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钯
钯 · 鈀 · 钯靶 · 钯丝 · 钯粒 · 钯块 · 钯棒 · 钯黑
标识与物理属性
| CAS No. | 7440-05-3 |
|---|---|
| 分子式 | Pd |
| 平均分子量 | 106.42 g/mol |
| 单同位素质量 | 105.90348 g/mol |
| SMILES | [Pd] |
| InChIKey | KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 23938 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:33363 |
| EC No. | 231-115-6 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID4064680 |
| 中文名 | 钯碳 |
化学与物理性质
| 极性表面积 | 0 |
|---|---|
| 氢键供体 | 0 |
| 氢键受体 | 0 |
| 可旋转键 | 0 |
| 重原子 | 1 |
| 形式电荷 | 0 |
| 复杂度 | 0 |
| 密度 | 12.02 g/cu cm12 @25 °C1.025 g/mL at 25 °C |
| Color/Form | Silver-white, ductile metalSteel whiteSilver-white metalcubic |
| 溶解性 | Soluble in aqua regia and fused alkaliesinsoluble in organic acidssoluble in aqua regia |
| 沸点 | 2963 °C2963 °C @760 [mm Hg]2970 °C(lit.) |
| Decomposition | No decomposition. /from table/ |
| 熔点 | 1554.9 °C1554.8 °C1554 °C(lit.) |
| 蒸气压 | 3.47 Pa (0.0260 mm Hg) at 1552 °C |
| Physical Description | Steel-white metal that does not tarnish in airOxidation states: 2+ and 4+[Nordberg, p. 1113]Solid |
| Other Experimental Properties | Palladium is the lightest of the platinum group and very malleable and ductile when pure. It resists oxidation at ordinary temperatures. It absorbs a considerable amount of hydrogen gas. It is appreciably volatile at high temperatures. At red heat it is converted to the oxide.Stable isotopes: (102)Pd, 1.02%(1.4)Pd, 11.14%(105)Pd, 22.23%(106)Pd, 27.33%(108)Pd, 26.46%(110)Pd, 11.72%Usual valency, 2,4ionic radius, 65 pm, crystal structure, face-centered cubiclattice constant, 389 pmreflectance, 54%thermal expansion, 11.11X10+6 °C-1magnetic susceptibility, 5.23X10-6 cu cm/gwork function, 4.99 eVYoung's modulus, 1.24X10+8 kN/sq multimate tensile strength, 180-200 MPaPoisson's ratio, 0.39Vicker's hardness, 40temperature coefficient of resistance 3.8X10-3 K-1electrical resistivity at 0 °C, 9.93 microohm-cmthermal conductivity, 75 W/m KPalladium is stable in air, even at elevated temperaturesshows no corrosion or tarnishing in hydrogen sulfide atmospheres.For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for PALLADIUM, ELEMENTAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 储存条件 | no restrictions. |
| 形态 | wire |
| 颜色 | Silver-gray |
| 比重 | 12.03 |
| 气味 | Odorless |
| 电阻率 (resistivity) | 9.96 μΩ-cm, 20°C |
| 电导率 | 1× 107S/m |
| 热导率 | 71 W/(m·K) |
| 比热容 | Cp(crystal): 0.24 J/(g·K)Cp(gas): 0.2 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Merck | 14,6989 |
| 暴露限值 | ACGIH: TWA 1 mg/m3OSHA: TWA 15 mg/m3TWA 5 mg/m3 |
| 稳定性 | Stable. Flammable - fine powder may cause fire or explosion in air. Incompatible with ozone, sodium tetrahydroborate, sulphur, arsenic. |
| 化妆品成分功效 | COLORANT |
| InChI | 1S/Pd |
| InChIKey | KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | [Pd] |
| Shear Modulus | 42.0 GPa, Calculated |
| Poissons Ratio | 0.39 |
| Modulus of Elasticity | 117 GPa |
| Hardness, Vickers | 37, Annealed105, Cold Drawn |
| CAS 数据库 | 7440-05-3(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NIST化学物质信息 | Palladium(7440-05-3) |
| EPA化学物质信息 | Palladium (7440-05-3) |
化学性质
为银白色金属（面心立方结晶）。 溶于王水、热硝酸、硫酸，微溶于盐酸，不溶于冷水和热水。
安全与法规
| GHS 分类 | This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 59.3% (365 of 616) of all reports.DangerH228 (31.5%): Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]H315 (17.7%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]H319 (18%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]H335 (15.9%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposureRespiratory tract irritation]H413 (17%): May cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]P210, P240, P241, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 616 reports by companies from 26 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 365 of 616 reports by companies.There are 24 notifications provided by 251 of 616 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website. |
|---|---|
| 法规信息 | Chemical: PalladiumRegulation (EC) No 1935/2004 (amended)Status: Active Update: 27-06-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/18747Palladium: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard |
| 其他安全信息 | IMAP assessments - Palladium: Environment tier I assessmentIMAP assessments - Palladium: Human health tier I assessment |
| 火灾可能性 | Combustible in the form of dust when exposed to heat or flame.Finely divided palladium (palladium black) used as a hydrogenation catalyst is usually pyrophoric and needs appropriate handling precautions. |
| 危害概述 | Possible skin sensitizerDust can be a fire and explosive hazard[HSDB] Occupational asthma has been reported, but its incidence is very low. Palladium II chloride is a stronger skin sensitizer than nickel sulfate. [Nordberg, p. 1113, 1119] The metals in this group [platinum, palladium, iridium, osmium, rhodium, and ruthenium] generally are nontoxic in the metallic state, but the soluble halide salts (particularly of Pt) and osmium tetroxide are highly reactive. Exposure to these elements results in hypersensitivity allergic reactions in susceptible individuals. [Sullivan, p. 911] Tram drivers in Rome were exposed to Pt, Rh and Pd from catalytic converters at levels about 10 times lower than those known to cause adverse effects in workers. [PMID 18849761] See Palladium tetraamine dichloride. |
| FDA 要求 | Noble metal alloy: (a) Identification. A noble metal alloy is a device composed primarily of noble metals, such as gold, palladium, platinum, or silver, that is intended for use in the fabrication of cast or porcelain-fused-to-metal crown and bridge restorations. (b) Classification. Class II (special controls). The special control for these devices is FDA's "Class II Special Controls Guidance Document: Dental Noble Metal Alloys." The devices are exempt from the premarket notification procedures in subpart E of part 807 of this chapter subject to the limitations in §872.9. See §872.1(e) for availability of guidance information. /Noble metal alloy/ |
| Hazard Classes and Categories | Flam. Sol. 1 (31.5%)Skin Irrit. 2 (17.7%)Eye Irrit. 2 (18%)STOT SE 3 (15.9%)Aquatic Chronic 4 (17%) |
| Explosive Limits and Potential | Explosive reaction with hydrogen and hydrogen peroxide. |
| Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations | Contact dermatitis has been associated with metallic palladium, especially with palladium alloys ... . |
| Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities | Incompatibilities: Arseniccarbonozonidesmethanolsulfur.Reaction with formic acid or tetrahydroborate releases explosive hydrogen gas.Violent reaction with isopropyl alcohol or OF2S.At a red heat is converted in to the monoxide. Forms dihalides with fluorine or chlorine at a red heat. Reacts with nitric acid, sulfuric acid, a mixture of hydrochloric and choric acids. Reacts slightly with concentrated /hydrochloric acid/more readily in the presence of air or free chlorine. Forms a sulfide when heated with sulfur, a phosphide when heated with phosphorus. Absorbs a considerable amount of hydrogen. |
| CSL Reaction Information | CSL00027METHANOL + PALLADIUMPalladium on carbon (10%) is highly pyrophoric under hydrogen atmosphere and to some extent in air. Palladium on carbon (Pd/C) frequently ignites when it first comes in contact with methanol (and to a lesser extent, any flammable organic solvent) and as such represents a significant safety risk.M (up to 100g)Addition of Pd/C (10% wet) to the reaction flask containing hydrogen atmospehere (additional catalyst addition to the ongoing reaction in 100 mL methanol) resulted is small fire. |
| 处置方法 | SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air qualitypotential migration in soil or watereffects on animal, aquatic, and plant lifeand conformance with environmental and public health regulations. |
| Protective Action Criteria (PAC) | 1.5 [mg/m3]160 [mg/m3]970 [mg/m3] |
| 健康影响 | Contact with palladium may cause palladium sensitivity and allergy. Animal studies have shown that palladium may damage the liver and kidney. (L798) |
| 暴露途径 | Inhalation (A21)oral (A21)dermal (A21) |
| 毒性概述 | IDENTIFICATION: Palladium is a steel white ductile metallic element. It is stable in air and resistant to attack by most reagents. It is soluble in a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids. Palladium and its alloys are used as catalysts in the petrochemical and automotive industries. Used in electronics and in dental applications. Purified metals between 99.9% and 99.99% are available for chemical use as foil, granules, rod or wire. HUMAN EXPOSURE: The general population is primarily exposed to palladium through dental alloys, jewlery, food and emissions from automobile catalytic converters. There are limited data concerning the distribution of palladium from dental resorations in human tissues or fluids. Populations at special risk of palladium allergy include people with known nickel allergy. ANIMAL STUDIES: Six months after a single intratracheal application of palladium dust, several histopathological signs of inflammation were noted in the lungs of rats. Daily oral administration of palladium dust over 6 months resulted in changes in several blood and urine parameters. Palladium applied in its metallic form showed no or little cytotoxicity.[Palladium ions are able to inhibit most major cellular fuctions. They form strong complexes with both inorganic and organic ligands, substitute essential ions, bind to amino acids and various enzymes including creatine kinase and prolyl hydroxylase, and interact with functional groups of other macromolecules such as DNA leading to strand breakage. (L798) |
| Signs and Symptoms | Skin contact with palladium may cause contact dermatitis, erythema, and oedema. (L798) |
| Natural Pollution Sources | Palladium (Pd) is found with platinum, gold, and nickel ores.Palladium belongs to the platinum group metals (ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, iridium, palladium and platinum), which are rare elements often found together in nature(1). In the lithosphere, the estimated concentration of platinum group metals range from 0.05 to 0.5 ppm(2). Palladium's abundance in the earth's crust is 0.001-0.01 ppm(3). |
| Human Toxicity Excerpts | /CASE REPORTS/ A 54-yr-old woman patient had symptoms of stomatitis and asthma following the provision of a dental prosthesis in July 1991. ...A positive patch test reaction /was found/ to palladium only, without any concomitant metallic contact dermatitisin particular there was no sensitization to nickel. This is a very rare sensitization. After replacement of the dental alloy the clinical symptoms improved./CASE REPORTS/ Granulomatous tissue reactions due to jewelry made of gold, silver, nickel and palladium are rare but nevertheless have been known for a long time. A female patient developed nodular infiltrates after having been pierced with ear stickers containing palladium. A contact allergic reaction could be demonstrated as the underlying cause by inducing similar histological changes following patch testing with palladium./CASE REPORTS/ A patient with a metal dental bridge complained of itching and pain in the oral cavity. She suffered also from recurrent blisters, ulceration, and infection of the oral mucous membrane. Skin tests carried out ... on this patient showed... a positive allergic reaction to... palladium metal./CASE REPORTS/ ...A case of linear lichen planus extending from the right cheek to the jaw, which was accompanied by itching and an unusual sensation in the mouth /is described/. The eruption was located along the mandible and aligned with the mandibular nerve. The right molars of the patient contained metal compounds and these were considered to be the cause of his disease. Patch testing with various dental metals showed positive reactions to palladium and platinum. A biopsy specimen showed a lichenoid reaction in the lesional tissue, and dermal contact dermatitis was noted at the palladium patch test site. His dentist reported that palladium-silver-gold or nickel-chrome alloys without platinum had been used in the crown and bridge of his molars. After removal of the dental alloys, the skin eruption resolved with some residual hyperpigmentation. In addition, the peculiar mouth sensation disappeared dramatically within 2 months.For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for PALLADIUM, ELEMENTAL (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Carcinogen Classification | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
| Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts | /LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Palladium powder /was given to/ rats by enteral (intragastric) /administration/ dose not specified. Clinical signs and toxic effects /include/: necrobiotic changes in the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, granular dystrophy of hepatocytes, swelling in the epithelium of kidney tubules. /from table//LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ 6 months after a single intratracheal application of 50 mg palladium dust (about 143 mg/kg bw), the lungs of rats (Sprague-Dawley, female, n=10) were histopathologically examined. There were several signs of inflammatory responses (peribronchial inflammation, lymphocyte infiltration, interstitial pneumonia, formation of granulomata) observed, but no indications of interstitial fibrosis... ./LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Acute toxicity tests with 6 different palladium-containing dental alloys (pulverizedmean particle size 200 umpalladium content: 9-80 mass %) have been performed with rats (Wistar, n=105 females, 5 males). Oral doses of 200 mg/kg bw (in gelatin capsules) did not cause deaths or apparent toxic signs. Histopathological changes in lung, liver and kidney of rats (Sprague-Dawleyn=14) were seen 5 weeks after single oral administration of cut dental alloy material (1 g/kg bw, in gelatin capsules6 different alloysparticle size not specified), which contained palladium at 2.5-4 weight % and total noble metals (gold, palladium) at 44-62%. However, alloys of a higher noble metal (gold, palladium, platinum) content (78-97%) containing palladium at 4-26.5% did not elicit significant effects./LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Six different pulverized palladium-containing dental alloys have been tested for their subacute toxicity in rats (Wistar, n=10, 5 females, 5 males). Compared with controls, all specimens caused significant histopathological changes in lung, liver, kidney, small intestine and colon following daily oral doses of 1000 mg/kg bw for 7 days (and sacrifice after 7 additional days). The strongest effects were seen with compositions containing copper and/or indium: Pd73, Cu14, In5Pd74, Sn16, Cu9and Au51, Pd39, In4-9. The weakest effects were observed for the Pd58, Ag30, Sn6 alloy, and the changes due to the Pd80, Sn7, Ga6-8 and Au77, Pt10, Pd9 alloys fell in between. Some histocompatibility tests have been performed with several implants of palladium-containing dental alloys of different compositions. Four to 12 weeks after sc implantation of the experimental alloys into guinea-pigs, mice, or rats, or after intramuscular implantation into rabbits, the tissue reactions at the implantation site varied from slight to severe. The most extreme reactions were recorded when copper and/or indium were present as additional components. Altogether, the contribution of palladium to adverse effects of dental mixtures is not clear.For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for PALLADIUM, ELEMENTAL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Populations at Special Risk | People with known metal (especially nickel) allergy may have an increased risk of palladium allergy. |
| Probable Routes of Human Exposure | Palladium concentrations in personal samples collected in 1996 during industrial operations involving the handling of palladium compounds were reported to be between 0.4 and 11.6 ug Pd/cu m as a 8-hour time-weighted average(1). Mean palladium concentrations of 3.5 ug/cu m, with local exhaust ventilation, and 5.5 ug/cu m, without dust control, were measured in the breathing zone of dental technicians(1). Palladium concentrations in air in a platinum and palladium refinery in New Jersey ranged from 0.001 to 0.36 ug/cu m(1). |
| Other Environmental Concentrations | Dust samples were collected in 1985 from the surfaces of plants along side roads in San Diego, CApalladium concentrations ranged from 0.015 mg/kg dry weight in dust collected along Bellaire Court, a residential street with light traffic, up to 0.28 mg/kg dry weight in dust collected approximately 2 ft from the edge of Interstate 5, a major freeway(1). Palladium concentrations of 0.001-0.146 mg/kg were reported in urban road dusts in Germany in 1995(2). |
| Antidote and Emergency Treatment | There are no established detoxification methods following poisoning by palladium or its compounds. Because of its poor absorption by the body, removal from exposure is the best remedy, when palladium is cleared by natural processes.Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poison A and B/Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poison A and B/ |
| 水危害等级（WGK） | nwg |
| TSCA 清单状态 | TSCA listed |
| 毒性 | LD50 oral (rat) 200 mg/kg (palladium chloride) LC50 intratracheal (rat) 6 mg/kg (palladium chloride) |
| RTECS 号 | RT3480500 |
| 包装类别 | III |
| 危险类别 | 4.1 |
| 储存类别 | 13 - Non Combustible Solids |
| 安全说明（S） | 53-26-36/37/39-24/25-36-22 |
| 海关编码 | 28439000 |
| 自燃温度 | >1120 °F |
| 危险品标志 | T,F,Xi |
| 危险类别码（R） | 61-33-37/38-40-41-36/37/38-11 |
| 毒害物质数据 | 7440-05-3(Hazardous Substances Data) |
| 运输编号（UN） | UN 3089 4.1/PG 2 |
用途与应用
简介
钯是元素周期表中第III族（镍族）和轻铂金属的过渡元素，是一种中等硬度，中等可锻造且易延展的银白色金属。钯是过渡元素第10组（周期4、5和6）中的中间元素。它的许多特性类似于该组中位于其上方的镍和位于其下方的铂。钯是一种柔软的银白色金属，其化学和物理性质与铂非常相似。它具有延展性和延展性，这意味着它可以加工成薄片，并通过冲模拉伸成非常细的金属丝。钯溶于王水，热硝酸，硫酸，微溶于盐酸，不溶于冷水和热水。
用途
钯是在铜和镍矿石中发现的一种柔软的白色金属。这种元素的氯化物在世纪之交后用于印刷，也与铂结合用于印刷。钯是用于涉及诸如氢化的过程的催化反应中的过渡金属元素。Lindlar催化剂。钯碳最重要的应用之一是催化氢化，脱氢和石油裂解。这样的反应被广泛用于有机合成和石油精制中。钯 和铂被安装在汽车的催化转化器中，以减少不饱和烃气体的排放。钯碳具有吸收大量氢的能力，使其成为化学反应以及内燃机催化转化器的极佳催化剂。
用途
主要用于电子工业厚膜浆料、多层陶瓷电容器内外电极材料；用于制催化剂，还用于制造牙科材料、手表和外科器具等；用于制催化剂(披钯石棉、海棉钯等)、低电流接触点、印刷电路、钟表用合金等；用于电器仪表、精密合金等；电气仪表，化学工业及制造精密合金等工业用。
制备与合成方法
制备
钯可以在工业生产中由矿石经干法制成；也可以用铜，硫化镍矿石制备铜，生产过程中以镍为副产品为原料，经湿法冶炼而成。也可以通过湿法与铜的副产品，从硫化铜矿石或硫化镍矿石中生产镍来获得。 湿法是以提取的镍和铜的残渣为原料，加入水进行萃取，过滤，再加入氨水和盐酸进行反应，从而形成氯钯酸铵的沉淀。精制，过滤后，可以用氢的99.95％钯还原氯钯酸铵得到的最终产物钯。
生产方法
工业生产可从矿石用干法制造；亦可以铜、镍的硫化矿制取铜、镍的生产过程中生成的副产物作为原料，用湿法冶炼制得。湿法把已提取镍、铜后的残留组分作为原料，加入王水进行抽提，过滤，向滤液中加入氨和盐酸进行反应，生成氯钯酸铵沉淀。经精炼，过滤，把氯钯酸铵用氢气还原，制得约99.95%钯成品。