HuagongsheHuagongshe Chemistry Print Report · For research reference only
Benzyl Chloride
BnCl · (Chloromethyl)benzene · Benzile · Benzylchlorid · α-Chlorotoluene · Bzl-Cl · chloromethylbenzene · ALPHA-CHLOROTOLUENE
Identifiers & Physical Properties
| CAS No. | 100-44-7 |
|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C7H7Cl |
| Average molar mass | 126.58 g/mol |
| Monoisotopic mass | 126.0236279 g/mol |
| SMILES | ClCc1ccccc1 |
| InChIKey | KCXMKQUNVWSEMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 7503 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL498878 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:615597 |
| EC No. | 202-853-6 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID0020153 |
Chemical & Physical Properties
| XLogP | 2.3 |
|---|---|
| Topological polar surface area | 0 |
| Hydrogen bond donors | 0 |
| Hydrogen bond acceptors | 0 |
| Rotatable bonds | 1 |
| Heavy atoms | 8 |
| Formal charge | 0 |
| Complexity | 55.4 |
| Chemical classes | Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)Other Classes -> Halogenated MonoaromaticsCarcinogens |
| SpringerMaterials Properties | 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum |
| Pesticides | Pesticide -> EPA IRIS |
| LogP (partition coefficient) | log Kow = 2.30 |
| Odor | Rather unpleasant, irritating odorPungent, aromatic odorPungent, irritating. |
| Density | 1.1 at 68 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than waterwill sink1.1004 g/cu cm at 20 °CRelative density (water = 1): 1.11.1004 @ 20°C1.1 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.) |
| Color/Form | Colorless to slightly yellow liquid |
| Solubility | Reaction (NTP, 1992)In water, 525 mg/L at 25 °CMiscible with ethanol, ethyl ether, chloroformslightly soluble in carbon tetrachlorideMiscible in most organic solventsSoluble in ethanol(>10%), ethyl ether(>10%), and chloroform(>10%)Solubility in water, g/100ml:soluble0.46g/L at 30°C (Decomposes in contact with water)0.3 g/L (20 ºC) |
| Corrosivity | Corrosive to metal ... . |
| Flash point | 153 °F (EPA, 1998)153 °F (67 °C) (closed cup)74 °C (open cup)67 °C c.c.165 °F |
| Endocrine Disruptors | Potential endocrine disrupting compound |
| Boiling point | 354 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)174 °CBP: 99 °C at 62 mm Hg179 °C179 °C @760 [mm Hg] |
| Melting point | -39 °C |
| Vapor density | 4.36 (vs air) |
| Vapor pressure | 10.3 mm Hg ( 60 °C) |
| Refractive index | n20/D 1.538(lit.) |
| Storage conditions | Store below +30°C. |
| Physical state | Liquid |
| Color | Clear colorless to slightly yellow |
| Explosive limits | 1.1-14%(V) |
| Merck | 14,1129 |
| BRN | 471308 |
| Henry's law constant | (x 10-4 atmm3/mol): 3.57 at 20.00 °C (inert gas stripping, Hovorka and Dohnal, 1997) |
| Exposure limits | ACGIH:TLV-TWA 1 ppm (5.2 mg/m3)OSHA:PEL-TWA 1 ppm (5 mg/m3)NIOSH:REL-Ceiling 1 ppm [15 min] |
| Dielectric constant | 7.0(13℃) |
| Stability | Unstable - inhibitors such as propylene oxide or trimethylamine are usually added to prevent polymerization. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, water, acids, most common metals, dimethyl sulfoxide. Above flash point vapour-air mixtures are explosive within the limits noted above. Contact with water produces toxic fumes. |
| InChI | 1S/C7H7Cl/c8-6-7-4-2-1-3-5-7/h1-5H,6H2 |
| InChIKey | KCXMKQUNVWSEMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | ClCc1ccccc1 |
| LogP (partition coefficient) | 2.3 at 20℃ and pH7 |
| Surface tension | 39.36mN/m at 298.15K |
| Toxicology and Carcinogenesis | Benzyl Chloride (CASRN 100-44-7) - No report issued. |
| CAS DataBase Reference | 100-44-7(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| EWG's Food Scores | 3-8 |
| FDA UNII | 83H19HW7K6 |
| Proposition 65 List | Benzyl Chloride |
| IARC | 2A (Vol. 29, Sup 7, 71) 1999 |
| NIST Chemistry Reference | Benzyl chloride(100-44-7) |
| EPA Substance Registry System | Benzyl chloride (100-44-7) |
| UNSPSC Code | 12352300 |
| NACRES | NA.22 |
| GHS pictogram | GHS05,GHS06,GHS08,GHS09 |
| Signal word | Danger |
| GHS hazard statements | H330-H302-H314-H370-H372-H373-H350-H335-H400-H227 |
| GHS precautionary statements | P501-P273-P270-P202-P260-P210-P201-P271-P264-P280-P284-P370+P378-P391-P308+P311-P303+P361+P353-P301+P330+P331-P363-P301+P312+P330-P304+P340+P310-P305+P351+P338+P310-P403+P233-P403+P235-P405 |
| Target organs | Heart,forestomach, Respiratory system |
| Personal protective equipment (PPE) | Eyeshields, Faceshields, Gloves, type ABEK (EN14387) respirator filter |
| Hazard symbols | T,T+ |
| Risk statements (R) | 45-22-23-37/38-41-48/22-43-26-46 |
| Safety statements (S) | 53-45-36/37/39-28-26-36/37 |
| UN transport number | UN 1738 |
| Occupational exposure limit (OEL) | Ceiling: 1 ppm (5 mg/m3) [15-minute] |
| Water hazard class (WGK) | 3 |
| RTECS number | XS8925000 |
| F | 8-19 |
| Autoignition temperature | 585 °C |
| TSCA inventory status | TSCA listed |
| Hazard class | 6.1Acute Tox. 3 InhalationAcute Tox. 4 OralCarc. 1BEye Dam. 1Muta. 1BSkin Irrit. 2Skin Sens. 1STOT RE 2 OralSTOT SE 3 |
| Packing group | II |
| Customs code | 29039990 |
| Storage class | 6.1A - Combustible acute toxic Cat. 1 and 2very toxic hazardous materials |
| Hazardous substances data | 100-44-7(Hazardous Substances Data) |
| Toxicity | LD50 orally in Rabbit: 440 mg/kg |
| Immediately dangerous to life or health concentration | 10 ppm |
| REACH registrations | Active |
| Excepted quantities | Max Inner Pack (1g or 1ml) and Max Outer Pack (500g or 500ml) |
Safety & Regulations
| GHS classification | DangerH302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement) |
|---|---|
| Regulatory information | Chemical: Benzene, (chloromethyl)-Hazard Traits - CarcinogenicityDermatotoxicityOcular ToxicityRespiratory ToxicityList II Chemical: A chemical, other than a List I chemical, specified by regulation that, in addition to legitimate uses, is used in manufacturing a controlled substance in violation of the Act. (21 eCFR 1310.02)Benzene, (chloromethyl)- is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Benzene, (chloromethyl)- are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 29-05-2013 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/10666Status: Active Update: 22-08-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/14202 |
| Other safety information | IMAP assessments - Benzene, (chloromethyl)-: Human health tier II assessment |
| DOT label | Poison Corrosive |
| Fire hazards | It burns but does not ignite readily. It may ignite combustibles. When heated to decomposition, it emits toxic and corrosive fumes. Some organic chlorides decompose to yield phosgene. Incompatible with active metals such as copper, aluminum, magnesium, iron, zinc, and tin and keep from strong oxidizing agents. Avoid contact with acids or acid fumes. Keep separate from oxidizing materials. May become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressuresmay react with water resulting in some nonviolent release of energy. Polymerizes with evolution of heat and hydrogen chloride when in contact with all common metals except nickel and lead. (EPA, 1998)· Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.Combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Above 67 °C explosive vapour/air mixtures may be formed. |
| Fire potential | Combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.Flammable and moderately explosive when exposed to heat or flame. |
| Health hazards | Intensely irritating to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Highly toxicmay cause death or permanent injury after very short exposure to small quantities. Has been listed as a direct-acting or primary carcinogen. Large doses cause central nervous system depression. (EPA, 1998)· TOXIC and/or CORROSIVEinhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. |
| Hazards summary | Benzyl chloride is used as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of certain dyes and pharmaceutical products and as a photographic developer. The acute (short-term) effects of benzyl chloride from inhalation exposure in humans consist of severe irritation of the upper respiratory tract, skin, eyes, and mucous membranes, and lung damage along with pulmonary edema (fluid in lungs). Exposure to high concentrations also causes effects on the central nervous system (CNS). Animal data indicate that long- term exposure to benzyl chloride by gavage (placing it experimentally in the stomachs of mice) increased the incidence of benign and malignant tumors at multiple sites and resulted in a significant increase in thyroid tumors in female rats. EPA has classified benzyl chloride as a Group B2, probable human carcinogen.A mucous membrane and respiratory irritant[ACGIH] A lachrymator[CHEMINFO] Corrosive to the eyesIrritating to the respiratory tract and may cause pulmonary edemaMay damage the liver and kidneys and cause CNS depression[ICSC]The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of benzyl chloride stem from both its toxicologic and chemical/physical properties. Toxic by all routes (ie, oral, dermal, inhalation), exposure to benzyl chloride may occur occupationally at sites where the substance is used as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of a wide range of commercial products (eg, dyes, perfumes, resins, plasticizers, and pesticides), or environmentally, from industrial sources, incinerators, and certain floor tiles. This colorless to slightly yellow liquid is an severe irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Lung damage, pulmonary edema, permanent eye damage, and CNS depression are all possible. While the OSHA permissible exposure level for benzyl chloride is set at 5 mg/cu m (1 ppm), as an 8-hour time weighted average (TWA), its pungent odor can be detected at levels as low as 0.235 mg/cu m. The manufacturing process should be enclosed as completely as possible, and local exhaust ventilation applied wherever there are point source emissions. In benzyl chloride atmospheres of 10 ppm (the IDLH level) or higher, respirators are required. Respirators considered for selection should include: self-contained, supplied-air with full facepiece, and operated in positive pressure mode, and powered air-purifying with organic vapor and acid gas cartridge. Protective clothing and rubber gloves also should be worn. Any material which contacts the body must be washed away with copious amounts of water. Eyewash and quick drench facilities should be provided for this purpose. While considered to be only a moderate fire hazard (flashpoint: 153 °F), benzyl chloride, if heated to decomposition (in the presence of common metals such as iron, copper, aluminum, and tin), can reach explosive violence. Also, benzyl chloride fires may produce irritating or poisonous gases. Fire fighters must wear a self-contained breathing apparatus, and can extinguish the fire using water spray, alcohol foam, CO2, or dry chemical. Benzyl chloride may ract with water, with some release of energy. Therefore, water should be applied in flooding quantities as a fog from as far a distance as possible. Runoff from fire control water should be prevented from entering water sources and sewers. Benzyl chloride should be stored in a cool, dry, well ventilated locationaway from sparks, flames, oxidizing materials, and combustibles, i.e., wood or oil. Packaging materials are limited by the fact benzyl chloride polymerizes (with evolution of heat and hydrochloric acid (HCl) when in contact with all common metals except nickel and lead. If this occurs in a container, there is the possibility of violent rupture. Containers of benzyl chloride may be shipped by air, rail, road, or water, and should be affixed with labels stating, "Poison and Corrosive." Regulatory requirements of the DOT should be consulted before transport. For all benzyl chloride spills, water spray may be needed to knock down vapor. Small spills of benzyl chloride should be taken up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent and placed in containers for later disposal. Large land spills should be deposited in excavated pits, ponds, or other holding areas (fitted with impermeable flexible membrane liners, if possible) for later disposal. Any surface flow should be diked with soil or sand bags, and a "universal" gelling agent applied to immobilize the spill. For water spill, trap the substance at the bottom with sand bag barriers and remove with suction hoses, or apply activated carbon and remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates with mechanical dredges of lifts. Benzyl chloride is a good candidate for liquid injection and rotary forms of incineration. Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing benzyl chloride (EPA hazardous waste number P028) must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste |
| DOT ID and guide | 1738 156 |
| Reactive group | Halogenated Organic Compounds |
| EC classification | Symbol: TR: 45-22-23-37/38-41-48/22S: 53-45Note: E |
| UN classification | UN Hazard Class: 6.1UN Subsidiary Risks: 8UN Pack Group: II |
| Special Reports | Barber LB et alEnviron Sci Technol 22 (2): 205-11 (1988). Organic pollutant fate in groundwaterChlorides in groundwater.Lijinsky W et alJ Nat'l Cancer Inst 76 (6): 1231-5 (1986). Route: oral, gavageSpecies: rats and mice. |
| Fire fighting | Areas may be entered freely with full-faced mask, self-contained breathing apparatus which provides eye protection, rubber gloves, and hand and arm protection.Use powder, AFFF, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. |
| First aid measures | Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer for medical attention.Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention . |
| Accidental release measures | · CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. |
| First aid | Signs and Symptoms of Acute Benzyl Chloride Exposure: Benzyl chloride may be very irritating to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Eye irritation may be severe, and permanent eye damage may result. Lacrimation (tearing) is common. Other signs and symptoms of acute exposure may include headache, dizziness, weakness, fatigue, irritability, itching of the skin, profuse sweating, insomnia, tremors, unsteadiness, and central nervous system depression. Gastrointestinal effects may include nausea, vomiting, cramps, anorexia, and diarrhea. Pulmonary edema and disturbance of liver function may also occur.General First Aid:(General first aid procedures) |
| Safe storage | Separated from food and feedstuffs and incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers. Dry. Ventilation along the floor. Store only if stabilized. |
| Exposure control and personal protection | · Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).17.0 [ppm] |
| Fire fighting procedures | Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products.If material on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide./If material on fire or involved in fire/ use powder, AFFF /Aqueous Film-Forming Foam/, foam, carbon dioxide.Inhaltion - /Provide/ fresh air, rest. /Keep person in/ half-upright position. Skin /exposure/ - remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Eyes /exposure/ - First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Ingestion - rinse mouth. |
| Storage conditions | Separated from food and feedstuffs and incompatible materials . Ventilation along the floor. Store only if stabilized.Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Outside or detached storage is preferred. Store away from oxidizing materials..Should be closed in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from sunlight, heat, moisture, active metals, oxidizers. Metal containers involving the transfer of this chemical should be grounded and bonded. ... Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungsand flame arresters. Use only non-sparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of this chemical. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where this chemical is used, handled or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard. |
| Cleanup methods | Environmental considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. Vapor knockdown water is corrosive or toxic and should be diked for containment.Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Apply "universal" gelling agent to immobilize spill.Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spill amount. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.Stop or control leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Use water spray to cool and protect personnel. Approach release from upwind. Absorb in noncombustible material for proper disposal.For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for BENZYL CHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Nonfire spill response | Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]: |
| Disposal methods | Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P028, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.Incineration at 1500 °F for 0.5 sec minimum for primary combustion and 2200 °F for 12.0 sec for secondary combustion. Elemental chlorine formation may be alleviated by injection of steam or methane into the combustion process.A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. |
| Spillage disposal | Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in covered non-metallic containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. |
| Cancer Sites | Endocrine |
| Target organs | Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous systemHeart,forestomach, Respiratory system |
| Ecotoxicity values | LC50Species: Penaeus setiferus (white shrimp)Conditions: /static/Concentration: 7.1 mg/L for 24 hrConcentration: 4.4 mg/L for 48 hrConcentration: 3.9 mg/L for 96 hrSpecies: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow)Concentration: 11.6 mg/L for 24 hrFor more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for BENZYL CHLORIDE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Environmental fate | TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 100(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.30(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that benzyl chloride is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of benzyl chloride from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.1X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.23 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 525 mg/L(5). Benzyl chloride is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 70.9% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks(6) indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process(SRC). However, because of its rapid reaction in water, the percent biodegradation may be that of the hydrolysis product, benzyl alcohol(6).AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 100(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.30(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that benzyl chloride is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.1X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.23 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 525 mg/L(6). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 6 hrs and 5 days, respectively(SRC). Benzyl chloride hydrolyzes in water with a reported half-life of 15 hours reported(7). According to a classification scheme(8), an estimated BCF of 20(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 70.9% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks(9) indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process(SRC). However, because of its rapid reaction in water, the percent biodegradation may be that of the hydrolysis product, benzyl alcohol(9).ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), benzyl chloride, which has a vapor pressure of 1.23 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase benzyl chloride is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC)the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.90X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Benzyl chloride does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). |
| Adverse effects | Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin |
| Exposure routes | The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact |
| Toxicity summary | Toxic by all routes (ie, oral, dermal, inhalation), exposure to benzyl chloride may occur occupationally at sites where the substance is used as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of a wide range of commercial products (eg, dyes, perfumes, resins, plasticizers, and pesticides), or environmentally, from air contaminated by industrial sources, incinerators, and certain floor tiles. This colorless to slightly yellow liquid is an extreme irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Symptomatology may include severe irritation of the upper respiratory tract (with coughing), conjuctivitis, dizziness, weakness, headache, tremors in eyelids and fingers, increased bilirubin in blood, and decrease in number of leukocytes. Lung damage, pulmonary edema, permanent eye damage, and CNS depression are all possible from severe exposure. While listed in one source as an example of primary carcinogen, IARC reports that inadequate evidence in humans, and only limited evidence in animals prevents benzyl chloride from being classified as to its carcinogenicity to humans. Acute oral dosing of rats led to severe gastritis, hyperkeratosis and hyperplasia of the squamouns stomach, and progressive lesions of the heart (including necrosis of myocardial fibers). In short-term tests, skin sensitization was show in guinea pigs, and both eye and respiratory tract irritation in cats and rabbits. Benzyl chloride tested positive for mutagenicity in Salmonella, E coli, hamster embryonal cell transformation, and S cerevisiae recombination assays. Also, benzyl chloride, given iv to male mice, caused an increase in the degree of alkylation of DNA in the lung, and alkylation of hemoglobin. BD rats, given weekly sc injections of benzyl chloride for 51 weeks, developed injection site sarcomaswith most animals experiencing lung metastases, as well. Another study with sc injected rats, also reported massive local sarcomas. However, benzyl chloride applied twice weekly to the shaved dorsal region of Swiss albino mice for seven months, resulted in no discernible neoplastic changes. A/HE mice, of both sexes, after receiving ip injections thrice weekly for 24 weeks, experienced a statistically insignificant incidence of lung tumors. Benzyl chloride, given orally to Wistar rats from 1-19 days of gestation, produced a high incidence of embryolethality and retarded development in surviving offspringbut, no malformations. Likewise, benzyl chloride, given orally to female Sprague-Dawley rats from day 6 through 15 of gestation, resulted in reduced fetal length, but no toxic symptoms and no major skeletal or visceral abnormalities were seen. Benzyl chloride is absorbed through the lung and gut. Studies with rats showed urinary excretion 80-90% of the substance to occur in 24 hours. Products of benzyl chloride metabolism have been reported to include benzyl mercapturic acid and s-benzylgluthione. |
| Ecotoxicity excerpts | /AQUATIC SPECIES/ Mosquito Fish (Gambusia affinis) were exposed for 7 days to 0.05 and 0.5 mg/L of benzyl chloridechemosensory system had affect at both concentrations, effectiveness was proportionate to exposure concentrations (determination of response to standard stimulant L-serine)./AQUATIC SPECIES/ Cyprinus carpio (Fish, fresh water) were force-fed /Benzyl chloride/ for 44 hrs. NOEC /No Observable Effect Level/ was 107 - 176 mg/kg bw/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Benzyl chloride produced differential cytotoxicity for a mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the extent of which was dependent on the presence of genes regulating DNA repair |
| Signs and Symptoms | Burning sensation. Cough. Nausea. Headache. Shortness of breath. Dizziness.MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Pain.Watering of the eyes. Redness. Pain. Blurred vision. Severe deep burns.Abdominal pain. Diarrhoea. Vomiting. Burning sensation.irritation eyes, skin, noselassitude (weakness, exhaustion)irritabilityskin eruptionpulmonary edema |
| Ongoing Test Status | The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from, as of February 18, 2014: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=100-44-7] |
| Effluent Concentrations | Benzyl chloride has been detected in various unidentified industrial effluents(1). In the USA, benzyl chloride is emitted to the atmosphere from its commercial production and use at an estimated rate of 45,000 lbs/year with the emissions originating from scrubber vents, vacuum jets, storage and fugitive emissions, and equipment leaks(2). Stack emissions from waste incineration have been found to contain benzyl chloride(3). Emissions of benzyl chloride from floor tile manufactured with butyl benzyl phthalate have been reported(4). |
| ICSC Environmental Data | The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. |
| RCRA requirements | P028As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when benzyl chloride, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to federal and/or state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any container or inner liner used to hold this waste or any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5(e)). |
| TSCA requirements | Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to report preliminary assessment information concerned with production, exposure, and use to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR 41329. Effective date: 3/11/94Reporting date: 5/10/94.Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Benzyl chloride is included on this list. Effective date: 3/11/94Sunset date: 6/30/98. |
| Atmospheric standards | This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Benzyl chloride is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Benzyl chloride is included on this list. |
| CERCLA reportable quantities | Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV.D.3.b).Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Benzyl chloride is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 500 lbs. |
| Clean Water Act requirements | Benzyl chloride is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance. |
| State drinking water guidelines | (FL) FLORIDA 0.5 ug/l |
| F | 8-19 |
| Occupational exposure limit (OEL) | Ceiling: 1 ppm (5 mg/m3) [15-minute] |
| Personal protective equipment (PPE) | Eyeshields, Faceshields, Gloves, type ABEK (EN14387) respirator filter |
| Water hazard class (WGK) | 3 |
| Immediately dangerous to life or health concentration | 10 ppm |
| TSCA inventory status | TSCA listed |
| RTECS number | XS8925000 |
| UN transport number | UN 1738 |
| Customs code | 29039990 |
| Toxicity | LD50 orally in Rabbit: 440 mg/kg |
| Risk statements (R) | 45-22-23-37/38-41-48/22-43-26-46 |
| Signal word | Danger |
| GHS pictogram | GHS05,GHS06,GHS08,GHS09 |
| Hazard symbols | T,T+ |
| Safety statements (S) | 53-45-36/37/39-28-26-36/37 |
| Hazard class | 6.1Acute Tox. 3 InhalationAcute Tox. 4 OralCarc. 1BEye Dam. 1Muta. 1BSkin Irrit. 2Skin Sens. 1STOT RE 2 OralSTOT SE 3 |
| Storage class | 6.1A - Combustible acute toxic Cat. 1 and 2very toxic hazardous materials |
| Packing group | II |
| GHS hazard statements | H330-H302-H314-H370-H372-H373-H350-H335-H400-H227 |
| Excepted quantities | Max Inner Pack (1g or 1ml) and Max Outer Pack (500g or 500ml) |
| REACH registrations | Active |
| Autoignition temperature | 585 °C |
| GHS precautionary statements | P501-P273-P270-P202-P260-P210-P201-P271-P264-P280-P284-P370+P378-P391-P308+P311-P303+P361+P353-P301+P330+P331-P363-P301+P312+P330-P304+P340+P310-P305+P351+P338+P310-P403+P233-P403+P235-P405 |
| Hazardous substances data | 100-44-7(Hazardous Substances Data) |
Applications & Uses
Description
Benzyl chloride is a colorless to slight yellowliquid with a strong, unpleasant, irritating odor. The odorthreshold is 0.05 ppm. Molecular weight = 126.6;Specific gravity (H2O:1) = 1.10; Boiling point = 179.4℃;Freezing/Melting point = -43℃; Vapor pressure =1 mmHg at 20℃; Flash point = 67℃ (cc); Autoignitiontemperature = 585℃. Flammable Limits in Air:LEL =5 1.1%; UEL=14.0%.Hazard Identification(based on NFPA-704 M Rating System): Health 3,Flammability 2, Reactivity 1. Practically insoluble in water;solubility=0.05%.
Uses
Benzyl chloride is used in the manufacture of benzyl Compounds, dyes, artificial resins, tanning agents, phar maceuticals, plasticizers, synthetic tannins, perfumes, lubricants, and quaternary ammonium compounds. It is also an intermediate in the preparation of phenylacetic acid (precursor to phamaceuticals).
General Description
Benzyl chloride appears as a colorless liquid with an irritating odor. Toxic by inhalation and skin absorption. Flash point 153°F. Slightly soluble in water. Corrosive to metals and tissue. A lachrymator. Density 9.2 lb /gal.
Preparation & Synthesis
Preparation
Benzyl chloride is the starting material for a large number of industrial syntheses. The first preparation of it involved not the chlorination of toluene, however, but the reaction of benzyl alcohol with hydrochloric acid (S. Cannizzaro, 1853). Today, most side-chain chlorination of toluene to produce benzyl chloride. Dibenzyl ether is formed as a byproduct in the alkaline hydrolysis of benzyl chloride to benzyl alcohol. This ether can be re-converted to benzyl chloride by cleavage with hydrogen chloride at a temperature below 100°C.