化工社化工社化学信息打印报告 · 仅供科研参考
促进剂 T
塞仑 · 硫蘭 · 福美 · 秋兰姆 · 阿锐生 · 硫拉母 · 福美双 · 赛欧散
标识与物理属性
| CAS No. | 137-26-8 |
|---|---|
| 分子式 | C6H12N2S4 |
| 平均分子量 | 240.4 g/mol |
| 单同位素质量 | 239.98833309 g/mol |
| SMILES | CN(C)C(=S)SSC(=S)N(C)C |
| InChIKey | KUAZQDVKQLNFPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 5455 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL120563 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:9495 |
| EC No. | 205-286-2 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID5021332 |
| 中文名 | 福美双 |
化学与物理性质
| XLogP | 1.7 |
|---|---|
| 极性表面积 | 121 |
| 氢键供体 | 0 |
| 氢键受体 | 4 |
| 可旋转键 | 3 |
| 重原子 | 12 |
| 形式电荷 | 0 |
| 复杂度 | 158 |
| LogP（油水分配系数） | log Kow = 1.731.82 |
| 气味 | Characteristic odor |
| 密度 | 1.43 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than waterwill sink1.3 g/cu cm1.3 g/cm³1.3 @25 °C1.29 |
| Color/Form | White crystalline powderColorless to yellow, crystalline solid. (Note: commercial pesticide product may be dyed blue.) |
| 溶解性 | less than 1 mg/mL at 72 °F (NTP, 1992)Solubility in alcohol and in ether less than 0.2%solubility in acetone 1.2%in benzene 2.5%.Sol in carbon disulfideSolubility in ethanol <10 g/L at 25 °C, acetone 80 g/L at 25 °C, chloroform 230 g/L at 25 °C, hexane 0.04 g/L at 20 °Cdichloromethane 170 g/L at 20 °C, toluene 18 g/L at 20 °C, isopropanol 0.7 g/L at 20 °C.In water, 30 mg/L at 25 °CSolubility in water: none0.0184g/l16.5 mg/L (20 ºC) |
| Corrosivity | Non-corrosive in the dry state. |
| 闪点 | 280 °F (NTP, 1992)89 °C (192 °F) (closed cup)89 °C c.c.89°C |
| 沸点 | 264 °F at 20 mmHg (NTP, 1992)129 °C at 20 mm Hgat 2.6kPa: 129 °C264 °F at 20 mmHgDecomposes129 °C (20 mmHg) |
| 熔点 | 311 to 313 °F (NTP, 1992)155-156 °CMP: 146 °C /Commercial grade/312 °F156-158 °C(lit.) |
| 嗅觉阈值 | 5 mg/cu m |
| 蒸气压 | 0 mmHg at 68 °F approximately (NTP, 1992)0.0000172 [mmHg]1.72X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °CVapor pressure at 20 °C: negligible0.000008 mmHg0.000017 [mm Hg] @25 °C8 x 10-6 mmHg at 20 °C (NIOSH, 1997) |
| 亨利常数 | Henry's Law constant = 3.26X10-7 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C9.3×101 mol/(m3Pa) at 25℃, Mackay et al. (2006) |
| 折射率 | 1.5500 (estimate) |
| 储存条件 | under inert gas (argon) |
| 形态 | solid |
| pKa（酸度系数） | 0.87±0.50(Predicted) |
| 比热容 | Cp(crystal): 1.25 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Merck | 14,9371 |
| BRN | 1725821 |
| 暴露限值 | ACGIH:TLV-TWA 0.05 mg/m3 (0.005 ppm),Inhalable fraction and vaporOSHA:PEL-TWA 5 mg/m3NIOSH:REL-TWA 5 mg/m3 |
| 化妆品成分功效 | ANTIMICROBIAL |
| InChI | 1S/C6H12N2S4/c1-7(2)5(9)11-12-6(10)8(3)4/h1-4H3 |
| InChIKey | KUAZQDVKQLNFPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | CN(C)C(=S)SSC(=S)N(C)C |
| LogP（油水分配系数） | 1.730 |
| CAS 数据库 | 137-26-8(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| (IARC)致癌物分类 | 3 (Vol. Sup 7, 53) 1991 |
| NIST化学物质信息 | Thiram(137-26-8) |
| EPA化学物质信息 | Thiram (137-26-8) |
化学性质
纯品为无色结晶，无臭味。m.p.155～156℃，相对密度1.29。易溶于苯、氯仿（230g/L)、丙酮（80g/L、二硫化碳等有机溶剂，微溶于乙醚和乙醇（<10g/L)，不溶于水（30mg/L)。遇酸分解。工业品为白色或淡黄色粉末，m.p.146℃以上。
安全与法规
| GHS 分类 | WarningH302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]H373 **: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement) |
|---|---|
| 法规信息 | Chemical: Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide ([(H2N)C(S)]2S2), N,N,Nâ²,Nâ²-tetramethyl-Hazard Traits - NeurotoxicityAuthoritative List - IRIS NeurotoxicantsReport - if used as a fragrance or flavor ingredientRegulation (EC) No 396/2005 (amended)Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide ([(H2N)C(S)]2S2), N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl- is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide ([(H2N)C(S)]2S2), N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl- are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Thiram is listed in the dataset of EPA Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides under the Safe Drinking Water Act (40 eCFR 141)03/81/EC, Reg. (EU) 2016/2016, Reg. (EU) No 540/2011, Reg. (Eu) 2018/1500, Reg.(EU)2018/524 |
| 其他安全信息 | IMAP assessments - Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide ([(H2N)C(S)]2S2), tetramethyl-: Human health tier II assessment |
| 运输标签（DOT） | Poison |
| 火灾危害 | Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic and irritating oxides of sulfur are formed. Carbon disulfide may be formed from unburned material. (USCG, 1999)Combustible. Liquid formulations containing organic solvents may be flammable. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Finely dispersed particles form explosive mixtures in air. |
| 健康危害 | Inhalation of dust may cause respiratory irritation. Liquid irritates eyes and skin and may cause allergic eczema in sensitive individuals. Ingestion causes nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, all of which may be persistentparalysis may develop. (USCG, 1999) |
| 危害概述 | An irritant and a skin sensitizer, thiram is classified as slightly toxic. [EXTOXNET] No increased tumors in chronic studies of rodentsReproductive endpoints are not generally altered and the fetal animal does not appear to be more sensitive. [ACGIH] The EBCDCs (ethylenebisdithiocarbamates) can cause irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. EBDCs include ferbam, vapam, maneb, mancozeb, zineb, thiram, and ziram. They are also used as rubber accelerators. Ethylene thiourea (ETU), which may contaminate EBCDCs, is carcinogenic and teratogenic in animal experiments. [LaDou, p. 610] ETU is the major metabolite of EBDCs. [Krieger, p. 1690] See the agent, Ethylene thiourea. |
| 运输编号与指南（DOT） | 2771 151 |
| FDA 要求 | Thiram is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives. |
| 反应性基团 | Thiocarbamate Esters and Salts/Dithiocarbamate Esters and Salts |
| 欧共体分类 | Symbol: Xn, NR: 20/22-36/38-43-48/22-50/53S: (2)-26-36/37-60-61 |
| 联合国分类 | UN Hazard Class: 9UN Pack Group: III |
| Special Reports | California Environmental Protection Agency/Department of Pesticide RegulationToxicology Data Review Summaries. Available from: http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/toxsums/toxsumlist.htm on Thiram (137-26-8) as of April 20, 2005.USEPA/Office of Pesticide ProgramsReregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Thiram. September 2004. The RED summarizes the risk assessment conclusions and outlines any risk reduction measures necessary for the pesticide to continue to be registered in the U.S.[Available from, as of June 1, 2005: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm] |
| 消防 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzlesif this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide. |
| 急救措施 | Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention . |
| 急救 | EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated areatake deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be usedif not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)(General first aid procedures)Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.Skin: Soap wash promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.Breathing: Respiratory supportSwallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. |
| 安全储存 | Separated from acids, strong oxidants and food and feedstuffs. Dry. Keep in a well-ventilated room. |
| 暴露控制与个人防护 | 1.0 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction[German Research Foundation (DFG)] |
| 灭火程序 | Fire Fighting: Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. |
| 储存条件 | Keep out of reach of children. Keep away from food, drink and animal feeding stuffs. |
| 清理方法 | If thiram is spilled, the following steps should be taken: 1. Ventilate area of spill. 2. For small quantities, sweep onto paper or other suitable material, place in an appropriate container. Quantities may be reclaimed.Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents.Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Land spill: dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane,or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. Apply "universal" gelling agent to immobilize spill. Apply appropriate foam to diminish vapor and fire hazard.Environmental considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. |
| 非火灾泄漏应对 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. For solids, prevent dust cloud and avoid inhalation of dust. (ERG, 2024) |
| 处置方法 | Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U244, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.Thiram may be disposed of: 1. By making packages of thiram in paper or other flammable material and burning in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. 2. By dissolving thiram in a flammable solvent (such as alcohol) and atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device.Thiram can be dissolved in alcohol or other flammable solvents and burned in an incinerator with an afterburner and scrubber. Recommendable method: Incineration.Incineration: Waste thiram should be disposed of by incineration. Bags should be thoroughly emptied before disposal. Empty bottles and drums should be thoroughly drained and triple rinsed. "Triple rinse" means the flushing of containers three times, each time using a volume of the normal diluent equal to approx ten percent of the container's capacity, and adding the rinse liquid to the spray mixture or disposing of it by a method prescribed for disposing of the pesticide. |
| 泄漏处置 | Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. |
| Preventive Measures | Avoid long-term exposure, even to small quantities ... . Do not consume alcohol on a day when thiram is used.Eating and smoking should not be permitted in areas where thiram is handled, processed or stored.Persons not wearing protective equipment and clothing should be restricted from areas of spills until cleanup has been completed.Clothing contaminated with thiram should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of thiram from the clothing. If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the thiram, the person performing the operation should be informed of thiram's hazardous properties.For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for THIRAM (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 相互作用 | Like most dithiocarbamates, thiram induces accumulation of acetaldehyde in blood of rats receiving ethanol at same time. Its reaction with nitrite at acid pH in stomachs of guinea pigs in vivo gives rise to n-nitrosodimethylamine.Simultaneous admin of thiram and 10 mg/animal L-cysteine ip from day 5-15 of pregnancy resulted in significant decrease both in severity and in number of embryopathies.Possible interactions between thiram and some drugs, ie, promethazine, meprobamate, and trihexyphenidyl, acting on the central nervous system were studied in rats by behavioral methods. Promethazine also inhibited orientation hypermotility, open-field behavior, and learning ability of rats only in high doses. A 10 mg/kg dose of thiram induced only a moderate decrease in the behavioral activity. In combination the inhibitory effect significantly increased. Thus, there was a definite synergism between the two. The dose-dependent decrease in the behavioral parameters from meprobamate was enhanced to a great extent by combination with thiram. The rate of interaction (synergism) was less than that seen for promethazine. Pretreatment with thiram before trihexylphenidyl (stimulation at < 40 mg/kg and inhibition at higher dose) resulted in the suspension of psychostimulant-like effect of the drug and enhancement of the inhibition. The pesticide-drug interaction was in all cases dose dependent.Lead concentrations in blood and brain were measured in rats exposed to lead via drinking water, 0.25% lead (12 mM), and dithiocarbamate/thiram derivatives administered by gavage singly or in combination for 6 weeks. Diethyldithiocarbamate and dimethyldithiocarbamate were given in doses of 0.2 mmol/kg and thiram and disulfiram in doses of 0.1 mmol/kg twice a week. In rats that received lead + dithiocarbamate/thiram derivatives lead concentrations in blood and brain were significantly increaseddisulfiram being most effective in increasing lead levels, followed by thiram, dimethyldithiocarbamate and diethyldithiocarbamate. In blood, lead levels were increased 3-fold and in brain almost 4-fold after treatment with lead + disulfiram compared to treatment with lead alone. When rats were given diethyldithiocarbamate or thiram by gavage (0.1 mmol/kg/day 5 days a week for 2 weeks) after cessation of the lead treatment, there was no increase in blood lead levels but in thiram-treated rats brain lead concentration was increased 2.7-fold. In rats treated with diethyldithiocarbamate ip after cessation of lead treatment, both blood and brain concentration of lead were increased. Apparently, combined exposure of lead and dithiocarbamate/thiram derivative causes a substantial increase in brain levels of lead which are not always reflected in increases of blood lead levels. This interaction effect ought to be taken into consideration when evaluating the health effects of environmental and occupational lead exposure.For more Interactions (Complete) data for THIRAM (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 靶器官 | NervousEyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system |
| 生态毒性数值 | LD50 Anas Platyrhynchos (Mallard duck, female 3 month old) oral >2800 mg/kg /sample purity >/=99%/LD50 Phasianus colchicus (Ring-necked pheasant, male 3-4 months old) oral 673 mg/kg (95% confidence limit: 485-932 mg/kg) /sample purity >/= 99%/LD50 /Agelaius phoeniceus/ (Redwing blackbird) oral >100 mg/kgLC50 Cyprinus carpio (carp) 4 mg/l. /Conditions of bioassay not specified/For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for THIRAM (32 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 环境归趋 | TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a measured Koc value of 676(2) indicates that thiram is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of thiram from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 3.26X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(3). Thiram is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an a vapor pressure of 1.72X10-5 mm Hg(2). The rate constant for the photolysis of thiram in soil has been reported to be 0.0346 per day(7). This rate constant corresponds to a half-life of 20 days(SRC). Microbial degradation in soil is expected since thiram has been reported to degrade faster in unsterilized soil than in sterilized soilhowever, degradation rates were not specified(4). Half-lives for thiram measured during soil field studies range from 1 day to 15 weeks(5,6).TERRESTRIAL FATE: Thiram, at a concentration of 180 ppm thoroughly distributed in soil, had a half-life of 1-2 days(1). However, when it was added as a dressing on 0.7 mm glass beads, approximately 10% degradation was observed after 21 days(1). Thiram applied to soil at 100 and 1000 ppm persisted for 4 and >32 weeks, respectively(2). In soil with humus content less than or equal to 1.2%, an initial lag in the decomposition of thiram has been observed(3). Thiram persisted over two months in sandy soil, but disappeared within one week in a compost soil(2). In addition, thiram has been more persistent in sandy soil than laterite and alluvial soils(2). The half-life of thiram applied to bareground and turf plots of sandy loam soil (pH 8.2-9.6) were 27.4 days and 14.4 days, respectively, during terrestrial field studies in California(4). Degradation was biphasic, with rapid initial degradation during the first week followed by much slower degradation(4). Half-lives of thiram applied to bareground (pH 4.1-4.7) and turf plots (pH 4.4-4.5) of sandy loam soil were 36 days and 62.5 days, respectively, during terrestrial field studies in North Carolina(4). In sandy soil humus at pH 3.5, thiram was largely decomposed after 4-5 weeks(5). Thiram decomposed after 14-15 weeks in soil at pH 7.0(5). Persistence of thiram in soil was much greater at 1000 ppm than at 100 ppm in soil(6). However, many of the soil microflora were killed at these concentrations(6).AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 676(2), indicates that thiram is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.26X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(4). According to a classification scheme(5), BCF values of 1.1-4.4(6) suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). The hydrolysis half-lives measured for thiram at pH 5, pH 7 and pH 9 were 68.5 days, 3.5 days, and 6.9 hours, respectively(7). The rate constant for the photolysis of thiram in water has been reported to be 3.8 per day, which corresponds to a half-life of 4.3 hours(8). Biodegradation is not expected to be an important fate process in water(SRC) based on 2.8% to 30% degradation after 20 days in screening tests using sewage sludge innocula(6,9,10). The half-life of thiram measured during a monitoring study conducted on the Po River in Italy was 15 days(11).ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), thiram, which has a vapor pressure of 1.72X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase thiram is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC)the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1 hour(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.62X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase thiram may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). |
| 不良影响 | Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable. |
| 暴露途径 | The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact |
| Average Daily Intake | The acute dietary exposure for the general U.S. population has been estimated to be 0.019022 mg/kg/day(1). The chronic dietary exposure for the general U.S. population has been estimated to be 0.000121 mg/kg/day(1).The estimated daily intakes of dithiocarbamates (including thiram) for Danish farmers with low (166 farmers), medium (39 farmers), and high (46 farmers) consumption of organically grown foods were 12.747, 12.995, and 4.432 ug/person-day, respectively(1). |
| 生态毒性摘录 | /BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Mallards showed transient ataxia only. Pheasants showed tachypnea, wing drop, reluctance to move, fluffed feathers, ptosis, diarrhea, tremors like those produced by chlorinated organic compounds, immobility. /sample purity > or = 99%//AQUATIC SPECIES/ Acute toxicity experiments (24, 48, 72, and 96 hours) were carried out with an aqueous suspension of thiram. Animal sensitivity was variable. The six species can be classified according to increasing sensitivity as follows: Asellus, Lymnaea, Gammarus and Cloeon larvae at one level, Dugesia and Xenopus larvae. The spectrum of thiram activity is in the range of 10 ppb to 5000-6000 ppm. Thus, thiram presents a real threat to freshwater fauna./AQUATIC SPECIES/ Thiram, a dithiocarbamate fungicide, evolved to dimethylnitrosamine when associated with nitrites. Conditions of appearance of the carcinogenic compound were studied in short-term experiments by association of the fungicide, nitrates or nitrites, and species representative of freshwater biota. Dimethylnitrosamine was estimated by GLC equipped with a specific detector. Chlorella vulgaris can rapidly produce nitrites from nitrates and dimethylnitrosamine is obtained in presence of thiram. Daphnia magna can also synthesize dimethylnitrosamine but nitrites have to be added to the medium. Increased toxicity of thiram is observed. The same results are obtained on Cyprinus carpio and for a part on Brachydanio rerio. When the species are associated in a 15-day experimental food chain, and intoxicated algae feed the 2 other levels, no significant transfer is observed. Some dimethylnitrosamine hazard may exist for particular species exposed to thiram associated with nitrites or even nitrates if algae are present. |
| Signs and Symptoms | Confusion. Cough. Dizziness. Headache. Sore throat.Redness.Redness. Pain.See Inhalation.irritation eyes, skin, mucous membranedermatitisAntabuse-like effects |
| ICSC Environmental Data | The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. Avoid release to the environment in circumstances different to normal use. |
| EPA IRIS Information | ThiramNervous5 x 10 ^-3 mg/kg-day |
| Medical Surveillance | Placement and periodic medical examinations should give special attention to history of skin allergy, eye irritation, and significant respiratory, liver, or kidney disease. SRP: Special counseling for employees with history of heavy alcohol ingestion regarding potential exposure to thiram. |
| RCRA 要求 | U244As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when thiram, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5). |
| TSCA 要求 | Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Thiram is included on this list. |
| FIFRA 要求 | Tolerances for residues of the fungicide thiram (tetramethyl thiuram disulfide) in or on raw agricultural commodities are established as follows: apple, peach, and strawberry.The Agency has completed its assessment of the dietary, occupational, residential, and ecological risk associated with the use of pesticide products containing the active ingredient thiram. Based on a review of these data and on public comments on the Agency's assessments for the active ingredient thiram, the Agency has sufficient information on the human health and ecological effects of thiram to make decisions as part of the tolerance reassessment process under FFDCA and reregistration process under FIFRA, as amended by FQPA. The Agency has determined that thiram containing products are eligible for reregistration provided that: (i) current data gaps and confirmatory data needs are addressed(ii) the risk mitigation measures outlined in this document are adoptedand (iii) label amendments are made to reflect these measures.As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Thiram is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA, as amended in 1988. Case No: 0122Pesticide type: fungicideRegistration Standard Date: 06/29/84Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.Active ingredient (AI): ThiramData Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 09/16/91, 03/03/95, 10/13/95AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner. |
| CERCLA 应报告数量 | Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 10 lb or 4.54 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b). |
| 州饮用水指南 | (FL) FLORIDA 35 ug/L(ME) MAINE 35 ug/L |
| 水危害等级（WGK） | 3 |
| TSCA 清单状态 | TSCA listed |
| 毒性 | LD50 orally in rats: 640 mg/kg (Gaines) |
| RTECS 号 | JO1400000 |
| 包装类别 | III |
| 危险类别 | 9Acute Tox. 4 InhalationAcute Tox. 4 OralAquatic Acute 1Aquatic Chronic 1Eye Irrit. 2Skin Irrit. 2Skin Sens. 1STOT RE 2 Oral |
| 储存类别 | 13 - Non Combustible Solids |
| 安全说明（S） | 26-36/37-60-61 |
| 海关编码 | 29303000 |
| 自燃温度 | 316 °F |
| 危险品标志 | Xn,N |
| 危险类别码（R） | 20/22-36/38-43-48/22-50/53 |
| 毒害物质数据 | 137-26-8(Hazardous Substances Data) |
| 职业暴露等级（OEB） | B |
| 职业暴露限值（OEL） | TWA: 5 mg/m3 |
| 运输编号（UN） | UN 2771/2811 |
| 立即危及生命和健康浓度 | 100 mg/m3 |
急性毒性
口服-大鼠 LD50: 560 毫克/公斤; 口服-小鼠 LD50: 1250 毫克/公斤
刺激数据
眼睛-兔子 100 毫克/24小时 中度
职业标准
TWA 5 毫克/立方米; STEL 10 毫克/立方米
可燃性危险特性
受热分解有毒氧化氮、氧化硫气体
储运特性
库房通风低温干燥; 与食品原料分开储运
灭火剂
砂土、干粉、泡沫
用途与应用
应用
目前，橡胶促进剂TMTD是噻唑类促进剂优良的第二促进剂，也可与其他促进剂并用作连续硫化胶粒的促进剂，通常也可与促进剂MBT(M)并用，其情况与丁基胶的硫化基本相似。该促进剂主要用于制造轮胎、内胎、胶鞋、医疗用品、电缆、工业橡胶制品等，在农业上用作杀菌剂和杀虫剂，也可用作润滑油添加剂。
用途
福美双属广谱的保护性杀菌剂，残效期达7d左右。主要用于处理种子和土壤，防治禾谷类作物白粉病、黑穗病、稻秧苗立枯病，也可用于一些果树、蔬菜病害。如用50%可湿性粉剂500g拌种，可防治稻瘟病，稻胡麻叶斑病，大麦、小麦黑穗病。
用途
该品作为农药通常称为福美双，主要用于处理种子和土壤，防治禾谷类白粉病、黑穗病及蔬菜病害。该品作为天然胶、合成胶及胶乳的超促进剂，通常称促进剂TMTD，是秋兰姆硫化促进剂的代表，占同类产品总量的85%。作为天然胶、二烯类合成胶、Ⅱ、R、EPDM的超级促进剂，是利用率最高的一种。硫化促进力非常强，但无氧化锌存在时，则完全不硫化。
用途
适合于天然胶、合成胶、乳胶、并可用作硫化剂。本品是噻唑类促进剂优良的第二促进剂，可与其它促进剂并用，作为连续硫化胶料的促进剂。
用途
橡胶工业中用作超硫化促进剂，常与噻唑类促进剂并用，也可与其它促进剂并用作为连续胶料的促进剂。因在100℃以上即缓缓分解出游离硫，故可作硫化剂。制品的耐老化性和耐热性极好。适用于天然胶、合成胶。主要用于制造轮胎、内胎、胶鞋、电缆等工业制品。农业上用作杀菌剂和杀虫剂，也可用作润滑油添加剂。
制备与合成方法
生产方法
由二甲胺、二硫化碳、氨水进行缩合反应得二甲基二硫代氨基甲酸铵，再经双氧水氧化为成品。
生产方法
福美钠的制备 二甲胺盐酸盐和二硫化碳在氢氧化钠存在下生成二甲氨基二硫代甲酸钠（福美钠），反应温度50～55℃，pH值为8～9。福美双的制备 福美钠（或福美铵）与双氧水在硫酸存在下生成福美双，温度控制在10℃以下，终点pH值3～4。也可用氯气代替双氧水和硫酸，反应在筛板塔中进行，氯气经稀释从塔底部进入，塔顶喷淋5%福美钠溶液，称氯气-空气氧化法。也可采用亚硝酸钠氧化法或电解氧化法。