Formaldehyde

Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)

Urban Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) - EPA specified greatest potential health threat in urban areas

Other Classes -> Aldehydes

Other Classes -> Aldehydes

Carcinogens

Cosmetic ingredients (Formaldehyde) -> CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review)

Preservative

Pesticide -> EPA IRIS

Fungicides, Soil Treatment

Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved

Environmental transformation -> Pesticide transformation products (metabolite, successor)

log Kow = 0.35

0.35

0,35

Pungent, suffocating odor

Pungent, irritating odor /Formaldehyde solution/

0.815 at -4 °F anhydrous form (EPA, 1998) - Less dense than water; will float

1.08 at 77 °F (NIOSH, 2024) - Denser than water; will sink

0.815 g/cu cm at -20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.8

Relative density (water = 1): 0.8

0.815 @ -20°C

Nearly colorless gas [Note: Often used in an aqueous solution]. /Pure formaldehyde/

Colorless gas at ordinary temperatures

Clear, water-white, very slightly acid, gas or liquid.

Clear, colorless or nearly colorless liquid /Formaldehyde solution/

Miscible (NIOSH, 2024)

Miscible (NIOSH, 2024)

In water, 4.00X10+5 mg/L at 20 °C

In water, miscible at 25 °C

In water, 95 weight % at 20 °C

Danger

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P318, P320, P321, P330, P333+P317, P362+P364, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (3 of 6451) of reports.

Danger

H301 (83.1%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

Chemical: Formaldehyde

Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity; Hepatotoxicity and Digestive System Toxicity; Neurotoxicity; Ocular Toxicity; Respiratory Toxicity

Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 (amended)

Formaldehyde is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Formaldehyde are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 10-02-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/23039

Restricted substance: Formaldehyde

Class 9

Flammable Liquid Corrosive

Corrosive

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

Toxic vapors such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are generated during combustion. Explosion hazard: when aqueous formaldehyde solutions are heated above their flash points, a potential for explosion hazard exists. High formaldehyde concentration or methanol content lowers flash point. Reacts with nitrogen oxides at about 180; the reaction becomes explosive. Also reacts violently with perchloric acid-aniline, performic acid, nitromethane, magnesium carbonate, and hydrogen peroxide. When heated, irritant formaldehyde gas evolved from solution. The main products of decomposition are carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Metals such as platinum, copper, chromia, and alumina also catalyze the formation of methanol, methylformate, formic acid, carbon dioxide, and methane. Reacts with peroxide, nitrogen oxide, and performic acid causing explosions. Can react with hydrogen chloride or other inorganic chlorides to form bis-chloromethylether (BCME), a known carcinogen. Very reactive, combines readily with many substances, 40% solution is powerful reducing agent. Incompatible with amines, azo compounds, dithiocarbamates, alkali and alkaline earth metals, nitrides, nitro compounds, unsaturated aliphatics and sulfides, organic peroxides, oxidizing agents, and reducing agents. Aqueous solutions are unstable. Commercial formaldehyde-alcohol solutions are stable. Gas is stable in absence of water. Avoid oxidizing and alkaline materials. Hazardous polymerization may occur. Compound will polymerize with active organic materials such as phenol. Will polymerize violently in the presence of caustics and nitrides; (amines) exothermic reaction, (Azo compound) exothermic reaction giving off nitrogen gas, (caustics) heat generation and violent polymerization, (dithiocarbamates) formation of flammable gases and toxic fumes, formation of carbon disulfide may result, (alkali and alkaline earth metals) heat generation and formation of a flammable hydrogen gas. (EPA, 1998)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

· Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.

· Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.

· Flammable/combustible material.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Formaldehyde:

The probable oral lethal dose for humans is 0.5-5 g/kg, or between 1 ounce and 1 pint for a 150 pound person. Acute -- below 1 ppm, odor perceptible to most. 2-3 ppm, mild tingling of eyes. 4-5 ppm, increased discomfort, mild lacrimation. 10 ppm, profuse lacrimation; can be withstood only for few minutes. 10-20 ppm, breathing difficult, cough, severe burning of nose and throat. 50-100 ppm, acute irritation of respiratory tract, very serious injury likely. Skin -- primary irritation from strong solutions, gas. Delayed -- sensitization dermatitis. Suspected carcinogen. Effects in women include menstrual disorders and secondary sterility. Solutions splashed in eyes have caused injuries ranging from severe, permanent corneal opacification and loss of vision to minor discomfort. In people sensitized to formaldehyde, late asthmatic reactions may be provoked by brief exposures at approximately 3 ppm. (EPA, 1998)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

· TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.

· TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.

· May cause toxic effects if inhaled or ingested.

At room temperature, formaldehyde is a colorless, flammable gas that has a distinct, pungent smell. It is also known as methanal, methylene oxide, oxymethyline, methylaldehyde, and oxomethane. Formaldehyde is naturally produced in small amounts in our bodies. It is used in the production of fertilizer, paper, plywood, and urea-formaldehyde resins. It is also used as a preservative in some foods and in many products used around the house, such as antiseptics, medicines, and cosmetics.

Formaldehyde is used mainly to produce resins used in particleboard products and as an intermediate in the synthesis of other chemicals. Exposure to formaldehyde may occur by breathing contaminated indoor air, tobacco smoke, or ambient urban air. Acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) inhalation exposure to formaldehyde in humans can result in respiratory symptoms, and eye, nose, and throat irritation. Limited human studies have reported an association between formaldehyde exposure and lung and nasopharyngeal cancer. Animal inhalation studies have reported an increased incidence of nasal squamous cell cancer. EPA considers formaldehyde a probable human carcinogen (Group B1).

Liquid causes first degree burns on short exposure; [CHRIS] Inhalation of formaldehyde can produce bronchospasm and pulmonary edema. [ATSDR Medical Management] Skin sensitization reported from coolants, photographic chemicals, paper, carpets, and fabric resins. [Marks, p. 88] [Occupational asthma due to formaldehyde. Burge PS et al. Thorax 1985 Apr;40(4):255-60.] In two of the three large industrial cohort studies positive associations were observed for leukaemia, which were somewhat stronger for myeloid leukaemia. . . . There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of formaldehyde. Formaldehyde causes cancer of the nasopharynx and leukaemia. . . . The Working Group was not in full agreement on the evaluation of formaldehyde causing leukaemias in humans, with a small majority viewing the evidence as sufficient of carcinogenicity and the minority viewing the evidence as limited. [IARC Monograph Volume 100F (2012): Formaldehyde] Some studies have linked heavy workplace exposure to formaldehyde with AML risk, but this link has not been seen in some other studies. [www.cancer.org] We find no clear evidence of an excess risk of leukemia or myeloid leukemia in any large, well-conducted study. [PMID 22983399] Our reanalysis of the data from the NCI cohort study of workers in the formaldehyde industries provides no support for the hypothesis that formaldehyde causes AML, the LHM [lymphohematopoietic malignancy] of greatest prior concern. [PMID 26147546] . . . the largest cohort study found a significant increase in deaths from nasopharyngeal cancer only in the subset of workers whose average exposure was greater than or equal to 1 ppm. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for squamous cell nasal cancer in a rat inhalation study is 2 ppm. A survey of U.S. manufacturers of formaldehyde or formaldehyde resins showed decreasing worker exposure since the 1950s with an average of 1.00 to 1.15 ppm (1956 to 1967) down to 0.35 to 0.38 ppm (1980-1981). A study published in 1985 found mean exposures of 0.74 ppm (embalmers), 0.35 ppm (plywood manufacturers), 0.92 ppm (particle board manufacturers), 0.74 ppm (urea-formaldehyde foam manufacturers), and 0.42 ppm (urea-formaldehyde foam insulation installers). Formaldehyde causes eye irritation at 0.01-2.0 ppm, upper airway irritation at 0.10-25 ppm, lower airway and chronic pulmonary obstruction at 5-30 ppm, and pulmonary edema at 50-100 ppm. [ACGIH]

Formaldehyde is sold commercially as formalin in solutions of 37%, 44% or 50%. A severe eye and respiratory tract irritant, and my cause pulmonary edema; [ICSC] See Formaldehyde.

2209 153

2209 153

1198 132

1198 132

Formaldehyde is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives.

Formaldehyde is a food additive permitted in feed and drinking water of animals.

Aldehydes

Aldehydes

Aldehydes

Symbol: T; R: 23/24/25-34-40-43; S: (1/2)-26-36/37/39-45-51

Symbol: T; R: 23/24/25-34-40-43; S: (1/2)-26-36/37/39-45-51; Note: B, D

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

Keep unnecessary people away; stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Isolate for 1/2 mile in all directions if tank car or truck is involved in fire.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

Shut off supply; if not possible and no risk to surroundings, let the fire burn itself out. In other cases extinguish with powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Use water in large amounts, water spray.

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Formaldehyde:

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Formaldehyde Exposure: Acute exposure to formaldehyde may result in irritation or burns to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes; lacrimation (tearing); nausea; vomiting (may be bloody); abdominal pain; and diarrhea. Difficulty in breathing, cough, pneumonia, and pulmonary edema may occur. Sensitized people may experience asthmatic reactions, even when exposed briefly. Hypotension (low blood pressure) and hypothermia (reduced body temperature) may precede cardiovascular collapse. Lethargy, dizziness, convulsions, and coma may be noted. Nephritis (inflammation of the kidneys), hematuria (bloody urine), and liver toxicity have been reported.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Formalin (as formaldehyde):

General First Aid:

General First Aid:

General First Aid:

Fireproof. Cool. Separated from incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers.

Cool. Well closed. Keep in a well-ventilated room. Separated from acids, strong oxidants and food and feedstuffs. See Chemical Dangers. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

3.0 [ppm]

0.3 [ppm]

Use water spray, dry chemical, alcohol foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water to keep fire exposed containers cool. If leak or spill has not ignited, use water spray to disperse vapors, and to protect men attempting to stop leak. Water spray may be used to flush spills away from exposures and to dilute spills to nonflammable mixtures.

Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products. Use water spray, dry chemical, "alcohol resistant" foam, or carbon dioxide.

If material is on fire or involved in a fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

To fight fire, stop flow of gas (for pure form); alcohol foam for 37% methanol-free form.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for FORMALDEHYDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... Minimum storage temperature to prevent polymerization range from 83 °F for 37% formaldehyde containing 0.05% methyl alcohol to 29 °F for formaldehyde containing 15% methyl alcohol.

Formalin is ... supplied unstabilized or methanol-stabilized. The latter may be stored at room temp without precipitation of solid formaldehyde polymers because it contains 5-10% of methyl alcohol. The uninhibited type must be maintained at a temp of at least 32 °C to prevent the separation of solid formaldehyde polymers.

Inhibition by methanol decreases the minimum storage temp by about 2.3 °C per wt % methanol for unstabilized soln & about 1.3 °C per wt % methanol for stabilized solutions. Materials of construction preferred for storage vessels are 304, 316, and 347-type stainless steels or lined carbon steels.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Storage Conditions (Complete) data for FORMALDEHYDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Use fluorocarbon water spray, Cellosize and Hycar to diminish vapors. Sodium carbonate, ammonium hydroxide, or sodium sulfite can neutralize the spill.

Use universal gel, fly ash, universal sorbent material, or cement powder to absorb the spill.

Environmental considerations-land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder. Add sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3).

Environmental considerations-air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. Combustion products include corrosive or toxic vapors.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for FORMALDEHYDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 132 [Flammable Liquids - Corrosive]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U122, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Formaldehyde is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration.

A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

Dissolve in a combustible solvent, then spray the soln into the furnace with afterburner. Recommendable methods: Incineration, oxidation, & discharge to sewer. Not recommendable methods: Evaporation & alkaline hydrolysis. Peer-review: Dilute formaldehyde waste with a large amt of water and treat the soln by hypochlorite soln. Concentration of formaldehyde in the soln should be below 2% in order to avoid excess exothermic reaction heat. Formaldehyde is a powerful reducing agent and many oxidants can be used, but may react violently (must be diluted). Alkaline hydrolysis may be dangerous because of exothermic reaction. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for FORMALDEHYDE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: gas-tight chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Remove all ignition sources. Turn off gas at source if possible. Remove gas with fine water spray.

Personal protection: chemical protection suit and filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Ventilation. Remove all ignition sources. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

Hematologic

[nasal cancer]

Mice exposed to 11 combinations of acrolein-formaldehyde; respiratory rate monitored and results indicate competitive agonism between acrolein and formaldehyde.

Formaldehyde ... can interact with water-soluble salts during inhalation and produce irritancy beyond that expected for the gas alone. When it was inhaled simultaneously with submicron sodium chloride aerosol, irritancy was augmented in proportion to the aerosol concentration, but this potentiation cannot be accounted for by a simple "carrier" effect of the aerosol ... Reversal of bronchoconstriction was slower ... Thus it appeared that the aerosol itself constituted a new irritant species, the product of a chemical transformation of formaldehyde--perhaps methylene hydroxide. In addition to interactions with water-soluble particles, formaldehyde has been shown to interact with carbon-based particles to augment bacterial infectivity in a murine model. In this case, the potentiation appears to correlate with the surface carrying capacity of the inhaled particle.

The combined effects on the nasal epithelium of mixtures of ozone and formaldehyde at cytotoxic and noncytotoxic concentrations were examined. Male Wistar rats were exposed by inhalation during 22 hr/day for 3 consecutive days to 0.3, 1.0 or 3.0 ppm formaldehyde or to 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8 ppm ozone, or they were sham exposed to clean air. Treatment related histopathological nasal changes, such as dissarrangement, loss of cilia, and hyper/metaplasia of the epithelium were seen at 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 ppm ozone and at 3 ppm formaldehyde. Simultaneous exposure to both materials did not noticeable affect type, degree, and size the microscopic nasal lesions.

The sensory irritant effect of formaldehyde at 1.2 mg/cu m was shown to decrease when the chemical pyridine was injected into the chamber; such sensory interactions occur in environmentally realistic situations.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for FORMALDEHYDE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Cancer, Gastrointestinal (Digestive), Hepatic (Liver), Immunological (Immune System), Neurological (Nervous System), Ocular (Eyes), Renal (Urinary System or Kidneys), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)

Gastrointestinal

Eyes, respiratory system

LC50; Species: /Morone saxatilis/ (Striped bass) larvae; Conditions: static bioassay; Concentration: 10 mg/L for 48-96 hr

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) weight 0.63 g; Conditions: static; Concentration: 118 ppm for 96 hr (95% confidence limit: 99.7-140 ppm) /37% AI formulated product/

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) weight 0.81 g; Conditions: static; Concentration: >100 ppm for 96 hr /18.8% AI formulated product/

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) average length 1.5-1.8 in, average weight 0.5-0.9 g; Conditions: static, 12 °C, total hardness 42 ppm CaCO3; Concentration: 207 mg/L for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 182-236 mg/L) /Formalin, 37% formaldehyde gas in water/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for FORMALDEHYDE (58 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 8(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.35(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that formaldehyde is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). In soil, formaldehyde gas can adsorb to clay minerals(4) and interact with humic substances(5) resulting in decreased mobility. Volatilization of formaldehyde from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 3.37X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(6). Formaldehyde is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 3,890 mm Hg at 25 °C(7). Formaldehyde has been found to be readily biodegradable in various screening tests(8). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 91% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks(9) indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 8(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.35(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that formaldehyde is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.37X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Experiments performed on a variety of fish and shrimp show no bioconcentration of formaldehyde(6,7). Formaldehyde has been found to be readily biodegradable in various screening tests(8). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 91% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks(9) indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC). In a die-away test using water from a stagnant lake, degradation was complete in 30 and 40 hrs under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively(10). The half-life of formaldehyde has been reported between 1-7 days in surface water and 2-14 days in groundwater, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half lives(11). In water, formaldehyde undergoes essentially complete hydration to yield the gem-diol, methylene glycol(8). This hydrate does not have a chromophore that is capable of absorbing sunlight and photolytically decomposing(12). Hydrated formaldehyde is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(13).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), formaldehyde, which has a vapor pressure of 3,890 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in the gas phase in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Gas-phase formaldehyde is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is 45 hrs(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 8.50X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The hydroxy radical initiated oxidation of formaldehyde also occurs in cloud droplets to form formic acid, a component of acid rain(4). Formaldehyde absorbs ultraviolet radiation at wavelengths of >360 nm(5); therefore, formaldehyde may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Direct photolysis half-lives of 1 to 4.1 hours have been measured using sunlight(6); the 4.1 hour half-life was measured at sea-level and 40 degrees latitude(6). Gas-phase formaldehyde is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with atmospheric nitrate radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is about 57 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.60X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(7). Formaldehyde has been detected in rainwater(8), therefore, it may be removed from the air by wet deposition(SRC). In addition, in a study of the formaldehyde content of atmospheric aerosol, it was demonstrated that up to 5% of the total atmospheric content of formaldehyde can be associated with particulate matter due to vapor adsorption to particulates(9); therefore, particulate-phase formaldehyde may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

Formaldehyde occurs naturally in foods, and foods may be contaminated as a result of fumigation (of e.g. grain), cooking (as a combustion product) and release from formaldehyde resin-based tableware(1). It has been used as a bacteriostatic agent in some foods, such as cheese(1). Fruits and vegetables typically contain 3-60 mg/kg, and meat and fish, 6-20 mg/kg(1). Formaldehyde was identified in volatile emissions from almond shells and hulls at levels of 4.81-6.99 ng/L(2).

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L962) ; inhalation (L962) ; dermal (L962)

The CIR Expert Panel concluded that formaldehyde and methylene glycol are safe for use in cosmetics when formulated to ensure use at the minimal effective concentration, but in no case should the formalin concentration exceed 0.2% (w/w), which would be 0.074% (w/w) calculated as formaldehyde or 0.118% (w/w) calculated as methylene glycol. Additionally, formaldehyde and methylene glycol are safe in the present practices of use and concentration in nail hardening products. However, formaldehyde and methylene glycol are unsafe in the present practices of use and concentration in hair smoothing products (a.k.a. hair straightening products). Formalin is an aqueous solution wherein formaldehyde (gas) has been added to water to a saturation point, which is typically 37% formaldehyde (w/w). Because of the equilibrium between formaldehyde and methylene glycol in aqueous solution, formalin is composed of both formaldehyde and methylene glycol.

Safe in the present practices of use and concentration. Ingredient, concentration, and use information are available in documents discoverable at https://cir-reports.cir-safety.org

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Formaldehyde is a clear, water-white, very slightly acid, gas or liquid. It is registered for pesticide use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. Formaldehyde is used primarily as a fumigant in agricultural premises such as poultry and swine farms and processing plants as well as in citrus packing and mushroom houses. It is used as a hard surface disinfectant in commercial premises, industrial premises and veterinary clinics. Formaldehyde is also registered as a materials preservative for consumer products such as laundry detergents, general purpose cleaners and wall paper adhesives. There are no inert ingredient uses for this chemical. It is also used as an antimicrobial in biologics, topicals, hepatitis B vaccine, sterilizer for kidney dialysis membranes. Additional uses of formaldehyde in medicine include disinfecting hospital wards, preserving specimens, and as a disinfectant against athlete's foot. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Acute effects of airborne formaldehyde exposure: Odor detection, 0.05-1.0 ppm; Eye irritation, 0.01-2 ppm; Upper respiratory tract irritation (e.g., irritation of the nose or throat), 0.10-11 ppm; Lower airway irritation (e.g., cough, chest tightness, and wheezing), 5-30 ppm; Pulmonary edema, inflammation, pneumonia, 50-100 ppm; Death >100 ppm. Formaldehyde can provoke skin reactions in sensitized subjects, not only by contact but also by inhalation. According to IARC, there is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of formaldehyde. Formaldehyde causes cancer of the nasopharynx and leukemia. Also, a positive association has been observed between exposure to formaldehyde and sinonasal cancer. An investigation of reproductive function in female workers exposed to formaldehyde in the garment industry revealed increased incidence of menstrual disorders, inflammatory disease of the reproductive tract, sterility, anemia, and low birth weights among offspring. The published studies suggest that inhalation of formaldehyde leads to increased micronuclei frequencies in nasal and/or buccal mucosa cells. ANIMAL STUDIES: Acute effects in rats to low (<1 ppm) or moderate (10-50 ppm) of vapor resulted in increased airway resistance, decreased sensitivity of nasopalatine nerve, irritation of eyes and of respiratory system, and changes in hypothalamus. Exposure to high doses (above 100 ppm) caused salivation, acute dyspnea, vomiting, cramps and death. Hair depigmentation was observed in black mice at site of sc injection of 100 ug formaldehyde. Mice treated with formaldehyde on skin developed severe liver damage. Groups of 25 mated female rats were exposed by inhalation to formaldehyde (0, 2, 5 or 10 ppm (2.5, 6.2 or 12.3 mg/cu m) for 6 hr per day on days 6-15 of gestation. At 10 ppm, there was a significant decrease in maternal food consumption and weight gain. None of the parameters of pregnancy, including numbers of corpora lutea, implantation sites, live fetuses, dead fetuses and resorptions or fetal weights, were affected by treatment. An increased incidence of reduced ossification was observed at 5 and 10 ppm in the absence of maternal toxicity (10 ppm). Formaldehyde caused nasal squamous cell carcinomas in the rat following 2 year inhalation exposure. The incidence of this tumor in a historical data base of 16,794 rats was nil, indicating that it is a rare spontaneous tumor. Male and female rats of different ages at the start of the experiments (12 day embryos, and 7 and 25 weeks old) were administered formaldehyde in drinking water at different doses (2,500 or 1,500, 1,000, 500, 100, 50, 10, 0 ppm). An increased incidence of leukemias and of gastro-intestinal tumors was observed in formaldehyde treated rats. Gastro-intestinal tumors are exceptionally rare in the rats of the colony used. Formaldehyde induces gene mutation in bacteria, fungi, yeast, and Drosophila larvae as well as in cultured rodent and human cells. In part, these mutations appear to be the consequence of DNA damage. A second mechanism by which formaldehyde may damage the genome is inhibition of DNA repair. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: It was concluded from the study that formalin feeding to female quails at 2.5 mL/kg feed is without harmful effects, however, higher doses are not without health risks.

It is likely that formaldehyde toxicity occurs when intracellular levels saturate formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity, allowing the unmetabolized intact molecule to exert its effects. Formaldehyde is known to form cross links between protein and DNA and undergo metabolic incorporation into macromolecules (DNA, RNA, and proteins). (L962)

Formaldehyde is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives.

Formaldehyde is a food additive permitted in feed and drinking water of animals.

U122; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when formaldehyde, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

The Agency has completed its assessment of the residential, occupational and ecological risks associated with the use of pesticide products containing the active ingredient formaldehyde and paraformaldehyde. The Agency has determined that virtually all formaldehyde and paraformaldehyde containing products are eligible for reregistration provided that: 1) all risk mitigation measures are implemented; 2) current data gaps and confirmatory data needs are addressed; and 3) label amendments are made as described in Section V. Use in confined spaces such as closets is not eligible for registration because of the difficulty associated with ventilation of these spaces. ... Based on its evaluation of formaldehyde and paraformaldehyde, the Agency has determined that formaldehyde and paraformaldehyde products, unless labeled and used as specified in this document, would present risks inconsistent with FIFRA. Accordingly, should a registrant fail to implement the risk mitigation measures, submit confirmatory data as well as make the label changes identified in this document, the Agency may take regulatory action to address the risk concerns from the use of formaldehyde and paraformaldehyde. If all changes outlined in this document are fully complied with, then no risks of concern exist for the registered uses of formaldehyde and paraformaldehyde and the purposes of this determination.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk in accordance to newer safety standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Formaldehyde is found on List A, which contains most pesticides that are used on foods and, hence, have a high potential for human exposure. List A consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA '88. Case No: 0556; Pesticide type: fungicide, antimicrobial; Registration Standard Date: 05/31/88; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Formaldehyde; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Formaldehyde is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Formaldehyde is included on this list.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Formaldehyde is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 500 lbs.

Formaldehyde is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.

Formaldehyde (solution)

1

15000

Toxic chemical that can be released at a facility.

(CA) CALIFORNIA 100 ug/L

(FL) FLORIDA 600 ug/L

(ME) MAINE 140 ug/L

(MN) MINNESOTA 1000 ug/L

For more State Drinking Water Guidelines (Complete) data for FORMALDEHYDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Formaldehyde is thought to act via sensory nerve fibers that signal through the trigeminal nerve to reflexively induce bronchoconstriction through the vagus nerve.

Exposure to formaldehyde, a known air toxic, is associated with cancer and lung disease. Despite the adverse health effects of formaldehyde, the mechanisms underlying formaldehyde-induced disease remain largely unknown. Research has uncovered microRNAs (miRNAs) as key posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression that may influence cellular disease state. Although studies have compared different miRNA expression patterns between diseased and healthy tissue, this is the first study to examine perturbations in global miRNA levels resulting from formaldehyde exposure. We investigated whether cellular miRNA expression profiles are modified by formaldehyde exposure to test the hypothesis that formaldehyde exposure disrupts miRNA expression levels within lung cells, representing a novel epigenetic mechanism through which formaldehyde may induce disease. Human lung epithelial cells were grown at air-liquid interface and exposed to gaseous formaldehyde at 1 ppm for 4 hr. Small RNAs and protein were collected and analyzed for miRNA expression using microarray analysis and for interleukin (IL-8) protein levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Gaseous formaldehyde exposure altered the miRNA expression profiles in human lung cells. Specifically, 89 miRNAs were significantly down-regulated in formaldehyde-exposed samples versus controls. Functional and molecular network analysis of the predicted miRNA transcript targets revealed that formaldehyde exposure potentially alters signaling pathways associated with cancer, inflammatory response, and endocrine system regulation. IL-8 release increased in cells exposed to formaldehyde, and results were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Formaldehyde alters miRNA patterns that regulate gene expression, potentially leading to the initiation of a variety of diseases.

Formaldehyde at high concentrations is a contributor to air pollution. It is also an endogenous metabolic product in cells, and when beyond physiological concentrations, has pathological effects on neurons. Formaldehyde induces mis-folding and aggregation of neuronal tau protein, hippocampal neuronal apoptosis, cognitive impairment and loss of memory functions, as well as excitation of peripheral nociceptive neurons in cancer pain models. Intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) is an important intracellular messenger, and plays a key role in many pathological processes. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of formaldehyde on [Ca(2+)](i) and the possible involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and T-type Ca(2+) channels on the cell membrane. METHODS: Using primary cultured hippocampal neurons as a model, changes of [Ca(2+)](i) in the presence of formaldehyde at a low concentration were detected by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Formaldehyde at 1 mmol/L approximately doubled [Ca(2+)](i). (2R)-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate (AP5, 25 umol/L, an NMDAR antagonist) and mibefradil (MIB, 1 umol/L, a T-type Ca(2+) channel blocker), given 5 min after formaldehyde perfusion, each partly inhibited the formaldehyde-induced increase of [Ca(2+)](i), and this inhibitory effect was reinforced by combined application of AP5 and MIB. When applied 3 min before formaldehyde perfusion, AP5 (even at 50 umol/L) did not inhibit the formaldehyde-induced increase of [Ca(2+)](i), but MIB (1 umol/L) significantly inhibited this increase by 70%. These results suggest that formaldehyde at a low concentration increases [Ca(2+)](i) in cultured hippocampal neurons; NMDARs and T-type Ca(2+) channels may be involved in this process.

/The purpose of this study was/ to study the role of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-l (PARP-1) in formaldehyde-induced DNA damage response in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells and to investigate the mechanism of formaldehyde carcinogenicity. The protein levels were measured by Western blot. The interaction between different proteins was determined by co-immunoprecipitation assay. The chemical inhibitor was used to confirm the relationship between PARP-1 and DNA damage repair. After being exposed to different concentrations of formaldehyde for 4 hr, HBE cells showed no significant changes in cell viability. Cell viability was significantly reduced after 24-hr exposure to 80 and 160 umol/L formaldehyde (P < 0.05). The 10 umol/L formaldehyde resulted in significant increases in the protein levels of PARP-1 and XRCC-1. However, 80 umol/L formaldehyde led to a significant decrease in the protein level of PARP-1 of 124 KD molecular weight but a significant increase in the protein level of PARP-1 of 89 KD molecular weight; there was no significant change in the protein level of XRCC-1. The co-immunoprecipitation assay showed that 10 umol/L formaldehyde induced increased binding between PARP-1 and XRCC-1, but 80 umol/L formaldehyde led to no significant change in binding between PARP-1 and XRCC-1. Here, we confirmed the role of 10 umol/L formaldehyde in strand breaks by comet assay which showed an increase in the tail DNA content of HBE cells after 4-h formaldehyde exposure. No significant difference was observed in tail DNA content between treated HBE cells and control cells at 2 h after formaldehyde was removed. Moreover, compared with control, inhibition of PARP-1 induced a significant increase in tail DNA content, and a significant difference was observed in tail DNA content between inhibited HBE cells and control cells at 2 h after formaldehyde was removed. Inhibition of PARP-1 significantly reduced DNA repair capacity. PARP-1 mediated the repair of DNA damage induced by low-concentration formaldehyde through recruiting XRCC-1 protein, and may be involved in the regulation of cell apoptosis induced by high-concentration formaldehyde.

Peroxiredoxin 2 (Prx2), a member of the peroxiredoxin family, regulates numerous cellular processes through intracellular oxidative signal transduction pathways. Formaldehyde (FA)-induced toxic damage involves reactive oxygen species (ROS) that trigger subsequent toxic effects and inflammatory responses. The present study aimed to investigate the role of Prx2 in the development of bone marrow toxicity caused by FA and the mechanism underlying FA toxicity. According to the results of the preliminary investigations, the mice were divided into four groups (n=6 per group). One group was exposed to ambient air and the other three groups were exposed to different concentrations of FA (20, 40, 80 mg/cu m) for 15 days in the respective inhalation chambers, for 2 hr a day. At the end of the 15-day experimental period, all of the mice were sacrificed and bone marrow cells were obtained. Cell samples were used for the determination of pathology, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and protein expression; as well as for the determination of DNA damage and Prx2 expression. The results revealed an evident pathological change in the FA-treated groups, as compared with the controls. In the FA treatment group GSH-Px activity was decreased, while MPO activity and protein expression were increased. The rate of micronucleus and DNA damage in the FA-treated groups was also increased and was significantly different compared with the control, while the expression of Prx2 was decreased. The present study suggested that at certain concentrations, FA had a toxic effect on bone marrow cells and that changes in the Prx2 expression are involved in this process.

Urine (for formic acid): 80-90 minutes; [TDR, p. 713]

...In several species... formaldehyde has a half-life of only 1 min; but the half-life for formic acid is species dependent.

Formaldehyde is rapidly metabolized with a half-life in the blood of approx 1.5 min. This half-life is based primarily on primate data although available human data are consistent with this observation of a very short half-life. Data from other species suggest that the half-life of formaldehyde is fairly similar in many species.

When female rats were administered (14)C-formaldehyde ip at dose level of 70 mg/kg, 82% of dose was expired as (14)carbon dioxide and 13-14% was excreted via kidneys in form of methionine, serine, and formaldehyde-cysteine adduct.

Rats injected ip with 0.26 mg/kg (14)C-labeled formaldehyde ... excreted approx 22% of this dose in the urine over 5 days. Formic acid and a thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid derivative were identified in urine as formaldehyde metabolites.

Several of the urinary excretion products of formaldehyde in rats have been identified after intraperitoneal administration of (14)C-formaldehyde. After injecting Wistar rats with 0.26 mg/kg body weight, ... formate and a sulfur-containing metabolite (thought to be a derivative of thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid) and products presumed to result from one-carbon metabolism /were detected/. Thiazolidine-4-carboxylate, which is formed via the nonenzymatic condensation of formaldehyde with cysteine, was not detected in urine.

Formaldehyde absorbed into the bloodstream is metabolized to formic acid, which is excreted in the urine as the sodium salt or oxidized further to carbon dioxide and water. This detoxification process can deal efficiently with low concentrations of formaldehyde, but high concentrations cause acidosis and tissue damage.

For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for FORMALDEHYDE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Formaldehyde may be absorbed following inhalation, oral, or dermal exposure. It is an essential metabolic intermediate in all cells and is produced during the normal metabolism of serine, glycine, methionine, and choline and also by the demethylation of N-, S-, and O-methyl compounds. Exogenous formaldehyde is metabolized to formate by the enzyme formaldehyde dehydrogenase at the initial site of contact. After oxidation of formaldehyde to formate, the carbon atom is further oxidized to carbon dioxide or incorporated into purines, thymidine, and amino acids via tetrahydrofolatedependent one-carbon biosynthetic pathways. Formaldehyde is not stored in the body and is excreted in the urine (primarily as formic acid), incorporated into other cellular molecules, or exhaled as carbon dioxide. (L962)

1HG84L3525

FORMALDEHYDE

Established Pharmacologic Class [EPC] - Standardized Chemical Allergen

Physiologic Effects [PE] - Increased Histamine Release

Physiologic Effects [PE] - Cell-mediated Immunity

Chemical Structure [CS] - Allergens

Substances used on inanimate objects that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. Disinfectants are classed as complete, destroying SPORES as well as vegetative forms of microorganisms, or incomplete, destroying only vegetative forms of the organisms. They are distinguished from ANTISEPTICS, which are local anti-infective agents used on humans and other animals. (From Hawley&apos;s Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

Agents employed in the preparation of histologic or pathologic specimens for the purpose of maintaining the existing form and structure of all of the constituent elements. Great numbers of different agents are used; some are also decalcifying and hardening agents. They must quickly kill and coagulate living tissue.

Formaldehyde is absorbed readily from the respiratory and oral tracts and, to a much lesser degree, from the skin. It is the simplest aldehyde and reacts readily with macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. Inhalational exposure has been reported to result in almost complete absorption. Dermal absorption due to contact with formaldehyde-containing materials (e.g., textiles, permanent-press clothing, cosmetics, or other materials) is of low order of magnitude. ... Formaldehyde normally is converted and excreted as carbon dioxide in the air, as formic acid in the urine, or as one of many breakdown products from one-carbon pool metabolism. As a result of rapid absorption by both the oral and inhalational routes and its rapid metabolism, little or no formaldehyde is excreted unmetabolized. In rats exposed to (14)C-formaldehyde by inhalation, 40% of the radiolabel was excreted in the air and 20% in the urine and feces, whereas 40% remained in the carcass.

In rats and mice administered (14)C-formaldehyde intragastrically, 40% of dose... /was/ expired as carbon dioxide, 10% /was/ excreted in urine and 1% in feces after 12 hr; carcasses contained 20% after 24 hr and 10% after 4 days. When female rats were administered (14)C-formaldehyde ip at dose level of 70 mg/kg, 82% of dose was expired as (14)C dioxide and 13-14% was excreted via kidneys... .

Formaldehyde is absorbed rapidly and almost completely from the rodent intestinal tract. In rats, about 40% of an oral dose of (14)C-formaldehyde (7 mg/kg) was eliminated as (14)C-carbon dioxide within 12 hours, while 10% was excreted in the urine and 1% in the feces. A substantial portion of the radioactivity remained in the carcass as products of metabolic incorporation.

Four men and two women were exposed to a 1.9 ppm air concentration of formaldehyde in a large walk-in chamber for 40 minutes. Shortly before and shortly after the exposure, venous blood samples were taken from each person (each person served as his/her own control) and the blood was analyzed for formaldehyde content. Mean venous blood formaldehyde concentrations in humans prior to exposure showed a blood concentration of 2.61 + or - 0.41 ug/g of blood. Individual variability was markedly present. Immediately after a 40-minute exposure, mean blood concentration of formaldehyde was 2.77 + or - 0.28 ug/g of blood. There was no significant difference between pre- and postexposure blood concentrations of formaldehyde at the formaldehyde air concentrations tested in this study. This result suggests that formaldehyde was absorbed only into the tissues of the respiratory tract. The absence of increased formaldehyde concentrations in the blood is likely due to its rapid metabolism in these tissues and/or fast reaction with cellular macromolecules.

For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for FORMALDEHYDE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

CIR ingredient: Formaldehyde

Formaldehyde is used predominantly as a chemical intermediate. It also has minor uses in agriculture, as an analytical reagent, in concrete and plaster additives, cosmetics, disinfectants, fumigants, photography, and wood preservation. One of the most common uses of formaldehyde in the U.S is manufacturing urea-formaldehyde resins, used in particleboard products.

Used in the production of formaldehyde resins, plywood, particle board, paper, and urea-formaldehyde foam; embalmers and laboratory workers may be exposed to levels above 1 ppm; [LaDou, p. 502-3] The major industrial consumers of formaldehyde resins are molded plastic parts, decorative laminates, photographic film, and plywood paneling. High formaldehyde exposures were documented in carpet installers and parquet tile fitters. Formaldehyde also exists as a polymer (paraformaldehyde) and as a trimer (sym-trioxane or trioxmethylene). [ACGIH] Occupational asthma reported in hospital workers; [Malo] Therefore, commercially available ducted grossing stations are recommended to control formaldehyde exposure during gross examination in anatomic pathology laboratories, while canopy hood and recirculating grossing stations should be avoided. [PMID 26861729] Also at risk for asthma and allergic contact dermatitis are housekeeping personnel, machinists, and textile workers.

See 29CFR1910.1048 (Code of Federal Regulations)

Molding and Core Making [Category: Foundry]

Lost-wax casting [Category: Hobbies]

(1978) 1.04X10+10 G (INCL SOLNS)

(1983) 7.80X10+10 G (INCL SOLNS)

(1985) 4.01X10+8 g

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Formaldehyde. (1998) 19 million lbs

(1978) 1.11X10+9 G (INCL SOLNS)

(1983) 7.34X10+9 G (INCL SOLNS)

(1985) 3.87X10+9 g (incl solns)

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Formaldehyde. (1989) 11 million lbs

2023: 2,500,000,000 - <4,000,000,000 lb

(1960) 8.48X10+5 tons/year based on 37 wt % formaldehyde (2 wt % methanol)

(1965) 1.409X10+6 tons/year based on 37 wt % formaldehyde (2 wt % methanol)

(1970) 2.008X10+6 tons/year based on 37 wt % formaldehyde (2 wt % methanol)

(1975) 2.067X10+6 tons/year based on 37 wt % formaldehyde (2 wt % methanol)

For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for FORMALDEHYDE (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Worldwide demand for formaldehyde in 1989 was estimated to be about 85-90% of capacity /about 14X10+6 t as 37 wt% formaldehyde soln/

Amino resins including urea & melamine, 7.50X10+5 tons. Amino resins molding 5.9X10+4 tons; phenolic resins 6.50X10+5 tons & phenolic molding resins 6.6X10+4 tons; fertilizers 1.80X10+5 tons; textile finishes 6.0X10+4 tons; acetal resins 1.80X10+5 tons; 1.4-butanediol 2.00X10+5 tons; pentaerythritol 1.80X10+5 tons; pyridines 4.0X10+4 tons; methylenediphenyl isocyanate 6.5X10+4 tons; trimethylolpropane 3.5X10+4 tons; & hexamine 1.50X10+5 tons (as 37% formaldehyde, 1978).

CHEM INT FOR UREA-FORMALDEHYDE RESINS, 26.5%; CHEM INT FOR PHENOLIC RESINS, 19.6%; CHEM INT FOR ACETYLENIC CHEMS, 8.4%; CHEM INT FOR POLYACETAL RESINS, 7.9%; CHEM INT FOR PENTAERYTHRITOL, 6.7%; CHEM INT FOR HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE, 5.5%; CHEM INT FOR UREA-FORMALDEHYDE CONCENTRATES, 5.2%; CHEM INT FOR METHYLENE DIANILINE, 3.9%; CHEM INT FOR MELAMINE RESINS, 3.6%; CHEM INT FOR CHELATING AGENTS, 2.8%; OTHER, 9.9% (1981).

Worldwide demand for formaldehyde in 1976 was estimated to be about 7.5X10+6 tons or 60% capacity.

For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for FORMALDEHYDE (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Prepared commercially by catalytic vapor phase oxidation of methanol using air as the oxidizing agent and heated silver, copper, alumina, or coke as catalyst. ... Preparation of stable formaldehyde by heating low molecular polyoxymethylenes with diphosphorus pentoxide.

Formaldehyde has been produced commercially since 1889 by the catalytic oxidation of methanol. Various specific methods were used in the past, but only two are widely used currently: the silver catalyst process and the metal oxide catalyst process. The silver catalyst process is conducted in one of two ways: (i) partial oxidation and dehydrogenation with air in the presence of silver crystals, steam and excess methanol at 680-720 °C and at atmospheric pressure (also called the BASF process; methanol conversion, 97-98%); and (ii) partial oxidation and dehydrogenation with air in the presence of crystalline silver or silver gauze, steam and excess methanol at 600-650 °C (primary conversion of methanol, 77-87%); the conversion is completed by distilling the product and recycling the unreacted methanol. Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methyl formate and formic acid are by-products. In the metal oxide (Formox) process, methanol is oxidized with excess air in the presence of a modified iron-molybdenum-vanadium oxide catalyst at 250-400 °C and atmospheric pressure (methanol conversion, 98-99%). By-products are carbon monoxide, dimethyl ether and small amounts of carbon dioxide and formic acid.

Historically, formaldehyde has been and continues to be mfr from methanol. During the decades following World War II ... as much as 20% of formaldehyde produced in the USA was made by the vapor phase, non-catalytic oxidation of propane and butanes. ... Today, all of the world's commercial formaldehyde is mfr from methanol and air by an older process using a metal catalyst and a newer one using a metal oxide catalyst. ... In early formaldehyde plants, methanol was oxidized over a copper catalyst, but in recent years this has been almost completely replaced with silver.

Oxidation of synthetic methanol or low-boiling petroleum gases such as propane and butane. Silver, copper, or iron-molybdenum oxide are the most common catalysts.

Pure formaldehyde is not avail commercially because of its tendency to polymerize. It is sold as aqueous solutions containing from 37% to 50% formaldehyde by wt & varying amounts of methanol.

Marketed under the trade name Formcel, soln in methanol, n-butanol, and isobutanol. ...

Aq formaldehyde, known as formalin, is usually 37% by weight of formaldehyde, though more concn soln are available. Formalin is the general-purpose formaldehyde of commerce supplied unstabilized or methanol-stabilized. ... Formaldehyde may also exist in the form of the cyclic trimer trioxane. This is a fairly stable cmpd that does not easily release formaldehyde. ...

Grade: Aqueous solutions: 37%, 44%, 50% inhibited (with varying percentages of methanol) or stabilized or unstabilized (methanol-free); also available in solution in n-butanol, ethanol, or urea; USP (37% aqueous solution containing methanol).

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for FORMALDEHYDE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Chemical Classes -> Volatile organic compounds

Animal Drugs -> FDA Approved Animal Drug Products (Green Book) -> Active Ingredients

Environmental transformation -> Pesticide transformation products (metabolite, successor)

Cosmetics -> Preservative

Paper Manufacturing

Formaldehyde: ACTIVE

Formaldehyde ... is used in the form of anhydrous monomer, soln, polymers, and derivatives. Anhydrous, monomeric formaldehyde is not avail commercially.

U.S. Formaldehyde production capacity in 1989 was 4,310X10+3 tons/yr based on 37% wt formaldehyde (with 2 wt% methanol) /from Table/

All information on capacity & demand is reported on a 37% wt formaldehyde basis. Total plant production capacity in the USA in 1978 was 4,086X10+3 tons/year. /From table/

Formaldehyde, when used as a preservative in shampoos, may interact unfavorably with both fragrance components and color additives.