosage, implying an inverse proportionality between carbon nanomaterial size regimes and cell growth inhibition./OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ EXPTL INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF PURE CARBON SUSPENSIONS IN RABBITS PRODUCES NO OCULAR INFLAMMATION, ALTHOUGH CARBON PARTICLES ARE DEPOSITED WITHIN THE BLOOD VESSELS. |
| Environmental Abiotic Degradation | ... is rapidly oxidized to carbon dioxide ... /which enters/ into animals and plants by photosynthesis and metabolism. /(14)C/ |
| Probable Routes of Human Exposure | NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 467,337 workers (21,198 of these were female) were potentially exposed to carbon in the US(1).The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. |
| Wassergefährdungsklasse (WGK) | 3 |
| UN-Transportnummer | UN 1361 |
| Zollcode | 68151000 |
| RTECS-Nr. | FF5250100 |
| R-Sätze (R) | 36/37-36/37/38-52/53-50-48/20-43-40 |
| Gefahrensymbole | F,Xi,N,Xn |
| Sicherheitshinweise (S) | 26-36-61-37/39-22-36/37 |
| Gefahrenklasse | 4.2 |
| Verpackungsgruppe | II/III |
| Lagerklasse | 11 - Combustible Solids |
| Gefahrstoffdaten | 308068-56-6(Hazardous Substances Data) |
Anwendungen & Verwendung
Beschreibung
Arrays grown on 10x10x1mm quartz substrate using a single source CVD process that yields vertically aligned MWNTs (< 1% catalyst impurity). Arrays are 30µm tall (± 3µm) and are composed of MWNTs 100nm in diameter (± 10nm). Arrays up to 150µm in height can be provided on request.
Verwenden
Applications of Carbon Nanotube include:• ;Electronics1• ;Sensors2• ;Composites• ;Energy Storage• ;Study of Life Science systems3
Herstellung & Synthese
synthetische
Carbon nanotubes are synthesized via floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (FCCVD) to control wall number, diameter, bundle size, and conductivity type, or produced as vertically aligned structures using inductively coupled plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (IC-PECVD)[2][3]. Catalytic chemical vapor deposition of methane in the presence of iron, molybdenum, or iron–molybdenum alloy thin-layer catalysts yields carbon nanotubes, a method also applied in the preparation of isolated single-walled variants[1][3].