Nonachlor

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Ranking: 418 (total points: 516.65)

Ranking: 476 (total points: 420.35)

Human breast adipose tissues were examined for 13 components and metabolites of technical chlordane. The geometric mean concn of heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane, and trans-nonachlor were 48, 88, and 120 ng/g of fat, respectively. These concn increased with the subject's age, but were not much different from 1970-1980 values. The nanochlors and the pentachlorocyclopentene chlordanes are the most highly retained compounds in people, when compared to their abundances in technical people was compared to its accumulation in other mammals, in fishes, and in invertebrates by using a calculated parent/metabolite ratio. The sources of chlordane exposure were evaluated, and it was concluded that exposure to chlordane in indoor air was an important source of these components to the USA population.

Blood and milk of lactating females were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides. Samples were collected 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, and 94 days postpartum. Extracts were fractionated, and residues of the chemicals were identified. Milk/blood ratios were determined, and infant body burden for residues was estimated. There was a downward trend in the concn of polychlorinated biphenyls in blood, but the differences were not significant over the entire test period. A correlation between lipid concn and lactation time was observed with p,p'-DDT and hexachlorobenzene. In breast milk all residues increased during the first 30 days of lactation, and some rose again near day 84. There was a significant decrease in oxychlordane, trans-nonachlor, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclohexane, p,p'-DDT, and 2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene. Polychlorinated biphenyls and 2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene ratios were fairly constant during lactation compared with other residue ratios. No correlation was observed between milk and blood residue values. Theoretical accumulation curves for residue per gram of body fat were estimated. The authors conclude that infant body burden reaches adult values within 3 months of suckling milk from contaminated mothers.

Detection of chlordane and its residues in fresh human blood samples of normal subjects by a highly sensitive analytical technique with a detection limit of 0.01 ppb were reported. Blood donors included 22 male and 21 female healthy medical students, researchers, and office workers of the University of Tokushima. A histogram showed that the concn of each compound exhibited a distribution close to the logarithm of the normal type. Subsequent computations were performed on values obtained by logarithmic conversion. No sex differences in blood levels were found. Significant correlations were found between trans-nonachlor and oxychlordane, between trans-chlordane and cis-chlordane, and between cis-chlordane and cis-nonachlor. Subjects whose homes had been treated for termite control in recent years had high oxychlordane and trans-nonachlor levels. These values were also elevated in the group who indicated that they ate a large amount of fish. Subjects with no likelihood of chlordane exposure had low blood levels of chlordane residues, apparently from food. The authors conclude that oxychlordane and trans-nonachlor appear to be major terminal residues in the blood. Trans-chlordane levels were similarly elevated in blood, but differed in adipose tissue or breast milk. There was a high correlation between the trans-chlordane level and the cis-chlordane and cis-nonachlor levels.

A survey in Bloomington, IN from 1987-1988 found human breast adipose tissue contained nonachlor in varying amounts depending on age with the general tendency for concentration to increase with age(1). Blood samples from 240 (125 female) patients in Japan contained, on average, 0.36 ng/g and 0.28 ng/g of nonachlor for male and female patients, respectively(2); the concentration increased with the age of the patient. A study in Saga City, Japan found nonachlor in human adipose tissues ranging in concentration from 29 to 230 ng/g for 24 subjects(3).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 56,000(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 6.20(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that nonachlor is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of nonachlor from moist soil surfaces is expected to be a potential fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.5X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). Nonachlor is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.00X10-6 mm Hg(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 56,000(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 6.20(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that nonachlor is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.5X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using the Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 days and 31 days, respectively(SRC). Volatilization of nonachlor is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to sediments; a half-life of 220 years has been estimated for a model pond when adsorption is considered(5). Hydrolysis is not expected to be a substantial environmental fate process since similar chlorine-containing pesticides are not readily hydrolyzed(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 30,000(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), nonachlor, which has an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.0X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase nonachlor is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 23 hr(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.6X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase nonachlor may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). A photolysis study demonstrated that nonachlor will decompose on exposure to artificial light (>300 nm)(4); the results indicate that nonachlor will be susceptible to direct photolysis in the environmental UV spectrum(SRC).

A study in 1977 of foodstuffs in the US found three of the foods contained detectable amounts of nonachlor (no amount available)(1). A similar study in 2000 found nonachlor was a common contaminant in Chinese foodstuffs, specifically aquatic foods were more heavily contaminated(2).

Lactating females were analyzed for contamination of breast milk with nonachlor, the study found the presence of nonachlor in the breast milk of all sixteen patients ranging from 0.9 to 1.2 ng/g(1).

Blood and milk of lactating females were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides. Samples were collected 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, and 94 days postpartum. Extracts were fractionated, and residues of the chemicals were identified. Milk/blood ratios were determined, and infant body burden for residues was estimated. There was a downward trend in the concn of polychlorinated biphenyls in blood, but the differences were not significant over the entire test period. A correlation between lipid concn and lactation time was observed with p,p'-DDT and hexachlorobenzene. In breast milk all residues increased during the first 30 days of lactation, and some rose again near day 84. There was a significant decrease in oxychlordane, trans-nonachlor, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclohexane, p,p'-DDT, and 2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene. Polychlorinated biphenyls and 2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene ratios were fairly constant during lactation compared with other residue ratios. No correlation was observed between milk and blood residue values. Theoretical accumulation curves for residue per gram of body fat were estimated. The /results suggest/ that infant body burden reaches adult values within 3 months of suckling milk from contaminated mothers.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Nonachlor had a very low order of toxicity, killing only 1 of 12 birds dosed at 100 ppm for 35 days 3 others died and 1 was incapacitated during a short period of food deprivation.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Twenty three ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) found dead or moribund in the eastern United States during 1975-1982 were necropsied and selected tissues were analyzed for organochlorines and metals. Major causes or factors contributing to death were trauma, impact injuries, and emaciation. DDE was detected in 96% of the osprey carcases, DDD in 65%, DDT and heptachlor epoxide in 13%, dieldrin, oxychlordane, and cis-nonachlor in 35%, cis-chlordane in 52%, trans-nonachlor in 45%, and polychlorinated biphenyls in 83%. Carcasses of immature ospreys from the Chesapeake Bay had significantly lower concn of DDE, DDD + DDT, cis-chlordane, and polychlorinated biphenyls than carcasses of adults from the same area. Concn of some organochlorines in ospreys from the Chesapeake Bay declined significantly from 1971-1973 to 1975-1982. Significant differences in concn of certain metals in the ospreys' livers were noted between time periods, and sex and age groups for birds from the Chesapeake Bay. During 1975-1982, adults ha significantly lower concn of chromium, copper, and arsenic than immatures and nestlings, and adult males had higher mercury concn than adult females. Adult females had lower zinc concn in 1975-1982 than in 1971-1973. Immatures and nestlings had higher concn of chromium and lead in 1975-1982 than in 1971-1973. A slightly elevated concn of chromium (1.7 ppm) or arsenic (3.2 ppm) was found in the livers of individual ospreys. Several ospreys had elevated concn of mercury in their livers; two ospreys had more than 20 ppm which may have contributed to their deaths.

BIRDS: A nation wide study of pesticide contaminants in the eggshells of clapper rail, common gallinule, purple gallinule and limpkin eggs found only trace amounts of nonachlor in nine of forty-nine clapper rail eggs from New Jersey(1). Black-crowned night heron eggs from Wyoming and Colorado were analyzed for organochlorine content; twenty-four of the eggs were found to contain nonachlor in concentrations from 0.08-0.14 ppm(2). In 1990, a study of night heron and egret eggs in California found concentrations of nonachlor ranging from not detected to 0.24 ng/g in 43 of 87 eggs sampled(3).

MAMMALS: A study of polar bears in various arctic regions found the mean concentration of nonachlor was 400 ug/kg for the 320 bears sampled (182 females) in 1989-90(1).

Chlordane has been widely used to protect soil and house foundations against termite infestation. Pest control operators are occupationally exposed to chlordane. The relationship between chlordane and its metabolites in blood of pest control operators and spraying conditions were investigated. Chlordane and its metabolites were detected in the blood of some chlordane-exposed pest control operators, but not in that of the controls. Trans-nonachlor and the metabolites oxychlordane and heptachlor epoxide were detected in the blood of pest control operators. Total concentrations of chlordane and its metabolites in blood (trans-nonachlor + oxychlordane + heptachlor epoxide) was less than 5.6 ppb (mean: 0.89 ppb). The concentration of chlordane and its metabolites in blood of chlodane-exposed pest control operators was significantly correlated with the number of spraying days and the amount of chlordane sprayed, particularly with a large correlation coefficient (r= 0.81, p< 0.001) with the spraying days in the three months prior to the medical examination. The concentration of chlordane and its metabolites in blood is considered to be a useful indicator of biological monitoring for chlordane exposed workers.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Earliest signs of poisoning are increased sensitivity to stimuli due to hyperexcitability of the central nervous system, generalized hyperactive reflexes, muscle twitching, tremor, incoordination, ataxia, and clonic convulsions with or without coma. Cycles of excitement and depression may be repeated several times. Liver damage as a possible late manifestation. Anorexia and weight loss. Severe gastroenteritis has been described in one of the fatal human poisonings. /Chlordane/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... Symptoms of poisoning result from stimulation of CNS and include headache, blurred vision, dizziness, slight involuntary muscular movements, sweating, insomnia, bad dreams, nausea, and general malaise. More severe illness is characterized by jerking of muscles or groups of muscles and epileptiform convulsions, with loss of consciousness, involuntary incontinence of urine and feces, disorientation, personality changes, psychic disturbances, and loss of memory. Such seizures may recur for 2-4 months after cessation of exposure & are marked by abnormal encephalographic patterns. /Cyclodiene insecticides/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Organochlorines are CNS stimulators that produce apprehension, excitability, paresthesias, dizziness, headache, disorientation, and tremor progressing to stupor, coma, and convulsions in severe cases. Organochlorines may enhance myocardial irritability, leading to cardiac dysrhythmias after heavy exposures. Serious complications involve seizures with resultant hypoxemia, severe metabolic acidosis, and death. Intoxication from acute oral exposures generally begins within 45 minutes to several hours. Subacute toxicity has been reported after the extensive and careless use of ... /organochlorines/ over several weeks. Symptoms included paresthesias, anorexia, nausea, fatigue, and malaise. /Organochlorines/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Clinical manifestations following ingestion include apprehension, agitation, vomiting, gastrointestinal upset, abdominal pain, and CNS depression. Convulsions may occur at higher doses and may be preceded by symptoms of ataxia, muscle spasms, and fasciculations. /Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides/

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for NONACHLOR (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Component of technical chlordane and heptachlor; [HSDB]

Not registered as a pesticide for use in the US; [HSDB]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For nonachlor (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 044802) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Insecticide

Constituent of technical chlordane and technical heptachlor. /trans- Nonachlor/

The approximate composition of technical chlordane is as follows: trans-chlordane (gamma-chlordane), 24%; chlordene isomers, 21.5%; cis-chlordane (alpha-chlordane), 19%; heptachlor, 10%; nonachlor, 7%; diels-alder adduct of cyclopentadiene and pentachlorocyclopentadiene, 2%; hexachlorocyclopentadiene, 1%; octachlorocyclopentene, 1%; miscellaneous constituents, 15.5%. /technical grade chlordane/