HuagongsheHuagongshe Chemistry Print Report · For research reference only
Iodine
I2 · IODIDE · Molecular iodine · Diiodine · iodine crystal · Iodine crystals · Iodophor · IODINE SOLUTION
Identifiers & Physical Properties
| CAS No. | 7553-56-2 |
|---|---|
| Molecular formula | I2 |
| Average molar mass | 253.8089 g/mol |
| Monoisotopic mass | 253.808946 g/mol |
| SMILES | II |
| InChIKey | PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 807 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1201225 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:17606 |
| EC No. | 231-442-4 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID7034672 |
Chemical & Physical Properties
| XLogP | 1.7 |
|---|---|
| Topological polar surface area | 0 |
| Hydrogen bond donors | 0 |
| Hydrogen bond acceptors | 0 |
| Rotatable bonds | 0 |
| Heavy atoms | 2 |
| Formal charge | 0 |
| Complexity | 0 |
| Chemical classes | Other Classes -> Elements, Nonmetallic |
| Drugs | Pharmaceuticals -> Synthetic Cannabinoids or Psychoactive Compounds |
| SpringerMaterials Properties | Gibbs energy |
| LogP (partition coefficient) | log Kow = 2.49 |
| Odor | Sharp characteristic odor.Irritating odorSharp, characteristic odor |
| Taste | Sharp, acridTaste threshold: 0.147-0.204 mg/lTaste threshold: 1.60X10-1 mg/l in water |
| Density | 4.93 (NIOSH, 2024) - Denser than waterwill sinkSp gr = 4.93 (solid at 20 °C)density of the gas: 11.27 g/LDensity at 101.3 kPa: 3.96 at 120 °C (liquid)Relative density (water = 1): 4.94.933 @25 °C1.32 g/mL at 25 °C |
| Viscosity | 2.27 cP at 116 °C |
| Color/Form | Bluish-black scales or platesdiatomicviolet vaporRhombic, violet-black crystals with metallic lusterBluish-black, lustrous solidViolet solid.Heavy, grayish-black plates or granules having a metallic luster |
| Solubility | 0.01 % (NIOSH, 2024)For more Solubility (Complete) data for IODINE, ELEMENTAL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.Dissolves readily in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or carbon disulfide to form purple solns.2.719 g in cyclohexane23 g/100 cc in methanol at 25 °C20.5 g/100 cc in alcohol at 15 °C20.6 g/100 cc in ether at 17 °C197 g/kg in carbon disulfide at 25 °C19.2 g/kg in carbon tetrachloride at 25 °C337.3 g/kg in ether at 25 °C164.0 g/kg in benzene at 25 °C27.1 g/kg in ethanol at 25 °C49.7 g/kg in chloroform at 25 °C13.2 g/kg in n-hexane at 25 °C97 g/kg in butan-2-ol at 25 °C157 g/kg in ethyl acetate at 25 °C182.5 g/kg in toluene at 25 °C14.6 g/100 g in bromoethane at 25 °C1.73 g/100 g in n-heptane at 25 °C9.7 g/100 g in glycerol at 25 °C33.7 g/100 g in diethyl ether at 25 °C19.7 g/100 g in carbon disulfide at 25 °CMiscible with chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, cyclohexane, methanol, ethyl acetate, toluene, benzene, n-hexane, butan-2-ol, bromoethane, n-heptane, glycerol and diethyl ether.0.3 g/L (20 ºC) |
| Corrosivity | Vapor is corrosive |
| Human Drugs | Breast FeedingLactationMilk, HumanAnti-Infective Agents, LocalAntibacterial AgentsAntiseptics |
| Melting point | 113 °C (lit.) |
| Boiling point | 184 °C (lit.) |
| Bulk density | 2100kg/m3 |
| Vapor density | 9 (vs air) |
| Vapor pressure | 0.31 mm Hg ( 25 °C) |
| Flash point | <10℃ |
| Storage conditions | Store at RT. |
| Physical state | particles (round) |
| Color | Red-brown |
| Specific gravity | 4.93 |
| pH | 5.4 (H2O)(saturated solution) |
| Resistivity | 1.3E15 μΩ-cm |
| Crystal Structure | Rhombic |
| Merck | 14,5014 |
| BRN | 3587194 |
| Henry's law constant | 2.8×10-2 mol/(m3Pa) at 25℃, Eguchi et al. (1973) |
| Exposure limits | ACGIH:TLV-TWA 0.01 mg/m3,as I,Inhalable particulate matterOSHA:PEL-Ceiling 0.1 ppm (1 mg/m3)NIOSH:REL-Ceiling 0.1 ppm |
| Cosmetics Ingredients Functions | ANTIMICROBIAL |
| InChI | 1S/I2/c1-2 |
| InChIKey | PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | II |
| LogP (partition coefficient) | 2.49 at 20℃ |
| FDA 21 CFR | 178.1010 |
| Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances | IODINE |
| CAS DataBase Reference | 7553-56-2(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| FDA UNII | 9679TC07X4 |
| NIST Chemistry Reference | Iodine(7553-56-2) |
| EPA Substance Registry System | Iodine (7553-56-2) |
| UNSPSC Code | 12352300 |
| NACRES | SB.52 |
| GHS pictogram | GHS07,GHS08,GHS09 |
| Signal word | Danger |
| GHS hazard statements | H312+H332-H315-H319-H372-H317-H335-H410 |
| GHS precautionary statements | P501-P273-P272-P260-P270-P271-P264-P280-P391-P314-P337+P313-P305+P351+P338-P362+P364-P333+P313-P302+P352+P312-P304+P340+P312-P403+P233-P405 |
| Target organs | Respiratory system, Thyroid |
| Personal protective equipment (PPE) | dust mask type N95 (US), Eyeshields, Faceshields, Gloves |
| Hazard symbols | Xn,N,F |
| Risk statements (R) | 36/37/38-50-20/21-36/38-20/21/22-22-40-19-11-36/37 |
| Safety statements (S) | 26-61-25-23-36/37-16 |
| Occupational exposure limit (OEL) | Ceiling: 0.1 ppm (1 mg/m3) |
| UN transport number | UN 3495 |
| Water hazard class (WGK) | 2 |
| RTECS number | NN1575000 |
| F | 10 |
| TSCA inventory status | TSCA listed |
| Customs code | 2801 20 00 |
| Hazard class | 8Acute Tox. 4 DermalAcute Tox. 4 InhalationAcute Tox. 4 OralAquatic Acute 1Eye Irrit. 2Skin Irrit. 2STOT RE 1 OralSTOT SE 3 |
| Packing group | III |
| Storage class | 6.1C - Combustible acute toxic Cat.3toxic compounds or compounds which causing chronic effects |
| Hazardous substances data | 7553-56-2(Hazardous Substances Data) |
| Toxicity | LD50 oral (rat) 14,000 mg/kg LCLO inhal (rat) 80 ppm (800 mg/m31 h) PEL (OSHA) 0.1 ppm (ceiling, 1 mg/m3) TLV-TWA (ACGIH) 0.1 ppm (ceiling, 1 mg/m3) |
| Immediately dangerous to life or health concentration | 2 ppm |
| REACH registrations | Active |
| Limited quantities | 5.0 L (1.3 gallons) (liquid) |
| Excepted quantities | Max Inner Pack (30g or 30ml) and Max Outer Pack (1Kg or 1L) |
Safety & Regulations
| GHS classification | WarningH312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]P261, P271, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P317, P321, P362+P364, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)DangerH302+H312+H332 (24.1%): Harmful if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, oralacute toxicity, dermalacute toxicity, inhalation]P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement) |
|---|---|
| Regulatory information | Chemical: IodineList I Chemical: A chemical specified by regulation that, in addition to legitimate uses, is used in manufacturing a controlled substance in violation of the Act and is important to the manufacture of a controlled substance. (21 eCFR 1310.02)Iodine is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Iodine are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 11-04-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15294Iodine (solid): HSNO Approval: HSR001538 Approved with controlsThe New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.) |
| Other safety information | IMAP assessments - Iodine: Human health tier I assessment |
| DOT label | Corrosive Poison |
| Fire hazards | Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:· Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.Not combustible but enhances combustion of other substances. Many reactions may cause fire or explosion. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. |
| Health hazards | Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Iodine:· TOXIC and/or CORROSIVEinhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. |
| Hazards summary | Iodine is a naturally occurring element found in sea water and in certain rocks and sediments. There are non radioactive and radioactive forms of iodine. Iodine is used as a disinfectant for cleaning surfaces and storage containers and is used in skin soaps and bandages, and for purifying water. Iodine is also added to some table salt to ensure that all people in the United States have enough iodine in their diet. Most radioactive iodine is manmade. It is used in medical tests and to treat certain diseases. Most radioactive forms of iodine change very quickly (seconds to days) to stable elements that are not radioactive. However, 129I (read as iodine 129) changes very slowly (over millions of years).Iodine vapor is an irritant that may cause pneumonitis and pulmonary edema. Strong iodine tincture containing 7% iodine and 5% potassium iodide in 83% ethanol is corrosive to tissue. USP iodine tincture, povidone-iodine, and iodoforms are generally not corrosive. Ingestion of iodine can cause hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. The mean lethal dose is about 2-4 grams of free iodine. [Olson, p. 274] TLV Basis = Thyroid and maternal reproductive effectAlso Fetal and neonatal damageSeveral examples of iodine sensitivity have been reported in relation to iodine-containing radiopaque materials used in diagnostic X-ray procedures. There has also been an attempt to link these reactions to similar illnesses seen after eating various types of fish, and to ascribe these to an iodine allergy. It is now clear that the reactions to iodine-containing contrast media are not immune-mediated but instead represent idiosyncratic responses to the iodine present. The similar reactions from eating fish are now believed to be allergic reactions to proteins occurring naturally in the fish and not to iodine. [ACGIH TLVs and BEIs] Iodine vapor at 0.1 ppm caused no symptoms of irritation, while 0.3 ppm made work impossible. Excess intake of iodine can cause hypothyroidism. The upper limit is 1.1 mg/day, and 150 ug/day is recommended. [ACGIH] Iodide salts are not caustic like iodine. After ingestion, hypersensitivity reactions, e.g., angioedema and urticaria, may occurChronic ingestion of iodide salts may cause various skin diseases, goiter, hypothyroidism, and congenital thyroid effects[HSDB] Causes lachrymation[ICSC] |
| DOT ID and guide | 3495 154 |
| Reactive group | Oxidizing Agents, Weak |
| EC classification | Symbol: Xn, NR: 20/21-50S: (2)-23-25-61 |
| UN classification | UN Hazard Class: 8UN Subsidiary Risks: 6.1UN Pack Group: III |
| Special Reports | Dillon HKMethods Development for Sampling and Analysis of Chlorine, Chlorine Dioxide, Bromine, and IodineNTIS Report PB83-246363 (SORI-EAS-82-828): 30 (1983). Sampling & analysis methods developed for the detection of toxic oxidants such as bromine, chlorine, chlorine dioxide & iodine in air. |
| FIFRA requirements | Iodine-detergent complexexemption from the requirement of a tolerance. The aqueous solution of hydriodic acid and elemental iodine, including one or both of the surfactants (a) polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene glycol nomionic block polymers (minimum average molecular weight 1,900) and (b) a-(p- nonylphenyl)-omega- hydroxypoly (oxyethylene) having a maximum average molecular weight of 748 and in which the nonyl group is a propylene trimer isomer, is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance for residues in eggs and poultry when used as a sanitizer in poultry drinking water. /Iodine-detergent complex/As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Iodine is found on List C. Case No: 3080Pesticide type: fungicide, herbicide, antimicrobialCase Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.Active ingredient (AI): iodineData Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 09/30/93AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner. |
| Fire fighting | Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. |
| First aid measures | Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again.First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention . |
| Accidental release measures | · CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. |
| First aid | Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Iodine:General First Aid:(General first aid procedures) |
| Safe storage | Separated from incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers. Well closed. Ventilation along the floor. |
| Exposure control and personal protection | · Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). |
| Storage conditions | Materials which are toxic as stored or which can decompose into toxic components ... Should be stored in a cool, well-ventilated place, out of the direct rays of the sun, away from areas of high fire hazard, and should be periodically inspected. Incompatible materials should be isolated ... . |
| Cleanup methods | 1. Ventilate area of spill. 2. Collect spilled material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers for reclamation or for disposal in a secured sanitary landfill. Liquid containing iodine should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or similar material. |
| Nonfire spill response | Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: |
| Disposal methods | SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air qualitypotential migration in soil or watereffects on animal, aquatic, and plant lifeand conformance with environmental and public health regulations.React with large volumes of reducing agent (hypo- or bisulfites or ferrous salts) solution, neutralize. Alternatively, iodine may be recovered from various process waste streams. |
| Spillage disposal | Personal protection: filter respirator for inorganic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. |
| Preventive Measures | SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.Substitution of less irritating substances ... prevent contact, provision of a ... physical barrier against contact, proper washing facilities, work clothing, and storage facilities ... medical control is essential ... .SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers.The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for IODINE, ELEMENTAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Toxicological information | CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile |
| Treatment | Sodium thiosulphate, 100 mL orally of a 1% solution, has been recommended as an antidote because it immediately reduces iodine to iodide. (L1848) |
| Interactions | Iodine is readily inactivated by starch to convert it to iodide. |
| Target organs | Endocrine (Glands and Hormones)Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, cardiovascular systemRespiratory system, Thyroid |
| Health effects | Exposure to high levels of nonradioactive and radioactive iodine can damage the thyroid. Damage to the thyroid gland can result in effects in other parts of your body, such as your skin, lung, and reproductive organs. Concentrated iodine is very corrosive and can damage the mucous membrane if swallowed. (L1844, L1848) |
| Adverse effects | Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment. |
| Exposure routes | The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contactOral (L1844)inhalation (L1844)dermal (L1844) |
| Toxicity summary | IDENTIFICATION: Iodine is used as an antiseptic and disinfectant product. Iodine is blue greyish-black solid plates or small crystals with a metallic crystalline sheen with a characteristic acrid odor. It is soluble in water, of alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, ether, of glycerol. Very readily soluble in strong aqueous solutions of iodides. A solution in alcohol, ether, or aqueous solutions of iodides is reddish-brown. In chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or carbon disulfide it is violet-colored. Indications: In many countries culinary salt is iodized to prevent the development of goitre. In the pre-operative treatment of thyrotoxicosis to produce a thyroid gland of firm texture suitable for operation, it avoids the increased vascularity and friability of the gland with increased risk of hemorrhage. In the immediate treatment of thyrotoxic crisis. Its powerful bactericidal action is used for disinfecting unbroken skin before operation. Iodine may also be employed as a weak solution for the first-aid treatment of small wounds and abrasions, but it is rapidly inactivated by combining with tissue substances, and so delays healing. It has been applied topically in the treatment of herpes simplex. Iodine has been used in the treatment of dendritic keratitis. Iodine has been used in the purification of drinking water in case of emergencies. Strong iodine solution: (Lugol's solution) used in the treatment of many conditions in which the action of iodine ion is desired such as thyrotoxicosis, keratoscleritis, keratitis associated with excessive keratin. Iodine containing solutions are used as contrast media in radio diagnosis. Potassium iodide has been used as a mucolytic agent. Radioisotopes: radioactive iodine finds its widest use in the treatment of hyperthyroidism and in the diagnosis of disorders of thyroid function. The greatest use has been made of sodium iodide iodine-131. Sodium iodide I-123 is available for scanning purposes. HUMAN EXPOSURE: Main risks and target organs: Concentrated iodine is corrosive. Main risks in acute exposure to high iodine concentrations are largely due to the highly corrosive effect of iodine on the entire gastrointestinal tract and resultant shock. If rupture occurs mediastinitis or peritonitis develop. Target organs are mucous membranes of pharynx, larynx and oesophagus for the concentrated iodine, and thyroid for the diluted form as a systemic effect. Iodine is not a frequent cause of toxicity in the amounts available in the household. Summary of clinical effects: Ingestion of iodine may cause corrosive effects such as edema of the glottis, with asphyxia, aspiration pneumonia, pulmonary edema and shock, as well as vomiting and bloody diarrhea. The CNS, cardiovascular and renal toxicity following acute iodine ingestion appear to be due to the corrosive gastroenteritis and resultant shock. Vomiting, hypotension and circulatory collapse may be noted following severe intoxication. Eye: Eye exposure may result in severe ocular burns. Cardiovascular: Tachycardia, hypotension and circulatory collapse may be due to the ingestion of concentrated corrosive iodine solutions. Respiratory: Inhalation of iodine vapour may result in severe pulmonary irritation leading to pulmonary edema. Edema of the glottis and pulmonary edema have also resulted from oral ingestion. Neurological: Headache, dizziness, delirium and stupor may be noted following severe intoxication. Gastrointestinal: A severe corrosive esophagitis and gastroenteritis characterized by vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea may be noted following ingestion. The vomitus is blue if starch is present in the stomach. A metallic taste may be noted. Dermatological: Dermal application of strong iodine solutions may result in burns. Chronic ingestion may result in iodism characterized from acne form skin lesions and other skin eruptions. Cutaneous absorption may be significant and result in systemic symptoms and death. Endocrine: Hypothyroidism, as well as hyperthyroidism, has been reported. Immunological: Hypersensitivity reactions including angioedema and/ or serum sickness-like reactions may be noted. Contraindications: Iodine preparations should not be taken regularly during pregnancy and lactation. Because iodine may cause burns on occluded skin, an iodine-treated wound should be covered with a light bandage. As iodine and iodides can affect the thyroid gland, the administration of such preparations may interfere with tests of thyroid functions. Potassium iodide should not be used in adolescent patients because of its potential to induce acne and its effects on the thyroid gland. Iodine or iodides should not be administered to patients with a history of hypersensitivity to such compounds. Routes of entry Oral: Toxic effects in humans can occur via accidental or suicidal poisonings. Toxic effects of iodine compounds resulting from ingestion of seaweed, mucolytic expectorants or X-ray contrast are reported. Inhalation: With industrial exposure to vapor of iodine, it will be absorbed from the lungs and converted in the body to iodide. Dermal: Topical iodine (especially with multiple applications) can be absorbed, causing toxic effects. Eye: Eye drops can cause systemic toxic effects. Parenteral: Contrast media. Absorption by route of exposure: Oral: Iodine appears to be inactivated by combination with gastrointestinal contents. Absorption is poor due to rapid conversion of iodine to iodide. Inhalation: Iodine is absorbed from the lungs, converted to iodide in the body. Pulmonary absorption of vapour may result in systemic poisoning. Dermal: Only very small quantities of iodine are absorbed through an intact skin. Iodine can be absorbed by wounds and abrasions. Enhanced absorption occurs through denuded skin, decubitus ulcers, mucosal surfaces with high absorptive capacity (vagina), or large areas of intact skin. Distribution by route of exposure: Oral: When taken by mouth iodine is rapidly converted to iodide and is stored in the thyroid as thyroglobulin. Iodine reaches the blood stream mainly in form of iodide, and it is incorporated into the thyroglobulin form in the thyroid gland. Inhalation: Iodine is readily distributed into the lungs. Dermal: Distribution is poor due to low absorption through intact skin. Enhanced distribution occurs through denuded skin. Metabolism: Iodine is an easily oxidizable substance. Food that is present in the digestive tract, will oxidize iodine to iodide which is not corrosive to the gastrointestinal tract. Elimination, by route of exposure: Iodine is excreted mainly in the urine and in smaller quantities in saliva, milk, sweat, bile and other secretions. Renal iodine clearance is related to glomerular filtration rate. Mode of action: Toxicodynamics: Local: Iodine precipitates proteins. The affected cells may be killed. The effect is similar to that of a corrosive acid. Systemic: Acute inhibition of the synthesis of iodotyrosine and iodothyronine. Pharmacodynamics: Topical: Iodine has bactericidal activity, a 1% tincture will kill 90% of bacteria in 90 seconds, a 5% tincture in 60 seconds and a 7% tincture in 15 seconds. Oral: The primary function of iodine is to control the rate of cellular oxidation through its presence in the biosynthesis of iodated thyroid hormone. Carcinogenicity: There is no evidence as to whether iodine is carcinogenic or not. However, connections have been established with deliberate or inadvertent intake of radioactive elements or their compounds that concentrate in certain organs or tissues. Thus intake of labelled iodine and derivatives concentrating in the thyroid gland, have been known to give rise to cancer in that organ. Teratogenicity: Iodides diffuse across the placenta. Infant and neonatal death from respiratory distress secondary to goitre has been reported in mothers taking iodides. Chronic topical maternal use of povidone-iodine during pregnancy has been associated with clinical and biochemical hypothyroidism in the infant. Exposure to iodine-131 can damage or ablate the developing thyroid of the human fetus. Hypothyroidism, either congenital or of late onset, has been reported in at least 5 children whose mothers were exposed to iodine-131 during pregnancy. Main adverse effects: Endocrine system effects: Iodine and iodides produce goiter, hypothyroidism as well as hyperthyroidism. These effects have also been reported in infants born to mothers who had taken iodides during pregnancy. Side effects of iodine given for radioprotection: In iodine induced goiter and iodine induced hypothyroidism, special risk groups are fetus and neonates. Iodine induced hyperthyroidism special risk group are people living in iodine deficient areas and people with a history of hyperthyroidism. Extrathyroidal side effects are gastrointestinal complaints (nausea, pain), taste abnormalities, cutaneous and mucous membrane such as irritation, rash, edema (including face and glottis), allergic like reactions such as fever, eosinophilia, serum sickness like symptoms, vasculitis. Special risk groups are patients with hypocomplementemic vasculitis. Allergic effects: Whether iodine is administered topically or systematically, iodine and iodides can give rise to allergic reactions: urticaria, angioedema, cutaneous hemorrhage or purpuras, fever, arthralgia, lymphadenopathy and eosinophila, acne form or severe eruptions. Iodism effects: A mild toxic syndrome called iodism results from repeated administration of small amount of iodine. Iodism is characterised by hyper salivation, coryza, sneezing, conjunctivitis, headache, laryngitis, bronchitis, stomatitis, parotitis, enlargement of the submaxillary glands, skin rashes and gastric upsets. In rare cases jaundice, bleeding from mucous membranes and bronchospasm may occur. Inflammatory states may be aggravated by these adverse reactions. Gastrointestinal effects: Acute effects due to ingestion of iodine are mainly due to its corrosive effects or action which arises at least in part from oxidizing potential of this element on the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms include a metallic taste, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Esophageal stricture may occur if the patient survives the acute stage. Cardiovascular and respiratory effects: Death may occur due to circulatory failure, edema of the glottis resulting in asphyxia, aspiration pneumonia, or pulmonary edema. Kidney effect: Anuria may occur 1 to 3 days after exposure.Iodide inhibits adenylate cyclase in thyroid gland follicle cells and decreases the TSH-induced rise in intracellular cAMP. This results in decreased iodination of thyroglobulin and inhibited production and release of T4 and T3, causing hypothyroidism. (L1844) |
| Signs and Symptoms | Cough. Wheezing. Laboured breathing. Symptoms may be delayed.Redness. Pain.Watering of the eyes. Redness. Pain.Abdominal pain. Diarrhoea. Nausea. Vomiting.irritation eyes, skin, noselacrimation (discharge of tears)headachechest tightnessskin burns, rashcutaneous hypersensitivityIngestion of iodine may cause corrosive effects such as oedema of the glottis, with asphyxia, aspiration pneumonia, pulmonary oedema and shock, as well as vomiting and bloody diarrhea. The CNS, cardiovascular and renal toxicity following acute iodine ingestion appear to be due to the corrosive gastroenteritis and resultant shock. Vomiting, hypotension and circulatory collapse may be noted following severe intoxication. (L1848) |
| ICSC Environmental Data | This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to fish. |
| Medical Surveillance | Diagnosis is based on a history of exposure and evidence of corrosive injury. Mucous membranes are usually stained brown, and vomitus may be blue. Blood levels are not clinically useful but may confirm exposure. Other useful laboratory studies include, for serious corrosive injury, CBC, electrolytes, BUN, and creatinine. For serious inhalation, arterial blood gases or oximetry and chest X-ray are useful. /Iodine/If symptoms develop or overexposure is suspected, the following may be useful: thyroid function tests, liver function tests, consider chest x-ray after acute overexposure.Hyperthyroidism. Diagnosis. Comprehensive history and physical examination including: weight and blood pressurepulse rate and cardiac rhythmthyroid palpation and auscultation (to determine thyroid size, nodularity, and vascularity)neuromuscular examinationeye examination (to detect evidence of exophthalmos or ophthalmopathy)dermatologic examinationcardiovascular examinationlymphatic examination (nodes and spleen). Laboratory evaluation including the sensitive thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) assay, measurement of serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) radioimmunoassay, free T3 and T4 levels, measurement of thyroid autoantibodies, including TSH receptor antibodies of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins, radioactive iodine uptake, and thyroid scan Orbital ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and serial exophthalmometry in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy Local mechanical therapies (e.g., sunglasses, artificial tears) and corticosteroids or retro-orbital irradiation in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathyHypothyroidism. Diagnosis. Laboratory evaluation including sensitive TSH assays, free thyroxine estimate, measurement of thyroid autoantibodies, thyroid scan, and ultrasonography. |
| Natural Pollution Sources | SEVERAL NATURAL SOURCES INCLUDE: SEAWATER (1,000 TONS OF IODINE IN 1 CUBIC MILE), SEAWEED, SALT BRINES, ... AND CHILEAN SALTPETER (ONCE THE PRIMARY SOURCE). |
| F | 10 |
| Occupational exposure limit (OEL) | Ceiling: 0.1 ppm (1 mg/m3) |
| Personal protective equipment (PPE) | dust mask type N95 (US), Eyeshields, Faceshields, Gloves |
| Water hazard class (WGK) | 2 |
| Immediately dangerous to life or health concentration | 2 ppm |
| TSCA inventory status | TSCA listed |
| RTECS number | NN1575000 |
| UN transport number | UN 3495 |
| Customs code | 2801 20 00 |
| Toxicity | LD50 oral (rat) 14,000 mg/kg LCLO inhal (rat) 80 ppm (800 mg/m31 h) PEL (OSHA) 0.1 ppm (ceiling, 1 mg/m3) TLV-TWA (ACGIH) 0.1 ppm (ceiling, 1 mg/m3) |
| Risk statements (R) | 36/37/38-50-20/21-36/38-20/21/22-22-40-19-11-36/37 |
| Signal word | Danger |
| GHS pictogram | GHS07,GHS08,GHS09 |
| Hazard symbols | Xn,N,F |
| Safety statements (S) | 26-61-25-23-36/37-16 |
| Hazard class | 8Acute Tox. 4 DermalAcute Tox. 4 InhalationAcute Tox. 4 OralAquatic Acute 1Eye Irrit. 2Skin Irrit. 2STOT RE 1 OralSTOT SE 3 |
| Storage class | 6.1C - Combustible acute toxic Cat.3toxic compounds or compounds which causing chronic effects |
| Packing group | III |
| GHS hazard statements | H312+H332-H315-H319-H372-H317-H335-H410 |
| Limited quantities | 5.0 L (1.3 gallons) (liquid) |
| Excepted quantities | Max Inner Pack (30g or 30ml) and Max Outer Pack (1Kg or 1L) |
| REACH registrations | Active |
| GHS precautionary statements | P501-P273-P272-P260-P270-P271-P264-P280-P391-P314-P337+P313-P305+P351+P338-P362+P364-P333+P313-P302+P352+P312-P304+P340+P312-P403+P233-P405 |
| Hazardous substances data | 7553-56-2(Hazardous Substances Data) |
Applications & Uses
Description
Iodine was discovered in 1811 by Bernard Courtois, and is classed among the rarer elements. Iodine is found naturally in seaweed, and is considered and generally recognized as safe substance by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Iodine is a required element by many species, including humans. It has been recognized as preventative against goiter since 1819, and is used in iodized salt for this purpose. Iodine is also used as a dough oxidizer in commercial bread making. Iodine is generally extracted from natural and oil field brines by means of oxidation of iodide with chlorine, then removal from solution with an airstream. Iodine is reabsorbed in solution and reduces to hidrotic acid with sulfur dioxide. The solution is then chlorinated to precipitate free iodine, and is further purified by treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid. Iodine is the heaviest essential element for most life, with tungsten being used by some bacteria.
History
Iodine was discovered in 1811 by French chemist, Bernard Courtois duringthe production of potassium nitrate for Napoleon’s armies. It was recognizedas a new element by Gay-Lussac who named it iodine.Iodine is widely distributed in nature, found in rocks, soils and under-ground brines. An important mineral is lautarite, which is anhydrous calciumiodate found in nitrate deposits in Chile. The element also occurs in brownseaweeds, in seawater, and in many natural gas wells. Its concentration in theearth’s crust is an estimated 0.5 mg/kg; and in seawater 0.06 mg/L.Iodine is used in many dyes and as a colorant for foods and cosmetics. Itssilver salt is used in photographic negative emulsions. Other industrial appli-cations include dehydrogenation of butane and butylenes to 1,3-butadiene; asa catalyst in many organic reactions; in treatment of naphtha to yield highoctane motor fuel; and in preparation of many metals in high purity grade,such as titanium, zirconium and hafnium.Iodine is an essential nutrient element required for thyroid gland. It isadded to salt and to animal feeds for the prevention of goiter. In medicine itis used as a therapeutic reagent for the treatment of various thyroid-relateddiseases. It also is used as an antiseptic. Radioactive isotopes of iodine areused for treating thyroid cancer, heart diseases including tachycardia, and asa tracer for diagnosing certain diseases.An important application of iodine is in water purification and sanitation.It is used as a disinfectant in food-processing plants, dairies and restaurants.It is applied to disinfect municipal and other water supplies and swimmingpools.
Uses
Anti-infective, topical.
Uses
Iodine is used in the manufacture of manyiodine compounds; in photographic materi als; as an antiseptic, disinfectant, and germi cide; and as a reagent in analytical chemistry.It occurs in traces in seawater and in igneousrocks.
Uses
Synthesis of organic chemicals; photographic film; as a disinfectant in drinking water
General Description
Violet-black crystals with a metallic luster and a sharp odor. Mp: 133.5°C, bp: 185°C. Emits toxic vapor at room conditions; vapor becomes visibly purple when its concentration builds up in a confined space. Nearly insoluble in water but very soluble in aqueous solutions of iodides.
Preparation & Synthesis
Preparation
Add 13~ 15 times the amount of water to soak seaweed twice with ion exchange method. After that, iodine content in soaking liquid is 0.5~0.55 g/L. Because there are a large amount of fucoses and other impurities in soaking liquid containing, we need to remove those though the base. Add 36%~40% of liquid caustic soda, adjust pH to 12 with sufficient stirring, and then clarify it for more than 8h. The upper part of the liquid is added to the acidification tank. Adjust pH to 1.5~2 with hydrochloric acid, and then add it into the oxidation tank in which chlorine gas is sent to oxidize iodine to get free iodine. After adsorption through the 717 # ion exchange resin, the iodine-containing solution desorbed with sodium sulfite precipitates iodine by adding potassium chlorate and sulfuric acid. Heat the crude iodine to 150 ℃ or more, add concentrated sulfuric acid for melt refining. Iodine is ready after being cooled, crystallized and crushed. 2I-+Cl2→I2+2Cl- SO32-+I2+H2O→SO42-+2H++2I- C1O3-+6I-+6H+→3I2+3H2O The waste iodine was passed through an ion exchange column to extract mannitol. Add hydrochloric acid into iodine salt mother liquor for acidification with air blowing method. Adjust pH in 1~2, and preheat to about 40 ℃, and then add it into the oxidizer. At the same time appropriate amount of chlorine is sent to oxidize the iodide ion to iodine molecule. The oxidizing liquid is sent to the blowing tower, and the lower part is blown from the upper part, and the air preheated to 40 ° C is blown from the lower part of the blowing tower to blow out the iodine. The iodine-containing air enters the absorption tower, and it is absorbed by the sulfur dioxide aqueous solution, and finally it is reduced to hydroiodic acid. When the iodine concentration of absorbed liquid reaches about 150 g/L, it is sent to the iodine analyzer. Under the constant stirring, the chlorine gas is slowly passed through to precipitate iodine. And then the mixture is filtered, and then melted and refined with concentrated sulfuric acid. Iodine is ready after being cooled, crystallized and crushed. 2I-+C12→I2+2CI- I2+SO2+2H2O→2HI+H2SO4 2HI+Cl2→I2+2HCl Industrial iodine is used as raw material. Purify it by recrystallization, and then we get high purity iodine with purity of 99.5%.