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Reactive agents - 3rd degree

-> NIOSH Emergency Response Categories

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Nematicides

Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved

Pesticides -> Fumigants

log Kow = 2.09

2.1

1.03

Intensely irritating tear gas odor

Intensely irritating odor.

Pepper-like

1.64 at 77 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.6448 at 20 °C/4 °C; 1.6483 at 25 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.7

1.66

1.6558 @ 20°C

1.66

Slightly oily liquid

Faint yellow liquid.

Colorless liquid

Colorless to faint-yellow, oily liquid.

1 to 5 mg/mL at 72 °F (NTP, 1992)

Miscible with most organic solvents, e.g. acetone, benzene, ethanol, methanol, carbon disulfide, diethyl ether, carbon tetrachloride

Miscible with absolute alcohol; soluble in ether

Miscible with acetic acid

0.19 g/100 ml H2O at 20 °C

For more Solubility (Complete) data for CHLOROPICRIN (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

234 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

112 °C at 757 mm Hg

112 °C

234 °F

112 °C @760 [mm Hg]

234 °F

When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride and nitrogen oxides/.

May decompose explosively at elevated temperatures.

-92.6 °F (NTP, 1992)

-64 °C (-69.2 °C corr)

-64 °C

-93 °F

-64 °C

-93 °F

Danger

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

H302 (98.3%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Toxic/poison by inhalation (TIH/PIH)

Toxic/poison by inhalation (TIH/PIH)

Hazard Traits - Ocular Toxicity; Respiratory Toxicity

Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 (amended)

2008/934, Reg. (EU) 2022/751, Reg. (EU) No 1381/2011

REACH registered substance: Trichloronitromethane (EC: 200-930-9)

Chloropicrin: HSNO Approval: HSR002939 Approved with controls

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

IMAP assessments - Methane, trichloronitro-: Environment tier I assessment

- Indoor Air: Chloropicrin (PS) can be released into indoor air as a liquid spray (aerosol).

Behavior in Fire: Compound forms a powerful tear gas when heated. Heated material may detonate under fire conditions. (USCG, 1999)

· Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.

· Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.

Not combustible. Many reactions may cause fire or explosion.

Inhalation causes nausea, eye watering, vomiting, bronchitis, and pulmonary edema. Vapor is a powerful tear gas. Liquid irritates and burns skin and causes severe burns of eyes. Ingestion causes severe irritation of mouth and stomach. (USCG, 1999)

· TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.

· TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.

Liquid causes second or third degree burns after short contact; [CHRIS] Volunteers cannot tolerate concentrations of 15 ppm for longer than one minute. Chloropicrin can cause lacrimation, vomiting, and then death from pulmonary edema. Animals in chronic inhalation studies suffer from necrosis of liver, kidney, and muscle tissues. [ACGIH] A lachrymator; [HSDB]

1580 154

1583 154

1580 154

1583 154(mixture, n.o.s.)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

- Chloropicrin (PS) is non-combustible.

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

General First Aid:

General First Aid:

(General first aid procedures)

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

7.0 [ppm]

0.1 [ppm]

Stop discharge if possible. Cool exposed containers with water.

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire. Use dry chemical, foam, carbon dioxide, or water spray. Water may be ineffective. Explosive decomposition may occur under fire conditions. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products.

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.). Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of fire. /Chloropicrin (Toxic liquids, flammable, organic, NOS)/

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from oxidizing materials. Outside or detached storage is preferred.

Storage: do not use magnesium, aluminum or their alloys for handling equipment or containers. Be sure container is closed completely. Store in cool, well-ventilated place. Not for use or storage in or around home.

Storage: ...attacks iron...but forms protective coating & hence can be stored in iron or galvanized iron.

Storage Temp: Ambient. Venting: Pressure-Vacuum.

Keep containers tightly closed, and store in a cool and dark place. Separate from sources of ignition or heat.

Releases may require isolation or evacuation. Stop or control the leak., if this can be done without undue risk. Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors and protect personnel. Absorb in noncombustible material for proper disposal.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ /Chloropicrin (Toxic liquids, flammable, organic, NOS)/

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. /Chloropicrin (Toxic liquids, flammable, organic, NOS)/

Environmental considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. Vapor knockdown water is corrosive or toxic and should be diked for containment. /Chloropicrin (Toxic liquids, flammable, organic, NOS)/

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

The following scheme is proposed for treating effluents from the production of chloropicrin. These wastewaters contain Ca(ClO)2 approx 2000 mg/l, chloropicrin approx 80 mg/L, and picric acid approx 80 mg/L. The Ca(ClO)2 is first removed by reduction with FeSO4 at 90-95 deg, and pH of 11-11.5. Complete removal is achieved in 3 hours. The nitro compounds are then reduced to MeNH2 and triaminophenol by heating the effluent from the first stage with FeSO4 and Fe turnings at 90-95 deg. Reduction of the nitro compounds is approx 81% complete, the residue containing compounds are not readily reduced. The MeNH2 vapor is oxidized to MeOH in a reactor containing a soln of NaNO2 and HCl at 5-6 deg. The reaction time is 2-2.5 hours. The MeOH and triaminophenol are then oxidized with Ca(ClO)2, and the final treated effluent is clearified before discharge.

Chloropicrin reacts readily with alcoholic sodium sulfite soln to produce methanetrisulfonic acid (which is relatively non volatile and less harmful). This reaction has been recommended for treating spills and cleaning equipment. Although not specifically suggested as a decontamination procedure, the rapid reaction of chloropicrin with ammonia to produce guanidine (LD50= 500) could be used for detoxication. The Manufacturing Chemists Association suggest two procedures for disposal of chloropicrin: 1) Pour or sift over soda ash. Mix and wash slowly into large tank. 2) Adsorb on vermiculite. Mix and shovel into paper boxes. Drop into incinerator with afterburner and scrubber. Recommendable methods: Neutralization, & incineration.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Intravenous injection with chloropicrin at a dosage of 15 mg/kg killed all of 14 rabbits within 15 to 240 minutes; clinical and autopsy findings were typical of acute pulmonary edema. Fifteen rabbits injected subcutaneously with an antihistamine (N-dimethylamino-2-propyl-1-thiodiphenylamine) at a rate of 20 mg/kg 30 to 40 minutes before intravenous chloropicrin at 15 mg/kg survived without any sign of pulmonary edema.

EC50; Species: Daphnia pulex (Water flea, first instar larvae); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 63 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 47-86 ug/L); Effect: intoxication, immobilization /96.5% purity/

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill, juvenile); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 105 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 92-119 ug/L)

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout, juvenile); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 16.5 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 14.2-19 ug/L)

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 81(2) indicates that chloropicrin is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of chloropicrin from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.05X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(2). Chloropicrin is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 23.8 mm Hg(3). Half-lives in soil ranging from 0.2 to 4.5 days at 20 °C(4) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 81(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that chloropicrin is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.05X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(2). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 hours and 5 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 8(SRC), from its log Kow of 2.09(5) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Chloropicrin photohydrolyzes rapidly in water when exposed to light below 300 nm producing CO2, chloride and nitrate in the presence of air; its half-life in sunlight is about 3 days(7). However, under ambient room light chloropicrin is stable to photodegradation(7). The photooxidation of vapor-phase chloropicrin to form phosgene has also been observed in the field(8). A half-life of 0.5 days in activated sludge(9) suggests that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), chloropicrin, which has a vapor pressure of 24 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase chloropicrin is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 120 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.3X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC), that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Chloropicrin absorbs UV light in the 280 to 390 nm range(4) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis(SRC).

An FDA survey of over 500 foods for the presence of fumigants resulted in 2 findings of chloropicrin at an average concn of 17 ppb(1). Chloropicrin was detected, not quantified in <2% of the total during FDA's regulatory monitoring program in FY83-86 of 49,055 samples of domestic and imported raw agricultural commodities(2).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Chloropicrin (PS) can be absorbed systemically through inhalation, ingestion, and the skin. It is severely irritating to the lungs, eyes, and skin.

Abdominal pain. Cough. Diarrhoea. Dizziness. Headache. Nausea. Sore throat. Vomiting. Weakness. Symptoms may be delayed.

Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision.

See Inhalation.

irritation eyes, skin, respiratory system; lacrimation (discharge of tears); cough, pulmonary edema; nausea, vomiting

- Intense painful irritation, tear production (lacrimation), and eye damage.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=76-06-2][Available from: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=76-06-2]

In a comprehensive survey of wastewater from 4,000 industrial and publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) sponsored by the Effluent Guidelines Division of the U.S. EPA, chloropicrin was identified in discharges of the following industrial category (positive occurrences, median concentration in ppb): organics and plastics (1; 77.8), pharmaceuticals (1; 7.5), electroplating (1; 40.5)(1). Chloropicrin has been identified as a volatile formed in the bleaching of hardwood (birch) and softwood pulp (pine, spruce) with carbon dioxide(2).

Chloropicrin is formed in the chlorination of natural water containing humic substances in the presence of nitrites(1,5) which would explain its presence in drinking waters(SRC). The use of ozone in water treatment to reduce trihalomethanes (especially ozonation followed by chloramination), appears to increase the amount of chloropicrin in the treated water. In two utilities studied, the concn of chloropicrin in the treated water was 0.073 and 0.25 ppb using chlorine alone and 0.49 and 0.57 ppb when both ozone and chlorine treatment was used(3). In another study chlorination of water from mesotrophic and eutrophic lakes produced 0.4 and 2 ppb of chloropicrin; with preozonation these levels increased to about 2 and 6 ppb, respectively(4). Chloropicrin may be formed during the chlorination of industrial waste water. Studies show that the chlorination of nonnitrogenous organic compounds (0.1 mmol/L) in the presence of nitrites (0.1 mmol/L) can lead to chloropicrin formation(1). Among these, phenolic compounds and 2- and 3-hydroxyphenol, in particular, give the highest production rates. Choropicrin is also readily formed from nitromethane during chlorination(2).

Initial Medical Examination: A complete history and physical examination: The purpose is to detect pre-existing conditions that might place the exposed employee at increased risk, and to establish a baseline for future health monitoring. Examination of the respiratory system should be stressed. The skin should be examined for evidence of chronic disorders. ... Persons with impaired pulmonary function may be at increased risk from exposure. ... Medical examinations should be repeated on an annual basis.

Laboratory testing should be dictated by clinical presentation and condition of the patient. The provider may consider addition of creatine kinase (CK) and blood gas with co-oximetry. Chloropicrin may be detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).

Classified for restricted use, limited to use by or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. FORMULATION: All formulations greater than 2%. USE PATTERN: All uses. CLASSIFICATION: Restricted. CRITERIA INFLUENCING RESTRICTION: Acute inhalation toxicity.

Classified for restricted use, limited to use by or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. FORMULATION: All formulations. USE PATTERN: Rodent control. CLASSIFICATION: Restricted CRITERIA INFLUENCING RESTRICTION: Hazard to non-target organisms.

Classified for restricted use, limited to use by or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. FORMULATION: All formulations 2% and less. USE PATTERN: Outdoor uses (other than rodent control). CLASSIFICATION: Unclassified.

Based on a review of the chloropicrin data and public comments on the Agency's assessments for the active ingredient chloropicrin, the Agency has sufficient information on the human health and ecological effects as well as the benefits of chloropicrin to make a decision as part of the reregistration process under FIFRA. The Agency has determined that most of the supported uses of chloropicrin will not pose unreasonable risks or adverse effects to humans or the environment provided that the risk mitigation measures and label changes outlined in this RED are implemented. The Agency does not have adequate data to evaluate the risks associated with untarped chloropicrin drip applications that are buried a minimum of 5 inches. The CMTF has just submitted a study, and provided the study is acceptable and the Agency can determine appropriate risk mitigation, this use will be eligible for reregistration. Based on its evaluation of chloropicrin, the Agency has determined that chloropicrin products, unless labeled and used as specified in this document, would present risks inconsistent with FIFRA. Accordingly, should a registrant fail to implement any of the risk mitigation measures identified in this document, the Agency may take regulatory action to address the risk concerns from the use of chloropicrin. If all changes outlined in this document are incorporated into the product labels, then current risks for chloropicrin will be adequately mitigated for the purposes of this determination under FIFRA.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Chloropicrin is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA, as amended in 1988. Case No: 0040; Pesticide type: Insecticide; Registration Standard Date: 09/28/82; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Chloropicrin; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 09/28/90; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide have made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.

(CA) CALIFORNIA 56 ug/L

(FL) FLORIDA 7.3 ug/L

... Glutathione and thiol proteins may play a role in the metabolism of chloropicrin. Chloropicrin is postulated to be dechlorinated to yield dichloronitromethane (CHCl2NO2), chloronitromethane (CH2ClNO2), and polar nonvolatile metabolites that are eliminated via the urine ... .

Used as a grain, crop, and soil fumigant; also used as an intermediate in organic synthesis and a warning odorant for odorless fumigants and gases; [NIOSH Guidelines for Chemical Hazards]

Restricted use as a pesticide; [NIOSH OSH Guidelines]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For chloropicrin (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 081501) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Chloropicrin is a broad spectrum fumigant with fungicidal, herbicidal, insecticidal, and nematicidal properties. Chloropicrin supported uses include: pre-plant soil fumigant use at agricultural sites, tree replant sites, and greenhouses; a warning agent use in residential structures before sulfuryl fluoride fumigations; and an antimicrobial remedial wood treatment use. Chloropicrin is currently labeled for use in empty grain bins and empty potato storage/house cellars, but the Agency has received requests to voluntarily cancel these uses.

When used as a pre-plant soil fumigant in agricultural settings and in greenhouses, chloropicrin is used to control weeds, nematodes, insects, and various soil borne pathogens. In existing orchards chloropicrin is used to treat small areas to control weeds, nematodes, insects, and various soil borne pathogens. Chloropicrin is also used to control internal wood decay caused by fungi and insects in wood poles, timbers, pilings, and glue-laminated beams.

FUMIGANT FOR NON-DECIDUOUS FRUITS, 44%; TOMATOES, 14%; TOBACCO, 6%; POTATOES, 3%; OTHER FIELD CROPS-EG, COTTON, PEANUTS, SUGAR BEETS, & DECIDUOUS FRUITS & NUTS, 8%; OTHER VEGETABLES, 5%; FLORAL CROPS, LAWNS, TURF, & ORNAMENTALS, 11%; COMMODITIES, SPACE, & STRUCTURAL PEST CONTROL, 3%; MISCELLANEOUS SOIL FUMIGATION, 5% (1982)

PREPN: By action of hypochlorites and steam on calcium picrate.

Derivation: ... by nitrification of chlorinated hydrocarbons.

Chloropicrin is formed by chlorinating nitromethane or picric acid with alkali metal or alkaline earth hypochlorites or by treating acetone with concentrated nitric and hydrochloric acids.

Brom-O-Gas, Bromo-O-Sol, Terr-O-Gas; Rootect Oil (with DCIP) /Discontinued/

DOWFUME MC-33 FUMIGANT: Active Ingredients 67.0% Methyl bromide & 33.0% Chloropicrin.

M-B-R 75: Active Ingredients 75.0% Methyl bromide & 25.0% Chloropicrin.

CHLOR-O-PIC: Active Ingredient 99.0% Chloropicrin.

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for CHLOROPICRIN (69 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Methane, trichloronitro-: ACTIVE

/The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) is an international treaty which bans the development, production, stockpiling, and transfer or use of chemical weapons. The Convention mandates the destruction and prohibition of chemical weapons and related facilities and provides for restrictions on international trade in toxic chemicals and precursors./ The Convention's monitoring and verification measures involve submission of declarations regarding ... /Schedule 1, 2, and 3 chemicals/ and inspections by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons of the facilities where these chemicals are produced. ... Schedule 3 chemicals ... /may/ have been stockpiled or used as weapons, but ... are produced /and used/ in large quantities for purposes not prohibited by the Convention (2). Chloropicrin is listed in the CWC Annex on Chemicals under Schedule 3 (1).

As a pre-plant soil fumigant chloropicrin is either injected (e.g., by shank) into the soil or applied via drip irrigation. These applications can either be tarped or untarped. ... Tree site applications take place in small treated areas (10' x 10') where chloropicrin is injected at least 18 inches into the soil using a replant wand. When used as a warning agent prior to sulfuryl fluoride residential structure fumigations, a tent must first be put up around the structure. Chloropicrin is then placed in the center of the structure in either a shallow pan or onto absorbent material. A fan is then placed to direct the air stream over the pan or absorbent material to accelerate the chloropicrin's evaporation. Chloropicrin should be applied 5 to 10 minutes before sulfuryl fluoride is introduced into the structure. For remedial wood treatment, chloropicrin is either poured/injected or applied with encapsulated vials into pre-drilled holes. ... After the chloropicrin has been applied, the holes are immediately plugged.

... a disinfection byproduct ... formed upon the addition of chlorine to water containing organic matter

In field beans (phaseolus vulgaris), fumigation with 400 kg/ha chloropicrin significantly increased shoot weight, root weight, and total nitrogen uptake throughout the season and decreased the incidence of root rot.

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard /does not classify gaseous or volatile fumigants, including Chloropicrin/.