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吡啶
蒜醇 · 吡啶 · 氮环 · 吖嗪 · 叱啶 · 吡碇 · 氮杂苯 · 杂氮苯
标识与物理属性
| CAS No. | 110-86-1 |
|---|---|
| 分子式 | C5H5N |
| 平均分子量 | 79.1 g/mol |
| 单同位素质量 | 79.04219916 g/mol |
| SMILES | c1ccncc1 |
| InChIKey | JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 1049 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL266158 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:16227 |
| EC No. | 203-809-9 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID9021924 |
| 中文名 | 吡啶 |
化学与物理性质
| XLogP | 0.7 |
|---|---|
| 极性表面积 | 12.9 |
| 氢键供体 | 0 |
| 氢键受体 | 1 |
| 可旋转键 | 0 |
| 重原子 | 6 |
| 形式电荷 | 0 |
| 复杂度 | 30.9 |
| 物质类别 | Nitrogen Compounds -> PyridinesFlammable agents - 3rd degree |
| pH | 8.5 (0.2 molar soln in water)8.81 (H2O, 20℃) |
| SpringerMaterials Properties | 15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum |
| 香料 | Fragrance Ingredient (Pyridine) -> IFRA transparency List |
| 农药 | Pesticide -> EPA IRIS |
| LogP（油水分配系数） | log Kow = 0.65 |
| 气味 | Sharp, nauseatingBurnt, sickeningNauseating fish-like odor.Nauseating odor detectable at 0.23 to 1.9 ppm (mean = 0.66 ppm) |
| 味道 | AMINE TASTE |
| 食品添加剂 | FLAVOR ENHANCER, FLAVORING AGENT OR ADJUVANT -> FDA Substance added to food |
| 密度 | 0.983 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than waterwill float0.98272 @ 20 °C/4 °CRelative density (water = 1): 0.980.9827 @ 20°C0.978 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.) |
| Color/Form | Colorless to yellow liquid. |
| 溶解性 | greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 70.7 °F (NTP, 1992)Miscible with water @ 20 °CMiscible with ... alcohol, ether, and petroleum ether, oils and many organic liquids.1000.0 mg/mLSolubility in water: freely solubleH2O: in accordance |
| 熔点 | -42 °C (lit.) |
| 沸点 | 115 °C (lit.) |
| 蒸气密度 | 2.72 (vs air) |
| 蒸气压 | 23.8 mm Hg ( 25 °C) |
| 折射率 | n20/D 1.509(lit.) |
| FEMA | 2966 | PYRIDINE |
| 闪点 | 68 °F |
| 储存条件 | Store at +5°C to +30°C. |
| pKa（酸度系数） | 5.25(at 25℃) |
| 形态 | Liquid |
| 颜色 | colorless |
| 相对极性 | 0.302 |
| 嗅觉阈值 | 0.063ppm |
| 香型 | fishy |
| 生物来源 | synthetic |
| 爆炸极限 | 12.4% |
| 比热容 | Cp(liquid): 1.68 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| 凝固点 | -42℃ |
| 热导率 | 0.162 W/(m·K) at 25 ℃ |
| 最大波长(λmax) | λ: 305 nm Amax: 1.00λ: 315 nm Amax: 0.15λ: 335 nm Amax: 0.02λ: 350-400 nm Amax: 0.01 |
| Merck | 14,7970 |
| BRN | 103233 |
| 亨利常数 | 18.4 at 30 °C (headspace-GC, Chaintreau et al., 1995) |
| 暴露限值 | ACGIH:TLV-TWA 1 ppm (3.1 mg/m3)OSHA:PEL-TWA 5 ppm (15 mg/m3)NIOSH:REL-TWA 5 ppm |
| 介电常数 | 12.5(20℃) |
| 稳定性 | Stable. Flammable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids. |
| InChI | 1S/C5H5N/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1/h1-5H |
| InChIKey | JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | C1=CN=CC=C1 |
| LogP（油水分配系数） | 0.64 at 20℃ |
| 表面张力 | 38mN/m at 20°C |
| CAS 数据库 | 110-86-1(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| (IARC)致癌物分类 | 2B (Vol. 77, 119) 2019 |
| NIST化学物质信息 | Pyridine(110-86-1) |
| EPA化学物质信息 | Pyridine (110-86-1) |
化学性质
无色或淡黄色液体。具有令人讨厌的气味。 溶于水、乙醇、丙酮、乙醚和苯。
安全与法规
| GHS 分类 | DangerH225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P317, P321, P330, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.1% (3 of 2399) of reports.H225 (99.8%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids] |
|---|---|
| 法规信息 | Chemical: PyridineHazard Traits - CarcinogenicityNeurotoxicityPyridine is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Pyridine are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 05-01-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/13681Pyridine: HSNO Approval: HSR001079 Approved with controlsThe New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.) |
| 其他安全信息 | IMAP assessments - Pyridine: Environment tier I assessment |
| 运输标签（DOT） | Flammable Liquid |
| 火灾危害 | Behavior in Fire: Vapor is heavier than air and may travel considerable distance to source of ignition and flash back. (USCG, 1999)· HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.Highly flammable. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Vapour/air mixtures are explosive. |
| 火灾可能性 | Pyridine is a flammable ... liquid.Dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizers. |
| 健康危害 | Vapor irritates eyes and nose. Liquid irritates skin and is absorbed through the skin. Overexposure causes nausea, headache, nervous symptoms, increased urinary frequency. (USCG, 1999)· May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. |
| 危害概述 | Pyridine is a colorless liquid with an unpleasant smell. It can be made from crude coal tar or from other chemicals. Pyridine is used to dissolve other substances. It is also used to make many different products such as medicines, vitamins, food flavorings, paints, dyes, rubber products, adhesives, insecticides, and herbicides. Pyridine can also be formed from the breakdown of many natural materials in the environment.Liquid causes first degree burns on short exposure. [CHRIS] In rat studies, pyridine produces anesthesia after inhalation of high concentrations and liver injury after sub-chronic feeding. The liver and kidneys are target organs in animal results. Workers avoid exposure because of its foul odor. Workers exposed to 125 ppm complained of transient nausea, headache, low back and abdominal discomfort, and urinary frequency without evidence of liver or kidney injury. [ACGIH] Allergic contact dermatitis reported in a laboratory technician[Kanerva, p. 1831] An irritant and potential CNS depressantMay have effects on the liver and kidneys[ICSC] |
| 运输编号与指南（DOT） | 1282 129 |
| FDA 要求 | Pyridine is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption as a synthetic flavoring substance and adjuvant in accordance with the following conditions: a) they are used in the minimum quantity required to produce their intended effect, and otherwise in accordance with all the principles of good manufacturing practice, and 2) they consist of one or more of the following, used alone or in combination with flavoring substances and adjuvants generally recognized as safe in food, prior-sanctioned for such use, or regulated by an appropriate section in this part. |
| 反应性基团 | Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines |
| 联合国分类 | UN Hazard Class: 3UN Pack Group: II |
| Special Reports | Scientific Literature Review of Pyridine and Related Substances in Flavor Usage (GRA & I)1 (6): 198 (1985). This scientific literature review includes specifications, safety data, poundage data, natural occurrence information, chemical identities and other data on pyridine ... .Santodonato JMonograph on Human Exposure to Chemicals in the Workplace: Pyridine, GRA & I 7: 35 (1986). The report presents a summary and evaluation of information relevant to an occupational hazard assessment of the pyridine.Fodor GB, Colasanti BAlkaloids: Chem Biol Perspect 3: 1-90 (1985). A review with 431 refs. Review alkaloid chemistry and pharmacology.Jori A et alEcotoxicol Environ Saf 7 (3): 251-75 (1983). A review with several refs on the ecotoxicologic profile of pyridine.For more Special Reports (Complete) data for PYRIDINE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 消防 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:Use alcohol-resistant foam, water spray, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. |
| 急救措施 | Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer for medical attention.Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention . |
| 泄漏应急措施 | · CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. |
| 急救 | EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.General First Aid:(General first aid procedures) |
| 安全储存 | Store only in original container. Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants and strong acids. Cool. Dry. Well closed. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. |
| 暴露控制与个人防护 | · Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). |
| 灭火程序 | Use water spray, dry chemical, "alcohol resistant" foam, or carbon dioxide. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.If material is on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped or safely confined. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical. |
| 储存条件 | OUTSIDE OR DETACHED STORAGE IS PREFERABLE. ISOLATE FROM POWERFUL OXIDIZING MATERIALS AND ACIDS.Mixtures with formamide + iodine + sulfur trioxide are storage hazards, releasing carbon dioxide & sulfuric acid. |
| 清理方法 | 1. REMOVE ALL IGNITION SOURCES. 2. VENTILATE AREA OF SPILL OR LEAK. 3. FOR SMALL QUANTITIES, ABSORB ON PAPER TOWELS, EVAPORATE IN SAFE PLACE (SUCH AS FUME HOOD). ALLOW SUFFICIENT TIME FOR EVAPORATING VAPORS TO COMPLETELY CLEAR HOOD DUCTWORK. BURN PAPER IN SUITABLE LOCATION AWAY FROM COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL. 3. LARGE QUANTITIES CAN BE COLLECTED & ATOMIZED IN SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER EQUIPPED WITH APPROPRIATE EFFLUENT GAS CLEANING DEVICE. PYRIDINE SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWED TO ENTER CONFINED SPACE, SUCH AS SEWER, BECAUSE OF POSSIBILITY OF EXPLOSION.Biological treatment of wastewater for the removal of pyridine.Removal of pyridine from waste gases by adsorption.Eliminate all ignition sources. Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors, protect personnel, and dilute spills to form nonflammable mixtures. Control run-off and isolate discharged materials for proper disposal. |
| 非火灾泄漏应对 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]: |
| 处置方法 | Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U196, F005, and D038 must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for Pyridine: Concentration process: Activated carbon.Controlled incineration whereby nitrogen oxides are removed from the effluent gas by scrubber, catalytic or thermal devices. Recommendable method: Incineration. Not recommendable methods: Evaporation & landfill.For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for PYRIDINE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 泄漏处置 | Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Remove all ignition sources. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking liquid in sealable air tight containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. |
| 毒理学资料 | CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile |
| 体内负荷 | In a heterogenous, nonsmoking population of 62 subjects, pyridine was a common constituent in the expired air of the 14 prediabetic subjects(1). |
| 靶器官 | Dermal (Skin), Hepatic (Liver), Neurological (Nervous System), Ocular (Eyes), Renal (Urinary System or Kidneys)Eyes, skin, central nervous system, liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract |
| 生态毒性数值 | LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 106 mg/l/96 hr, flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 24.1 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.4 mg/l, hardness 47.4 mg/l CaCO3, alkalinity 240 mg/l CaCO3, and pH 7.73.EC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) <106 mg/l/96 hr, flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 24.1 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.4 mg/l, hardness 47.4 mg/l CaCO3, alkalinity 240 mg/l CaCO3, and pH 7.73. Effect: loss of equilibrium.LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 93.8 mg /l/96 hr (confidence limit= 85.5-103 mg/l), flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 25.0 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.3 mg/l, hardness 48.5 mg/l CaCO3, alkalinity 77.3 mg/l CaCO3, and pH 7.75.EC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 85.6 mg/l/96 hr (confidence limit= 82.0-89.3 mg/l), flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 25.0 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.3 mg/l, hardness 48.5 mg/l CaCO3, alkalinity 77.3 mg/l CaCO3, and pH 7.75. Effect: loss of equilibrium.For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for PYRIDINE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 环境归趋 | TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 50(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.65(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that pyridine is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Pyridine has a pKa of 5.23(4), which indicates that this compound will partially exist in the protonated form in moist acidic soils, and cations adsorb more strongly to soils than neutral molecules. Therefore, the mobility of pyridine is expected to be much lower in acidic soils than in neutral or alkaline soil(SRC). Volatilization of the neutral species of pyridine from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.1X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(5)however, the protonated form will not volatilize(SRC). The potential for volatilization of pyridine from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 20.8 mm Hg(6). In a series of biodegradation tests using a soil suspension, pyridine was completely biodegraded under aerobic conditions within 66-170 days(7). Under anaerobic conditions, biodegradation was complete in 32-66 days(7).AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 50(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.65(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that pyridine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.1X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 and 25 days, respectively(SRC). The pKa of pyridine is 5.23(5), indicating this compound will partially exist in the protonated form in acidic waters and cations do not volatilize(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), a BCF of 88 measured in guppies(7), suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). The biodegradation rate constant for pyridine in water was 0.0033 - 0.018 per hour which corresponds to half-lives of 39-210 hours(8). Pyridine was completely degraded in about 8 days in a river die-away test(9). Other studies have shown that pyridine is recalcitrant in sediment and water under anaerobic conditions(10-12).ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), pyridine, which has a vapor pressure of 20.8 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase pyridine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC)the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 43 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.7X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). |
| 食品调查数值 | Pyridine has been identified as a volatile flavor compound in fried bacon(1) and boiled beef(2). It is also a volatile component of Beaufort cheese, a Gruyere type cheese manufactured in a limited area of the French Alps(3). Pyridine has been identified as a volatile flavor components of fried chicken(4), roasted barely(5), mango(7), roasted coffee(6,8), canned sweet corn(9), short-necked clam and corbicula(10), sukiyaki(11), and kiwi fruit flowers(12). Pyridine was detected in soybeans at concns of 88.9-264.9 ug/kg(13). |
| 不良影响 | Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin |
| 暴露途径 | The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact |
| Plant Concentrations | REPORTED FOUND IN WOOD OIL, LEAVES, & ROOTS OF ATROPA BELLADONNA, & IN OTHER PLANTS (COFFEE, TOBACCO). |
| Signs and Symptoms | Cough. Dizziness. Headache. Nausea. Shortness of breath. Unconsciousness.MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Burning sensation. Further see Inhalation.Redness. Pain.Cough. Sore throat. Further see Inhalation.irritation eyesheadache, anxiety, dizziness, insomnianausea, anorexiadermatitisliver, kidney damage |
| Ongoing Test Status | The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=110-86-1] |
| Effluent Concentrations | In a survey of industrial effluents, pyridine was identified in discharges of the following industries timber products (1,032 ppb), paint and ink (2 ppb), ore mining (4 ppb), inorganic chemicals (137 ppb), pharmaceuticals (156 ppb), organic chemicals (160 ppb), publicly owned treatment works (77 ppb)(1). Pyridine was identified, not quantified, in the effluents from an advanced water treatment facility in Orange County, CA(2). Waste water from coal gasification contained an estimated 4.62 ppm of pyridine(3). Pyridine was identified, not quantified, in waste incineration stack emissions(4) and coal derived oil(5). Pyridine has also been detected in active compost blower exhaust at 47 ug/cu m(6). Pyridine was detected in waste ammonia liquor from low temperature carbonization wastewater at an average concentration of 20 mg/l(7). |
| RCRA 要求 | U196As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when pyridine, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).D038A solid waste containing pyridine may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste.F005When pyridine is a spent solvent, it is classified as a hazardous waste from a nonspecific source (F005), as stated in 40 CFR 261.31, and must be managed according to State and/or Federal hazardous waste regulations. |
| TSCA 要求 | Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Pyridine is included on this list. |
| 大气标准 | This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Pyridine is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart. |
| CERCLA 应报告数量 | Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1000 lb or 454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b). |
| 州饮用水指南 | (WI) WISCONSIN 10 ug/l(FL) FLORIDA 7 ug/l |
| F | 3-10 |
| 水危害等级（WGK） | 2 |
| TSCA 清单状态 | TSCA listed |
| 毒性 | LD50 orally in rats: 1.58 g/kg (Smyth) |
| RTECS 号 | UR8400000 |
| hazard_note | Highly Flammable/Harmful |
| 包装类别 | II |
| 危险类别 | 3Acute Tox. 4 DermalAcute Tox. 4 InhalationAcute Tox. 4 OralEye Irrit. 2Flam. Liq. 2Skin Irrit. 2 |
| 储存类别 | 3 - Flammable liquids |
| 安全说明（S） | 36/37/39-38-45-61-28A-26-28-24/25-22-36/37-16-7 |
| 海关编码 | 2933 31 00 |
| 自燃温度 | 482 °C |
| 危险品标志 | T,N,F,Xn |
| 危险类别码（R） | 11-20/21/22-39/23/24/25-23/24/25-52-36/38 |
| 毒害物质数据 | 110-86-1(Hazardous Substances Data) |
| 职业暴露等级（OEB） | A |
| 职业暴露限值（OEL） | TWA: 5 ppm (15 mg/m3) |
| 运输编号（UN） | UN 1282 |
| 立即危及生命和健康浓度 | 1,000 ppm |
急性毒性
口服- 大鼠 LD50: 891 毫克/ 公斤; 静脉- 小鼠 LD50: 1500 毫克/ 公斤
刺激数据
眼睛- 兔子 2 毫克 重度; 皮肤- 兔子 10 毫克/ 24小时 轻度
职业标准
TWA 15 毫克/ 立方米; STEL 30 毫克/立方米
爆炸物危险特性
与空气混合可爆
可燃性危险特性
遇明火、高温、氧化剂易燃; 燃烧产生有毒氮氧化物烟雾
储运特性
库房通风低温干燥; 与氧化剂、酸类分开存放
灭火剂
干粉、干砂、二氧化碳、泡沫、1211灭火剂
用途与应用
概述
吡啶(分子式C6H5N)含有一个氮杂原子的六元杂环化合物,即苯分子中的一个-CH＝被氮取代而生成的化合物，与苯类似，具有相同的电子结构，仍有芳香性，故又称氮苯和氮杂苯， 在常温下是一种无色有特殊气味的液体，熔点-41.6℃，沸点115.2℃，与水形成共沸混合物，沸点92～93℃。（工业上利用这个性质来纯化吡啶）,密度0.9819g/cm3。易溶于水,乙 醇,醚等多数有机溶剂，本身也可作溶剂。 吡啶最初由骨焦油内分离出来，随后发现煤焦油、煤气、页岩油、石油内也含有吡啶及其同系物，如2-甲基吡啶和2，6－二甲基吡啶。吡啶及其衍生物比苯稳定，其反应性与硝基苯类似。由于环中氮原子的吸电子作用,使2，4，6位上的电子密度低于3,5两位,典型的芳香族亲电取代反应发生在3，5位上，但反 应性比苯低，一般不易发生硝化、卤化、磺化等反应。此外，这些取代反应都是在酸性介质内进行的，吡啶形成带正电荷的离子, 使亲电试剂不易接近。2-或4-卤代吡啶的卤素 都具有活性。由于2和6位上的电子密度较低，在此位上可发生亲核取代反应，如与氨基钠或氢氧化钾反应，得到相应的2-氨基吡啶或2-羟基吡啶。
用途
吡啶作为重要的含氮杂环化合物之一，在包括光催化以及光电器件等领域中得到了广泛的应用。在药物化学中，吡啶也常用作药物的母核结构。目前，吡啶的氘代反应主要以Pd、Rh、Ir、Ru和Ni等金属催化剂，在α-位进行氢同位素交换（HIE），而其他位置的HIE很少涉及。吡啶的许多衍生物中，有些是重要的药物,有些是维生素或酶的重要组成部分。例如吡啶-3－羧酸的酰胺（即烟酰胺）,在辅酶I中与腺嘌呤（见嘌呤）、核糖及磷酸形成一个重要的二核苷酸。吡啶的衍生物异烟肼是一种口服的抗结核病药。2-甲基-5-乙烯基吡啶是合成橡胶的重要原料。 除作溶剂外，吡啶在工业上还可用作变性剂、助染剂，以及合成一系列产品的起始物，包括药品、消毒剂、染料、食品调味料、粘合剂、炸药等。
用途
用作有机溶剂、分析试剂，也用于有机合成工业、色层分析，提取、分离吡啶及其同系物的原料，是除草剂、杀虫剂、医药、橡胶助剂、纺织助剂的原料，为GB 2760--1996规定允许使用的食用香料等。在水分测定也可使用，作为菌种诱变剂，酒精变性剂，酰化反应的溶剂，催化剂等。可以检定和测定锑、砷、铝、铋、镉、铈、氯酸盐、铬酸盐、氰酸盐、铬、钴、铜、氰化物、金、重铬酸盐、卤素、镧、铅、锂、锰、汞、锗、镍、高氯酸盐、过硫酸盐、铂、磷、铼、镨、硅、银、硫、铊、碲、硫氰酸盐、钍、硫代硫酸盐、钛、铀、钒、锌、锆。
制备与合成方法
生产方法
用高温炼焦时的饱和器母液为原料，回收加工得粗吡啶，经加热脱渣得含水吡啶，用纯苯恒沸脱水；得无水吡啶，再经蒸馏馏取110～120℃馏分，最后经精馏而得。
生产方法
吡啶在以前是从煤焦油提取的，焦炉煤气经硫酸洗涤、氨水中和得到粗轻吡啶，再用精馏的方法提纯。随着吡啶用途的扩大，合成法吡啶有较大发展。国外从煤焦油获得的吡啶及吡啶基化合物，已占10%。将乙醛（1.648mol）、37%甲醛（1.665mol）和氨（3.096mol）的混合物，于432℃反应，催化剂为SiO2-Al2O3-Bi2O3，吡啶收率为48.4%。同时还生成β-甲基吡啶，改变操作条件，可调节吡啶和甲基吡啶和甲基吡啶的收率。此外，1,5-戊二胺盐酸盐，经加热环合，在Pt催化剂存在下脱氢也可制得吡啶。