碳纳米管

The apparent density of beech charcoal is 0.45 g/mL and that of pine charcoal is 0.28 g/mL; the density of pore-free charcoal ranges between 1.38 and 1.46 g/mL, depending on the kind of wood; the porosity of beech charcoal is ca 70%; the bulk density of charcoal, which depends on the kind of wood and the size of the pieces, ranges from 180 to 220 kg/cu m; the heating value ranges between 29 and 33 kJ/g

Relative density (water = 1): 1.8-3.51

2.2 @25 °C

1.5-1.8

Solubility in water: none

Insoluble

Sublimes at 3642 °C; triple point (graphite-liquid-gas), 4492 °C at a pressure of 101.325 kPa

>4000 °C

3825 °C @760 [mm Hg]

Sublimes

Melting point equals greater than 3500 °C

MW: 760.642 Yellow needles of plates. MP: >280 °C. Soluble in organic solvents /Fullerene-60/

MW: 840.749. Red-brown solid. MP: >280 °C. Soluble in benzene, toluene /Fullerene-70/

>3500 °C

4489 °C

6602 °F (Sublimes)

1 mm Hg at 3586 °C

0 mmHg (approx)

1 [mm Hg] @3586 °C

0 mmHg (approx)

Carbon, activated is a black grains that have been treated to improve absorptive ability. May heat spontaneously if not properly cooled after manufacture.

CBI; Large Crystals; Other Solid; Large Crystals; Wet Solid; Other Solid; Dry Powder; Dry Powder; Other Solid; Liquid; Other Solid; Liquid; Dry Powder; Large Crystals

Black powder or crystals; [Sax]

BLACK POWDER OR SOLID IN VARIOUS FORMS. ODOURLESS WHEN PURE.

Black grains that have been treated to improve absorptive ability.

Steel gray to black, greasy feeling, odorless solid.

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 40.2% (1095 of 2727) of reports.

Warning

H319 (55.1%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P261, P264+P265, P271, P280, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P337+P317, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2727 reports by companies from 27 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 100% (105 of 105) of all reports.

Chemical: Carbon

Carbon is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Carbon are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Carbon: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:

· Flammable/combustible material.

Highly flammable if powdered. Combustible. Finely dispersed particles form explosive mixtures in air.

Activated carbon exposed to air is a potential fire hazard because of its very high surface area and adsorptive capacity. Freshly prepared material may heat spontaneously in air, and presence of water accelerates this.

Mixtures /of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde/ with active carbon (1.5:1 mol) deflagrate at 1.25 cm/min.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:

· Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.

European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, Carbon (7440-44-0), 18 pp. (2000 CD-ROM edition). Available from the Database Query page at: http://ecb.jrc.it/esis/esis.php as of July 18, 2008.

USEPA/Office of Pesticide Programs; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Carbon and Carbon Dioxide, 45 pp. (September 1991). Available from the Pesticide Reregistration Status page at: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm as of July 19, 2008.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Carbon is found on List D. Case No: 4019; Pesticide type: insecticide, rodenticide; Case Status: RED Approved 09/91; OPP has made a decision that some/all uses of the pesticide are eligible for reregistration, as reflected in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Carbon; AI Status: OPP has completed a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document for the case/AI.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:

General First Aid:

(General first aid procedures)

If material on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. When fire is out, cover all suspected material with dry sand or earth to prevent re-ignition until material can be permanently disposed of.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Store and dispose of according to local regulations.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Cover all suspected material with dry sand or earth to prevent ignition until material can be permanently disposed of.

Personnel protection: Keep upwind. Avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from burning material.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:

Immediate precautionary measure

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ ... Several non-target organisms, including burrowing owls, may inhabit the burrows of target pests ... . Due to the potential risk to non-target organisms, the EPA is currently developing more extensive labeling regarding timing of application and observation of signs indicating the presence or absence of target and non-target organisms. These instructions will be explicit concerning actions users must take before applying the product.

Dermal carcinogenicity was evaluated in groups of male C3H/HeJ mice (40/group) receiving 25ul applications of either CF carbon fibers (100% carbon), MAT carbon fibers (98% carbon), PAN carbon fibers (94% carbon) or PAN oxidized carbon fibers (64% carbon) suspended in benzene to the skin of the back three times weekly until death, beginning at age 51 to 76 days. The mean survival time of the CF carbon fibers treatment group and the PAN oxide treatment group were significantly greater (p < 0.05) than the solvent control group. In the CF carbon fiber treatment group, one mouse was observed with a papilloma on the skin of the back, and one mouse diagnosed with a squamous cell carcinoma on the skin of the back, and a third was diagnosed with an hemangiosarcoma in the subcutis of the right side. In the PAN oxidized treatment group, one mouse was diagnosed with a leiomyosarcoma of the skin and subcutis of the shoulder. The mean survival time of the MAT carbon fiber treatment group was 518 days. In the MAT carbon fiber treatment group, one mouse was observed with a squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in the inguinal region, one with fibrosarcomas on the skin of the axilla and one with a hemangiosarcoma in the subcutis of the abdomen. No skin or subcutaneous tumors were observed in the PAN carbon fiber treatment group and mean survival time was 522 days. The solvent control (benzene) group had a mean survival time of 435 days and no tumors were observed.

Abundance in earth's crust: approx 0.027%. Cosmic abundance: 6 atoms/atom Si. Occurs in 3 forms: (1) diamond; (2) graphite or black lead; (3) amorphous carbon such as coal, lampblack, and the various forms of artificial carbon.

... very widely distributed in nature. It is found in abundance in the sun, stars, comets, and atmospheres of most planets. ... Without carbon, the basis for life would be impossible.

(14)C Isotope, continuously formed in earth's atmosphere by bombardment of nitrogen with cosmic neutrons. /(14)C/

Diamond, an allotropic form of carbon, crystallizes isometrically, consists of carbon atoms covalently bound by single bonds only in a predominantly octahedral structure. The purest diamonds used for gems are mined in South Africa, lower grades in Brazil, Venezuela, India, Borneo, Arkansas. /Diamond/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... INHALATION OF CARBON DUST ... CAN IMMEDIATELY GIVE RISE TO AN INCREASED MUCOCILIARY TRANSPORT ... & AIRWAY RESISTANCE MEDIATED BY THE VAGUS. /CARBON DUST/

/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ /The objective was/ to investigate the risk of cancer and non-neoplastic respiratory diseases among workers who manufacture carbon electrodes, as this industry entails exposure to mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ... A historical cohort study was carried out of 1006 male workers employed for at least 1 year between 1945 and 1971 in a carbon (graphite) electrode production plant in central Italy, who were followed up for mortality between 1955 and 1996. The ratio of observed to expected deaths (standardised mortality ratios, SMRs) was computed from both national and (for the period 1964-96) regional age and period specific mortalities. A multivariate Poisson regression analysis was performed to investigate the relative risk (RR) of death according to duration of employment and time since first employment in the factory. ... A total of 424 workers had died, 538 were still alive, and 44 were lost to follow up. Mortalities from all causes, all cancers, and respiratory tract cancer were in line with the regional figure. An excess was found over the expected deaths from skin cancer including melanoma (SMR 3.16, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.65 to 9.23) and from non-neoplastic respiratory diseases (SMR 1.58, 95% CI 1.16 to 2.11). Poisson regression analysis including age as a covariate showed an increased risk of dying from gastric cancer with increasing duration of employment, and an increase in the RR of dying from lung cancer and from non-neoplastic respiratory diseases with increasing time since first employment, although the linear trend was not significant. ... This study supports previous findings that working in the carbon electrode manufacturing industry may not increase the risk of dying from respiratory cancer.

/SURVEILLANCE/ The 42 patients admitted to our Burn Center from January 1, 1994 to December 31, 2005, with electrical and fire burn injuries caused by electricity-conducting graphite-carbon fishing rods touching overhead high voltage electrical lines were ... studied retrospectively. All patients were men, with a mean age of 40.33 years. The majority of patients (59.5%) were burned with less than 10%, mostly deep burns. The hand was the predominant electricity "entry" point and foot was the most frequent "exit" point. Admissions increased from 5 in 6 years, 1994 to 2000, to 15 in 3 years, 2000 through 2002, to 22 cases in 3 years, 2003 through 2005. Spring and fall, and months May and October were times of highest incidence. The treatment was complex, difficult, long, and costly. Thirty-eight patients (90.4%) required operations, including early excision and graft (34 patients), and amputation (14 patients). Two patients had an inhalation injury that necessitated a tracheostomy and four victims had additional skin and soft-tissue injury. Thirty-two patients had a record of unconsciousness immediately after the electrical injury and atrial premature beats were a frequently found arrhythmia. A significant (P <.01) increase in serum creatine kinase MB fraction was found in 11 patients. The mean time in hospital of the survivors was 28.97 days. Acute renal failure was the commonest complication and one patient died of sepsis with giving a mortality rate of 2.4%. Caution and preventive measures are warranted while fishing near electrical wires, and improvements in electrical burn treatment are needed.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ ... The toxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) was assessed in human keratinocyte cells. The results show increased oxidative stress and inhibition of cell proliferation in response to treatment of keratinocytes with SWCNT particles. In addition, the signaling mechanism in keratinocytes upon exposure to SWCNT particles was investigated. Results from the study suggest that SWCNT particles activate NF-kappaB in a dose-dependent manner in human keratinocytes. Further, the mechanism of activation of NF-kappaB was due to the activation of stress-related kinases by SWCNT particles in keratinocytes.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CARBON (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute lung toxicity of intratracheally instilled single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) in rats. The lungs of rats were instilled either with 1 or 5 mg/kg of the following control or particle types: (1) SWCNT, (2) quartz particles (positive control), (3) carbonyl iron particles (negative control), (4) phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) + 1% Tween 80, or (5) graphite particles (lung tissue studies only). Following exposures, the lungs of PBS and particle-exposed rats were assessed using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid biomarkers and cell proliferation methods, and by histopathological evaluation of lung tissue at 24 h, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postinstillation. Exposures to high-dose (5 mg/kg) SWCNT produced mortality in ~15% of the SWCNT-instilled rats within 24 h postinstillation. This mortality resulted from mechanical blockage of the upper airways by the instillate and was not due to inherent pulmonary toxicity of the instilled SWCNT particulate. Exposures to quartz particles produced significant increases versus controls in pulmonary inflammation, cytotoxicity, and lung cell parenchymal cell proliferation indices. Exposures to SWCNT produced transient inflammatory and cell injury effects. Results from the lung histopathology component of the study indicated that pulmonary exposures to quartz particles (5 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent inflammatory responses, concomitant with foamy alveolar macrophage accumulation and lung tissue thickening at the sites of normal particle deposition. Pulmonary exposures to carbonyl iron or graphite particles produced no significant adverse effects. Pulmonary exposures to SWCNT in rats produced a non-dose-dependent series of multifocal granulomas, which were evidence of a foreign tissue body reaction and were nonuniform in distribution and not progressive beyond 1 month postexposure (pe). The observation of SWCNT-induced multifocal granulomas is inconsistent with the following: (1) lack of lung toxicity by assessing lavage parameters, (2) lack of lung toxicity by measuring cell proliferation parameters, (3) an apparent lack of a dose response relationship, (4) nonuniform distribution of lesions, (5) the paradigm of dust-related lung toxicity effects, (6) possible regression of effects over time. In addition, the results of two recent exposure assessment studies indicate very low aerosol SWCNT exposures at the workplace.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ ... The impact of /carbon/ single-walled nanotubes (SWNT) on rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) was examined for SWNT (0.0-0.1 mg/mL) over a 3.5-day time-course. Cell culture medium was filtered to remove the aggregate material and both nanomaterial (un-filtered) and filtered SWNT media were used to examine cell growth. In general, the removal of SWNT aggregates from cell culture test medium by filtration increased the SMC number in comparison to unfiltered medium at pre-filtered SWNT dosages below 0.1 mg/mL. However, at 0.1 mg/mL, both filtered and unfiltered media exhibited a similar decrease in cell number relative to the control medium. The filtered medium was characterized and contained both suspended nanoparticles as well as a small quantity of SWNT, which may have contributed to the observed cell growth inhibition. As a comparison to the SWNT, activated carbon (0.1 mg/mL), a nanoporous, microparticulate carbon material, was found to be less inhibitory to SMC growth than the SWNT at the same dosage, implying an inverse proportionality between carbon nanomaterial size regimes and cell growth inhibition.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ EXPTL INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF PURE CARBON SUSPENSIONS IN RABBITS PRODUCES NO OCULAR INFLAMMATION, ALTHOUGH CARBON PARTICLES ARE DEPOSITED WITHIN THE BLOOD VESSELS.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Carbon is found on List D. Case No: 4019; Pesticide type: insecticide, rodenticide; Case Status: RED Approved 09/91; OPP has made a decision that some/all uses of the pesticide are eligible for reregistration, as reflected in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Carbon; AI Status: OPP has completed a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document for the case/AI.

Stable isotopes are C-12 (98.892%) and C-13 (1.108%) [Merck Index] Carbon is activated chemically or by steam. Activated carbon that is 99.9% pure is available. [CHEMINFO] Used in purifying metals, cleaning air, and as a pigment for rubber tires and inks; [HSDB]

The pyrolysis of carbon in the presence of the other active ingredients such as sodium and potassium nitrates results in simple organic and inorganic cmpd, mostly in the form of gasses, which cause asphyxiation of pest in burrows. ...

For carbon (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 016001) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Type of Pesticide: Rodenticide/Predacide, Insecticide when used in combination with sodium or potassium nitrates. Pests controlled: pocket gophers, moles, ground squirrels, rats, skunks, woodchucks, red foxes, coyotes, prairie dogs, and ground wasps. Registered used groups: terrestrial food crop, terrestrial feed crop, terrestrial non-food crop, forestry, residential outdoor.

As strong reducing agent and is used as such in purifying metals; in electrodes, electrical devices ... and steel

For more Uses (Complete) data for CARBON (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Concns of individual polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (eg, anthracene, benzacridines, benzofluoranthenes, benzopyrenes, pyrene, etc) can range from <0.5 to 432 mg/kg /Carbon blacks/

Traces of Fe, SiO2, etc

(1977) 1.34X10+10 G

(1979) 1.40X10+10 G

11,452 metric tons (1989) /Natural graphite/

(1972) 1.51X10+10 G

For more U.S. Exports (Complete) data for CARBON (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(1977) 7.0X10+9 G-DECOLORIZING & GAS ADSORBING

(1979) 8.1X10+9 G-DECOLORIZING & GAS ADSORBING

(1985) 6.77X10+8 g (carbon)

7,924,122 lb /Carbon black, including thermal/

For more U.S. Imports (Complete) data for CARBON (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2023: 400,000,000 - <550,000,000 lb

(1977) 7.9X10+10 G-EXCLUDING DEODORIZING GRADE

(1979) 9.7X10+10 G-EXCLUDING DEODORIZING GRADE

3.22 billion lbs (1993); 3.02 billion lbs (1992) /Carbon black/

Carbon is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).

For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for CARBON (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Rubber, 84% (tires, tubes, tread, 66%; industrial rubber products, 18%), miscellaneous nono-rubber (paints, plastics, paper, ink), 9%; exports, 7% /Carbon black/

Demand: 2,869 million lbs (1990), 2,700 million lbs (1991), 3,100 million lbs (1995 projected) /Carbon black/

In foundries, 24%; in the steel industry, 24%; production of crucibles, 15%; in the electrical field, 12%; in the refractory industry, 8%; lubricants, 5%; pencils, 4%; batteries, 3.5% /Natural graphite/

Apparent consumption: 50,867 metric tons (1989) /Natural graphite/

For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for CARBON (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Artificial graphite is produced by heating carbon compounds or carbon powder to 2500-3000 °C.

Production processes are divided into two groups: those employing partial combustion (furnance black process, Degussa gas black process, channel black process, lamp black process) and those based on pure pyrolysis (thermal black process, acetylene black process, Huls arc process). /Carbon black/

...ANIMAL CHARCOAL, OBTAINED BY CHARRING BONES, MEAT, BLOOD, ETC... ACTIVATED CHARCOAL, EG, CARBORAFFIN, NORIT, OPOCARBYL, ULTRACARBON, /ARE/ PREPD FROM WOOD & VEGETABLES

Composition of typical commercial carbon blacks: carbon, 97.9-99.7%; hydrogen, 0.1-0.5%; sulfur, 0.01-0.6%; oxygen, 0.1-0.7%

Global chemical composition...carbon blacks: carbon, 80.0-99.5wt%; hydrogen, 0.3-1.3wt%; sulfur, 0.1-0.7wt%; oxygen, 0.5-15wt%; nitrogen, 0.1- 0.7wt% /Carbon black/

DEXOL GOPHER GASSER: Active Ingredients 8% Carbon, 45% Potassium nitrate & 45% Sulfur.

REVENGE RODENT SMOKE BOMB: Active Ingredients 9.3% Carbon, 38.8% Potassium nitrate & 39.4% Sulfur.

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for CARBON (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Food Additives -> ADSORBENT; BLEACHING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Food Additives -> ADSORBENT; BLEACHING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Food Additives -> ADSORBENT; BLEACHING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Cosmetics -> Cosmetic colorant