Huagongshe화공사 화학 정보 인쇄 보고서 · 연구 참고용
Aluminum
알루미늄 · 알루미늄분 · 알루미늄분말 · 알루미늄원소 · 알루미늄조각 · 피로분말 · 알루미늄파우더 · 알루미늄(원소)
식별자 및 물리적 특성
| CAS No. | 7429-90-5 |
|---|---|
| 분자식 | Al |
| 평균 분자량 | 26.9815 g/mol |
| 단동위원소 질량 | 26.9815384 g/mol |
| SMILES | [Al] |
| InChIKey | XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 5359268 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:33629 |
| EC No. | 231-072-3 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID3040273 |
| 현지명 | 알루미늄분 |
화학 및 물리적 성질
| 극성 표면적 | 0 |
|---|---|
| 수소 결합 공여자 수 | 0 |
| 수소 결합 수용자 수 | 0 |
| 회전 가능 결합 수 | 0 |
| 무거운 원자 수 | 1 |
| 형식 전하 | 0 |
| 복잡도 | 0 |
| 냄새 | Odorless냄새 없는 |
| 밀도 | 2.7 (NIOSH, 2024) - Denser than waterwill sink2.702.7 g/cm³2.7 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.) |
| Color/Form | Tin-white, malleable, ductile metal, with somewhat bluish tintSilver white ductile metal, cubicCrystalline solidSilvery-white, malleable, ductile ... metal. |
| 용해도 | Insoluble (NIOSH, 2024)Insoluble in water and in organic solvents. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid.Soluble in HCl, H2SO4, hot water, and alkalies.Insoluble in water.insoluble in H2Osoluble in acid solutions, alkaline solutions |
| 끓는 점 | 4221 °F at 760 mmHg (NIOSH, 2024)2327 °C2460 °C (lit.) |
| 녹는점 | 1220 °F (NIOSH, 2024)6601220 ° F660 °C660.37 °C (lit.) |
| 증기압 | 0 mmHg (approx) (NIOSH, 2024)1 mm Hg at 1284 °C0.13-1300Pa at 974℃ |
| Physical Description | Aluminum powder, coated appears as a light gray or silver powdered metal. Easily ignitedburns with an intense flame.Aluminum powder, pyrophoric appears as a light gray or silvery colored powdered metal.Aluminum powder, uncoated appears as a light gray solid. Denser than water. Contact may burn skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. May be toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption. Used to make other chemicals.Aluminum metal held above melting point of 1220 °F (660 °C) for ease in handling. Cools and solidifies if released. Contact causes thermal burns. Plastic or rubber may melt or lose strength upon contact. Protective equipment designed for chemical exposure only is not effective against direct contact. Take care walking on the surface of a spill to avoid stepping into a pocket of molten aluminum below the crust. Do not attempt to remove aluminum impregnated clothing because of the danger of tearing flesh if there has been a burn.LiquidWet SolidOther SolidDry PowderLarge CrystalsCBIA silvery-grey powder or tiny sheets |
| Stability/Shelf Life | In moist air, oxide film forms which protects metal from corrosion.Low melting solids or colorless, volatile liquids. /Alkylaluminum halides/Less sensitive than trialkylaminums to oxidation upon exposure to air. /Alkylaluminum halides/ |
| 자연 발화 온도 | 400 °C (powder) |
| Other Experimental Properties | ...Capable of taking brilliant polish which is retained in dry air. In moist air, oxide film forms which protects metal from corrosion. ...Does not vaporize even at high temperatures, but finely divided aluminum dust is easily ignited, and may cause explosions. Reacts with dilute HCl, H2SO4, KOH and NaOH with evolution of hydrogen. Reduces the cations of many heavy metals to the metallic state E(o)(aq) Al+3/Al -1.66V.Good conductor of heat and electricityTensile strength (annealed) 6800 psi, cold rolled 16,000 psirapidly oxidized by water at 180 °C. ... Electrical conductivity approximately two-thirds that of copper. Aluminum qualifies as both a light metal and a heavy metal, according to their definitions.Ionic radius = 57 pm. In combination with its high oxidation potential +1.66V and the +3 oxidation state, the ionic radius accounts for the stability of aluminum compounds.For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for ALUMINUM, ELEMENTAL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 인화점 | 400°C |
| 저장 조건 | Flammables area |
| 물리적 상태 | 철사 |
| 비중 | 2.702 (Water=1) |
| 색상 | 노란색 |
| Flame Color | Silvery-white |
| pH | 0.5 (H2O, 20°C) |
| 생물학적 소스 | goat |
| 용해도 | 물에 불용성. |
| 비열 | Cp(crystal): 0.9 J/(g·K)Cp(gas): 0.79 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Merck | 13,321 / 13,321 |
| 유전율 | 1.6-1.8(0.0℃) |
| 안정성 | 안정적인. 분말은 가연성입니다. 할로겐과 매우 발열적으로 반응함. 습기와 공기에 민감합니다. 강산, 부식제, 강산화제, 할로겐화 탄화수소와 호환되지 않습니다. |
| 주요 응용 | 배터리 제조 |
| 화장품 원료 기능 | 색소 |
| InChI | 1S/Al |
| InChIKey | XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | [Al] |
| Hardness, Vickers | 15, Annealed |
| Modulus of Elasticity | 68.0 GPa |
| Poissons Ratio | 0.36, calculated |
| Shear Modulus | 25.0 GPa |
| NIST | Aluminum(7429-90-5) |
| EPA | Aluminum (7429-90-5) |
화학적 성질
Aluminum metallic powder is a light, silvery-white to gray, odorless powder. Aluminum metallic powder is reactive and flammable. Aluminum is normally coated with a layer of aluminum oxide unless the particles are freshly formed. There are two main types of aluminum powder: the “fl ake” type made by stamping the cold metal and the “granulated” type made from molten aluminum. Pyro powder is an especially fi ne type of “fl ake” powder. Aluminum powders are used in paints, pigments, protective coatings, printing inks, rocket fuel, explosives, abrasives, and ceramics; the production of inorganic and organic aluminum chemicals; and as catalysts. Pyro powder is mixed with carbon and used in the manufacture of fi reworks. The coarse powder is used in aluminothermics.
안전 및 규제
| GHS 분류 | DangerH250: Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air [Danger Pyrophoric liquids]H261: In contact with water releases flammable gas [Danger Substances and mixtures which in contact with water, emit flammable gases]P210, P222, P231, P231+P232, P233, P280, P302+P335+P334, P370+P378, P402+P404, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement) |
|---|---|
| 규제 정보 | Chemical: AluminiumHazard Traits - HematotoxicityNeurotoxicityAuthoritative List - ATSDR NeurotoxicantsCA MCLsCWA 303(d)Report - if used as a fragrance or flavor ingredientAluminum is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Aluminum are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 07-05-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15572Status: Cease Manufacture Update: 07-06-2018 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/23237Aluminium, solid: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standardThe New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.) |
| 기타 안전 정보 | IMAP assessments - Aluminium: Human health tier I assessmentIMAP assessments - Aluminium: Environment tier I assessment |
| 운송 라벨(DOT) | Flammable SolidSpontaneously CombustibleDangerous When WetClass 9 |
| 화재 위험 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:May react violently or explosively on contact with water. Some are transported in flammable liquids. May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames. Some of these materials will burn with intense heat. Dusts or fumes may form explosive mixtures in air. Containers may explode when heated. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. (ERG, 2024)Excerpt from ERG Guide 135 [Substances - Spontaneously Combustible]:Flammable/combustible material. May ignite on contact with moist air or moisture. May burn rapidly with flare-burning effect. Some react vigorously or explosively on contact with water. Some may decompose explosively when heated or involved in a fire. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. (ERG, 2024)Excerpt from ERG Guide 138 [Substances - Water-Reactive (Emitting Flammable Gases)]:Produce flammable gases on contact with water. May ignite on contact with water or moist air. Some react vigorously or explosively on contact with water. May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. Some are transported in highly flammable liquids. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard. (ERG, 2024)Excerpt from ERG Guide 169 [Aluminum (Molten)]:Substance is transported in molten form at a temperature above 705 °C (1300 °F). Violent reaction with watercontact may cause an explosion or may produce a flammable gas. Will ignite combustible materials (wood, paper, oil, debris, etc.). Contact with nitrates or other oxidizers may cause an explosion. Contact with containers or other materials, including cold, wet or dirty tools, may cause an explosion. Contact with concrete will cause spalling and small pops. (ERG, 2024)· May react violently or explosively on contact with water.· Some are transported in flammable liquids.· May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames.· Some of these materials will burn with intense heat.· Dusts or fumes may form explosive mixtures in air.· Containers may explode when heated.· May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.· Produce flammable gases on contact with water.· May ignite on contact with water or moist air.· Some react vigorously or explosively on contact with water.· May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames.· Some are transported in highly flammable liquids.· Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard. |
| 화재 가능성 | ...Finely divided aluminum dust is easily ignited... .Certain polymerization catalysts, such as aluminum alkyls, react & burn violently on contact with water. /Aluminum alkyls/Aluminum alkyls are organic aluminum compounds that are highly reactive and dangerous because of spontaneous burning in air. /Aluminum alkyls/Prophoric material in flammable solvent. Vapors are heavier than air & may travel to a source of ignition & flash back. /Aluminum alkyls/ |
| 건강 유해성 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:Oxides from metallic fires are a severe health hazard. Inhalation or contact with substance or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause environmental contamination. (ERG, 2024)Excerpt from ERG Guide 135 [Substances - Spontaneously Combustible]:Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Inhalation of decomposition products may cause severe injury or death. Contact with substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause environmental contamination. CAUTION: Pentaborane (UN1380) is highly toxic and may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. (ERG, 2024)Excerpt from ERG Guide 138 [Substances - Water-Reactive (Emitting Flammable Gases)]:Inhalation or contact with vapors, substance or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death. May produce corrosive solutions on contact with water. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause environmental contamination. (ERG, 2024)Excerpt from ERG Guide 169 [Aluminum (Molten)]:Contact causes severe burns to skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. (ERG, 2024)· Oxides from metallic fires are a severe health hazard.· Inhalation or contact with substance or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death.· Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.· Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause environmental contamination.· Inhalation or contact with vapors, substance or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death.· May produce corrosive solutions on contact with water.· Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. |
| 유해성 요약 | Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust. It is always found combined with other elements such as oxygen, silicon, and fluorine. Aluminum as the metal is obtained from aluminum-containing minerals. Small amounts of aluminum can be found dissolved in water. Aluminum metal is light in weight and silvery-white in appearance. Aluminum is used for beverage cans, pots and pans, airplanes, siding and roofing, and foil. Aluminum is often mixed with small amounts of other metals to form aluminum alloys, which are stronger and harder. Aluminum compounds have many different uses, for example, as alums in water-treatment and alumina in abrasives and furnace linings. They are also found in consumer products such as antacids, astringents, buffered aspirin, food additives, and antiperspirants.One of the difficulties in studying the adverse effects of aluminum is the frequent contamination of biological specimens with aluminum from the environment, e.g., improperly cleaned glassware. More than 95% of aluminum is excreted in the urine. The occupational lung disease Shaver's disease was thought to be caused by chronic inhalation of dusts containing aluminum minerals such as bauxite and corundum, often contaminated with silica. Studies of workers in Europe confirmed that stamped aluminum powder, even in the absence of silica, caused lung fibrosis (aluminosis) in past decades. Stamped aluminum powder is mainly used to make pyrotechnicsit commonly contains lubricating agents such as stearin or mineral oils. A study of a group of 64 aluminum welders for 1-24 years found no evidence of pulmonary fibrosis. Evidence of neurotoxicity was found in welders with urine aluminum levels >100 ug/L compared with welders with lower levels. Whether or not the neurobehavioral effects are reversible is not known. High levels of aluminum e.g., in dialysis patients or after chronic use of antacids, can interfere with bone remodeling and contribute to osteomalacia. Total parenteral nutrition solutions containing more that 4-5 ug/day can cause increased aluminum levels associated with CNS and bone toxicity. [Nordberg, p. 549-62] The TLV applies to insoluble aluminum compounds (metal, aluminum oxide, stamped aluminum, aluminum in bauxite ore dust, emery). Workers exposed to high levels of aluminum dust (40 years of exposure at 2.5 mg/m3) have x-ray and mild pulmonary function changes. In studies of animals chronically inhaling aluminum oxide, 2.45 mg Al/m3 is the NOAEL. The cases of aluminosis in Germany were related to the mineral oil used as a lubricant. Levels measured in patients with dialysis encephalopathy (59 ug/L in serum and 330 ug/L in urine) are estimated to be equivalent to workers being exposed for 40 years to 1.6 mg/m3. Klatzo et al. in 1965 suggested that aluminum |
| 운송 번호 및 가이드(DOT) | 1309 1701396 1381309 170(powder, coated)1396 138(powder, uncoated)9260 169(molten) |
| FDA 요건 | Aluminum is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives.Certification of this color additive when used in externally applied drugs, including those intended for use in the area of the eye, in amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice is not necessary for the protection of the public health, and therefore batches thereof are exempt from the certification pursuant to section 721(c) of the act. /Aluminum powder/Certification of this color additive when used in coloring externally applied cosmetics, including cosmetics intended for use in the area of the eye, in amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice is not necessary for the protection of the public health, and therefore batches thereof are exempt from the certification pursuant to section 721(c) of the act. /Aluminum powder/ |
| 반응성 그룹 | Metals, Elemental and Powder, Active |
| EC 분류 | H250H261 / H228 |
| UN 분류 | UN Hazard Class: 4.3UN Pack Group: II |
| 소화 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:DO NOT USE WATER, FOAM OR CO2. Dousing metallic fires with water will generate hydrogen gas, an extremely dangerous explosion hazard, particularly if fire is in a confined environment (i.e., building, cargo hold, etc.). Use DRY sand, graphite powder, dry sodium chloride-based extinguishers, or class D extinguishers. Confining and smothering metal fires is preferable rather than applying water. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: If impossible to extinguish, protect surroundings and allow fire to burn itself out. (ERG, 2024)Excerpt from ERG Guide 135 [Substances - Spontaneously Combustible]:DO NOT USE WATER, CO2 OR FOAM ON MATERIAL ITSELF. Some of these materials may react violently with water. CAUTION: For Xanthates, UN3342 and for Dithionite (Hydrosulfite/Hydrosulphite) UN1384, UN1923 and UN1929, USE FLOODING AMOUNTS OF WATER for SMALL AND LARGE fires to stop the reaction. Smothering will not work for these materials, they do not need air to burn.SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, soda ash, lime or DRY sand, EXCEPT for UN1384, UN1923, UN1929 and UN3342.LARGE FIRE: DRY sand, dry chemical, soda ash or lime EXCEPT for UN1384, UN1923, UN1929 and UN3342, or withdraw from area and let fire burn. CAUTION: UN3342 when flooded with water will continue to evolve flammable Carbon disulfide/Carbon disulphide vapors. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers or in contact with substance. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)Excerpt from ERG Guide 138 [Substances - Water-Reactive (Emitting Flammable Gases)]:DO NOT USE WATER OR FOAM.SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, soda ash, lime or sand.LARGE FIRE: DRY sand, dry chemical, soda ash or lime or withdraw from area and let fire burn. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.FIRE INVOLVING METALS OR POWDERS (ALUMINUM, LITHIUM, MAGNESIUM, ETC.): Use dry chemical, DRY sand, sodium chloride powder, graphite powder or class D extinguishersin addition, for Lithium you may use Lith-X® powder or copper powder. Also, see ERG Guide 170.FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)Excerpt from ERG Guide 169 [Aluminum (Molten)]:Do not use water, except in life-threatening situations and then only in a fine spray. Do not use halogenated extinguishing agents or foam. Move combustibles out of path of advancing pool if you can do so without risk. Extinguish fires started by molten material by using appropriate method for the burning materialkeep water, halogenated extinguishing agents and foam away from the molten material. (ERG, 2024)Use dry sand, special powder. NO water. NO carbon dioxide, foam. |
| 응급 조치 | Fresh air, rest.Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.Rinse mouth. |
| 누출 비상 조치 | · CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.· Keep unauthorized personnel away.· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.· DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers.Small Spill· Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.· Dike for later disposaldo not apply water unless directed to do so.Powder Spill· Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading and keep powder dry.· DO NOT CLEAN-UP OR DISPOSE OF, EXCEPT UNDER SUPERVISION OF A SPECIALIST. |
| 응급 처치 | Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Aluminum:Eye: IRRIGATE IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.Breathing: FRESH AIR - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. Other measures are usually unnecessary. (NIOSH, 2024)Excerpt from ERG Guide 135 [Substances - Spontaneously Combustible]:Refer to the "General First Aid" section. (ERG, 2024)General First Aid:· Call 911 or emergency medical service.· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.· If victim is not breathing:-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitationthe victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.· Keep victim calm and warm.· Keep victim under observation.· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.Specific First Aid:· In case of contact with substance, wipe from skin immediatelyflush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. |
| 안전 보관 | Separated from strong oxidants, strong bases, strong acids, water and halogens. See Chemical Dangers. Dry. Well closed. |
| Firefighting Hazards | DO NOT use carbon dioxide or halogenated extinguishing agents. DO NOT use water. |
| 노출 관리 및 개인 보호 | · Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].1.5 [mg/m3] (respirable fraction), 4 mg/m3 (inhalable fraction)[German Research Foundation (DFG)] |
| 소화 절차 | Large fires must be isolated and allowed to burn out, but small ones can be controlled by sand, talc, or sodium chloride.Smother with dry sand, dry clay, dry ground limestone, or use approved Class D extinguishers. DO NOT use carbon dioxide or halogenated extinguishing agents. DO NOT use water.If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not use water. Use suitable dry powder.Stop flow of liquid before extinguishing fire. Use dry chemical or carbon dioxide. DO NOT use water as straight stream directly on spilled material. Water fog can be used to control fire. DO NOT use halogenated extinguishing agents on spilled material. Violent reaction may result. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance. /Aluminum Alkyls/ |
| 보관 조건 | Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from acids, alkalies, halogenated compounds, oxidizers, combustible materials.Extremely reactive with air, moisture and compounds containing active hydrogen and therefore must be kept under a blanket of inert gas. /Aluminum alkyls/In general, materials ... toxic as stored or which can decompose into toxic components ... Should be stored in cool ... ventilated place, out of ... sun, away from ... fire hazard ... be periodically inspected and monitored. Incompatible materials should be isolated ...All possibility of contact with water must be avoided. Solution containing not more than 20% of these compounds in non-reactive solvents, however, can be handled without risk of spontaneous ignition. /Aluminum alkyls/For more Storage Conditions (Complete) data for ALUMINUM, ELEMENTAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 정리 방법 | Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. Remove trapped material with suction hoses.Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. |
| 비화재 누출 대응 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2024)Excerpt from ERG Guide 135 [Substances - Spontaneously Combustible]:ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk.SMALL SPILL: CAUTION: For spills of Xanthates, UN3342 and for Dithionite (Hydrosulfite/Hydrosulphite), UN1384, UN1923 and UN1929, dissolve in 5 parts water and collect for proper disposal. CAUTION: UN3342 when flooded with water will continue to evolve flammable Carbon disulfide/Carbon disulphide vapors. Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2024)Excerpt from ERG Guide 138 [Substances - Water-Reactive (Emitting Flammable Gases)]:ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers.SMALL SPILL: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Dike for later disposaldo not apply water unless directed to do so.POWDER SPILL: Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading and keep powder dry. DO NOT CLEAN-UP OR DISPOSE OF, EXCEPT UNDER SUPERVISION OF A SPECIALIST. (ERG, 2024)Excerpt from ERG Guide 169 [Aluminum (Molten)]:Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Do not attempt to stop leak, due to danger of explosion. Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. Substance is very fluid, spreads quickly, and may splash. Do not try to stop it with shovels or other objects. Dike far ahead of spilluse dry sand to contain the flow of material. Where possible allow molten material to solidify naturally. Avoid contact even after material solidifies. Molten, heated and cold aluminum look alikedo not touch unless you know it is cold. Clean up under the supervision of an expert after material has solidified. (ERG, 2024) |
| 처리 방법 | Aluminum compounds are treated under anhydrous conditions to prevent violent reactions, recover solvent, and form Al compounds suitable for landfill by reaction with anhydrous hydrolysis agent, eg calcium hydroxide. /Aluminum compounds/SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air qualitypotential migration in soil or watereffects on animal, aquatic, and plant lifeand conformance with environmental and public health regulations.Recycling: Sort, classify and put in a box properly labelled. Salvage profitably for reuse by local shop or sell as scrap metal. |
| 독성학 정보 | CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile |
| 상호 작용 | Groups of 120 Atlantic salmon fry (Salmo salar, 1 g mass) were kept in through-flow tanks of water (pH 5) containing various concn of aluminum and silicic acid. The aluminum concn in all but the control tank (0.85 umol aluminum/l) were 6-7 umol/l, at acutely toxic levels. Silicon levels were 0.66 umol/l (control), 93.06, 24.89, 5.46, and 0.60 umol/l, corresponding to silicon:aluminum ratios of 13.0, 3.7, 0.9, and 0.1. Exchangeable aluminum, ie, aluminum retained on Amberlite, was 6.00, 5.00, 4.11, and 1.52 umol/l in test tanks, respectively. Fish were exposed for 96 hr, and the proportion of dead fish was recorded at 12-hr intervals. The whole experiment was run three timesdata are from all runs combined. At a silicon:aluminum ratio of 13, acute toxicity of aluminum was eliminated and gill structures of the fish were normal. Percent survival versus time was higher for the higher silicon:aluminum ratio groups. Accumulation of aluminum by fish fell sharply as the exchangeable aluminum increased. Aluminum and silicon levels in fish were 0.44 and 0.01 (control), 0.40 and 0.54 (silicon:aluminum ratio of 13), 2.04 and 0.35 (silicon:aluminum ratio of 3.7), 2.49 and 0.33 (silicon :aluminum ratio of 0.9), 2.38 and 0.08 (silicon:aluminum ratio of 0.1) umol per g dry mass, respectively.To elucidate the interaction between aluminum and certain essential trace metals, an experiment was performed on rats fed diets with suboptimal or optimal levels of zinc or copper. Half of each group of animals were fed the same diet but with 1000 ppm aluminum added. Changes were noted after 120 days. Severe testicular damage was seen in rats fed either the low zinc or the low copper diet. The lesions included a wide range of spermatogenic cell degeneration and tubular atropy. When aluminum was added to the diet, the testicular destruction of zinc deficient rats was significantly reduced. This indicated that the presence of aluminum in the diet protected the testis against the damage caused by zinc deficiency. Pituitary glands were examined. Hypertrophy of basophils was more pronounced in rats fed the suboptimal zinc or copper diet. When aluminum was added to their diet, the changes were reversed. The mechanisms by which aluminum protects male gonadal functions against zinc deficiency are discussed. This study is the first to demonstrate the preventive effect of aluminum against testicular damage caused by zinc deficiency.Adult, male New Zealand rabbits (three per group) were administered drinking water containing aluminum chloride (0, 100, or 500 mg aluminum/liter) together with citrate (0.11 M) ascorbate (0.11 M), or no added ligand and libitum for 12 weeks. They were fed ad libitum regular rabbit chow analyzed to contain 297 mg aluminum/kg. Treatment had no effect upon food and water intake or weight gain during the experimental period. No effect of aluminum was observed on tissue levels of the essential metals zinc, copper, and iron, or on hemoglobin and hematocrit values. Aluminum levels were fund to increase in a dose-dependent manner in stomach and intestinal mucosa, kidney, bone, urine, and fece. There was only a slight accumulation in liver, and no accumulation in brain (cerebral cortex or hippocampus). Although plasma aluminum was directly related to aluminum intake, whole blood aluminum bore no relation to aluminum dose. Citrate had no efefct on aluminum accumulation in the stomach or intestine, but significantly enhanced plasma and bone aluminum levels. Ascorbate did not enhance aluminum accumulation in any tissue studied and even prevented accumulation in bone. Both citrate and ascorbate enhanced excretion of aluminum. Ascorbate therapy may be of potential clinical use to enhance aluminum excretion.Examined 25 dialysis patients that experienced accidental exposure to aluminum and parathyroid hormone (PTH). At the same time as parathyroid hormone decreased, serum calcium increased. Based on this observation it has been suggested that aluminum is incorporated, instead of calcium, into the bone and that this leads to the osteomalacia characteristic of aluminum-induced bone disease. Instead of being incorporated into osteoid bone tissue, calcium returns to the circulation which in turn inhibits the parathyroid hormone release from the parathyroid. In support of this hypothesis, ... found a strong correlation between bone aluminum content and the amount of bone occupied by unmineralized osteoid in humans. Experimental support for the hypothesis of calcium-aluminum interactions has also been provided in studies on chicks. /Aluminum/For more Interactions (Complete) data for ALUMINUM, ELEMENTAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 표적 장기 | Neurological (Nervous System), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)Eyes, skin, respiratory system |
| 건강 영향 | Aluminum targets the nervous system and causes decreased nervous system performance and is associated with altered function of the blood-brain barrier. The accumulation of aluminum in the body may cause bone or brain diseases. High levels of aluminum have been linked to Alzheimer’s disease. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (L739, L740) |
| 생태독성 수치 | LC50 Pisidium casertanum >1.0 mg/L/96 hrstatic, 20-25 °C, pH 3.5LC50 Pisidium casertanum >0.4 mg/L/96 hrstatic, 20-25 °C, pH 4.5LC50 Pisidium compressum >0.4 mg/L/96 hrLC50 Pisidium compressum >1.0 mg/L/96 hrFor more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for ALUMINUM, ELEMENTAL (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 유해 작용 | Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxinAsthma - Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents.Fibrogenic - Inducing tissue injury and fibrosis (scarring).ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable. |
| 노출 경로 | The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.inhalation, skin and/or eye contactOral (L739)inhalation (L739) |
| 독성 요약 | IDENTIFICATION: Aluminum is a silvery-white, ductile and malleable metal. It is released to the environment both by natural processes and from anthropogenic sources. It is highly concentrated in soil-derived dusts from such activities as mining and agriculture, and in particulate matter from coal combustion. Aluminum occurs ubiquitously in the environment in the form of silicates, oxides and hydroxides, combined with other elements such as sodium and fluorine and as complexes with organic matter. It is not found as a free metal because of its reactivity. Aluminum metal has a wide variety of uses, including structural materials in construction, automobiles and aircraft, and the production of metal alloys. Aluminum compounds and materials also have a wide variety of uses, including production of glass, ceramics, rubber, wood preservatives, pharmaceuticals and waterproofing textiles. Natural aluminum minerals, especially bentonite and zeolite, are used in water purification, sugar refining, brewing and paper industries. HUMAN EXPOSURE: Non-occupational human exposure to aluminum in the environment is primarily through ingestion of food and water. No acute pathogenic effects in the general population have been described after exposure to aluminum. Although it has been hypothesized that aluminum is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, present epidemiological evidence does not support a causal association between Alzheimer's disease and aluminum in drinking-water. Neurological syndromes including impairment of cognitive function, motor dysfunction and peripheral neuropathy have been reported in limited studies of workers exposed to aluminum fume. Iatrogenic exposure in patients with chronic renal failure, exposed to aluminum-containing dialysis fluids and pharmaceutical products, may cause encephalopathy, vitamin-D-resistant osteomalacia and microcytic anemia. Premature infants may develop increased tissue loading of aluminum, particularly in bone, when exposed to iatroThe main targets of aluminum are the central nervous system and bones. Aluminum binds to dietary phosphorus and impairs gastrointestinal absorption of phosphorus. The decreased phosphate body burden results in osteomalacia and rickets. Aluminum's neurotoxicity is believed to involve different mechanisms. Changes in cytoskeletal protein functions as a result of altered phosphorylation, proteolysis, transport, and synthesis are believed to be one cause. Aluminum may induce neurobehavioral effects by affecting permeability of the blood-brain barrier, cholinergic activity, signal transduction pathways, lipid peroxidation, and impair neuronal glutamate nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway, as well as interfere with metabolism of essential trace elements because of similar coordination chemistries and consequent competitive interactions. It has been suggested that aluminum's interaction with estrogen receptors increases the expression of estrogen-related genes and thereby contributes to the progression of breast cancer (A235), but studies have not been able to establish a clear link between aluminum and increased risk of breast cancer (A15468). Certain aluminum salts induce immune responses by activating inflammasomes. (L739, A235, A236) Aluminum Acetate is an astringent. An astrignent is a chemical that tends to shrink or constrict body tissues, usually locally after topical medicinal application. The shrinkage or constriction is through osmotic flow of water (or other fluids) away from the area where the astringent was applied. Astringent medicines cause shrinkage of mucous membranes or exposed tissues and are often used internally to check discharge of blood serum or mucous secretions. This can happen with a sore throat, hemorrhages, diarrhea, or with peptic ulcers. Externally applied astringents, which cause mild coagulation of skin proteins, dry, harden, and protect the skin. Acne sufferers are often advised to use astringents if they have oily skin. Astringents also h |
| 생태독성 발췌 | /AQUATIC SPECIES/ The toxicity of aluminum has been studied extensively in fish, less so in invertebrates, amphibians, and birds, and not at all in reptiles and free-ranging mammals. For aquatic organisms, Al bioavailability and toxicity are intimately related to ambient pHchanges in ambient acidity may affect Al solubility, dissolved Al speciation, and organism sensitivity to Al. At moderate acidity (pH 5.5 to 7.0), fish and invertebrates may be stressed due to Al adsorption onto gill surfaces and subsequent asphyxiation. At pH 4.5 to 5.5, Al can impair ion regulation and augment the toxicity of H+. At lower pH, elevated Al can temporarily ameliorate the toxic effects of acidity by competing for binding sites with H+. Aluminum toxicity in aquatic environments is further affected by the concentration of ligands such as dissolved organic matter, fluoride, or sulfate, and of other cations such as Ca and Mg which compete for cellular binding sites. Although risk of Al toxicity is often based on a model of free-ion (Al3+) activity, recent evidence suggests that factors determining Al toxicity may be more complex. In general, aquatic invertebrates are less sensitive to Al toxicity and acidity than fishthus acidified, Al-rich waters may actually reduce predation pressure. Fish may be affected by asphyxiation at moderate acidic conditions or electrolyte imbalances at lower pH. In amphibians, embryos and young larvae are typically more sensitive than older larvae. Early breeding amphibians, which lay eggs in ephemeral ponds and streams subject to spring runoff, are most at risk from Al and acidificationthose that breed later in the year in lakes or rivers are least vulnerable. Birds and mammals are most likely exposed through dietary ingestion of soil or Al-contaminated foods. Concentrations >1000 mg/kg in food may be toxic to young birds and mammals. Clinical signs in these animals are consistent with rickets because Al precipitates with P in the gut. |
| Signs and Symptoms | Redness.irritation eyes, skin, respiratory systemInhalating aluminum dust causes coughing and abnormal chest X-rays. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (L739, L740) |
| Medical Surveillance | Employment and periodic physical examinations should give special consideration to the skin, eyes and lungs. Lung function should be followed. |
| Natural Pollution Sources | Does not occur free in nature. |
| FIFRA 요건 | As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Aluminum powder is found on List D. Case No: 4007Pesticide type: herbicide, antimicrobialCase Status: No products containing the pesticide are actively registered. Therefore ... "cancelled." Under FIFRA, pesticide producers may voluntarily cancel their registered products. EPA also may cancel pesticide registrations if registrants fail to pay required fees or make/meet certain reregistration commitments, or if EPA reaches findings of unreasonable adverse effects.Active ingredient (AI): aluminum powderAI Status: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered products ... "cancelled." |
| State Drinking Water Standards | (CA) CALIFORNIA 1000 ug/L |
| DHS Chemicals of Interest (COI) | Aluminum (powder)A Commercial Grade100Explosive/Improvised Explosive Device Precursor material that, if stolen or diverted, can be converted into weapons using simple chemistry, equipment, or techniques. |
| 주 식수 지침 | (AZ) ARIZONA 73 ug/L(CA) CALIFORNIA 200 ug/L(ME) MAINE 1430 ug/L |
| 연방 식수 지침 | EPA 50-200 ug/L |
| 직업 노출 등급(OEB) | B |
| 직업 노출 한계(OEL) | TWA: 10 mg/m3 (total) |
| 수질 위해 등급(WGK) | 3 |
| TSCA 등재 상태 | TSCA listed |
| RTECS 번호 | BD0330000 |
| 운송 번호(UN) | UN 1396 4.3/PG II/III (ALUMINIUM POWDER, UNCOATED) |
| 독성 | An element that is abundant (about 8%) in the crust of the earth. Aluminum appears to have no biological function and, from the point of view of acute toxicity, is essentially non-toxic. Because it is primarily eliminated by excretion, people with compromised kidney function may accumulate the metal. In kidney dialysis patients, this is a particular problem because the dialyzing solution may contain high concentrations of aluminum. This condition (dialysis encephalopathy or dialysis dementia) has symptoms that include impaired memory, EEG changes, dementia, aphasia, ataxia, and convulsions.One possible mechanism of toxicity may be inhibition of hexokinases in the brain. The chelating agent deferoxamine has been used successfully in treating this condition.Aluminum is one of the primary toxicants leached into surface water (and, therefore, water supplies) by acid deposition. The connection between aluminum and Alzheimers disease is controversial and many investigators believe there is no connection. |
| 관세 코드 | 76032000 |
| 위험 문구(R) | 17-15-36/38-10-67-65-62-51/53-48/20-38-11-50 |
| 위험 표시 | F,Xi,Xn,N |
| 안전 문구(S) | 7/8-43A-43-26-62-61-36/37-33-29-16-9 |
| 포장분류 | III |
| 위험 등급 | 8 |
| 기존화학 물질 | KE-00881 |
| 자연 발화 온도 | 400 °C |
| 저장 분류 | 11 - Combustible Solids |
| 유해 물질 데이터 | 7429-90-5(Hazardous Substances Data) |
용도
용도
비식품 용도로는 용기포장, 건축자재, 전선, 가전제품, 엔진, 열 교환기, 주방기구, 기계, 화학 설비 등에 사용된다.
개요
Although aluminum was one of the last metals to be commercialized, it has been recognized for centuries. Aluminum was first recognized by the Romans as an astringent substance, and they called it ‘alum.’ By the middle ages it was manufactured as ‘alum stone,’ a subsulfate of alumina and potash. In 1825, Hans C. ersted was able to isolate a few drops of the raw material, and by 1886 it had patents from both Charles Martin Hall of the United States and Paul-Louis-Toussaint Heroult of France. Aluminum was commercialized in industry by the end of the nineteenth century.
출처
Aluminum is the third most abundant element found in the Earth’s crust. It is found inconcentrations of 83,200 ppm (parts-per-million) in the crust. Only the nonmetals oxygenand silicon are found in greater abundance. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) is the fourth mostabundant compound found on Earth, with a weight of 69,900 ppm. Another alum-typecompound is potassium aluminum sulfate [KAl(SO4)212H2O]. Although aluminum is notfound in its free metallic state, it is the most widely distributed metal (in compound form) onEarth. Aluminum is also the most abundant element found on the moon.Almost all rocks contain some aluminum in the form of aluminum silicate minerals foundin clays, feldspars, and micas. Today, bauxite is the major ore for the source of aluminummetal. Bauxite was formed eons ago by the natural chemical reaction of water, which thenformed aluminum hydroxides. In addition to the United States, Jamaica and other Caribbeanislands are the major sources of bauxite. Bauxite deposits are found in many countries, butnot all are of high concentration.
용도
As pure metal or alloys (magnalium, aluminum bronze, etc.) for structural material in construction, automotive, electrical and aircraft industries. In cooking utensils, highway signs, fencing, containers and packaging, foil, machinery, corrosion resistant chemical equipment, dental alloys. The coarse powder in aluminothermics (thermite process); the fine powder as flashlight in photography; in explosives, fireworks, paints; for absorbing occluded gases in manufacture of steel. In testing for Au, As, Hg; coagulating colloidal solutions of As or Sb; pptg Cu; reducer for determining nitrates and nitrites; instead of Zn for generating hydrogen in testing for As. Forms complex hydrides with lithium and boron, such as LiAlH4, which are used in preparative organic chemistry.
일반 설명
Aluminum metal held above melting point of 1220°F (660°C) for ease in handling. Cools and solidifies if released. Contact causes thermal burns. Plastic or rubber may melt or lose strength upon contact. Protective equipment designed for chemical exposure only is not effective against direct contact. Take care walking on the surface of a spill to avoid stepping into a pocket of molten aluminum below the crust. Do not attempt to remove aluminum impregnated clothing because of the danger of tearing flesh if there has been a burn.
제조 및 합성 방법
생산 방법
Aluminum production involves four main steps: bauxite mining,refining of bauxite to yield alumina; electrolytic reduction of alumina to yield aluminum; and aluminum casting into ingots.