| GHS-Einstufung | This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 8.9% (22 of 247) of reports.DangerH226 (29.1%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]P210, P233, P234, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P390, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, P406, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 247 reports by companies from 17 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies. |
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| Regulatorische Informationen | Chemical: 1,4-ButanediamineCommission Regulation (EC) No 2229/20041,4-Butanediamine is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of 1,4-Butanediamine are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)2008/127, Reg. (EU) 2022/801, Reg. (EU) No 540/2011, Reg. (EU) No 571/2012Status: Active Update: 27-11-2014 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/113881,4-Diaminobutane: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard |
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| Weitere Sicherheitsinformationen | Evaluation - Chemicals that are unlikely to require further regulation to manage risks to environment |
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| Gefahrenübersicht | Corrosive to rabbit skinCauses severe damage to rabbit eyes[ToxPlanet: EFSA: DAR - Vol. 1] Cause muscle contraction or spasticity in intraperitoneal lethal-doses studies of miceCauses somnolence, ptosis, and urine changes in oral lethal-dose studies of rats[RTECS] Causes burnsInhalation may cause corrosive injuries to upper respiratory tract and lungsHarmful by ingestion and skin absorptionToxic by inhalationReproductive effects observed in experimental animals[Alfa Aesar MSDS] |
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| Luftstandards | This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Tetramethylenediamine is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart. |
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| NFPA Hazard Classification | 2 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause temporary incapacitation or residual injury.0 - Materials that will not burn under typical fire conditions, including intrinsically noncombustible materials such as concrete, stone, and sand.0 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions. |
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| Toxic Combustion Products | Emits toxic fumes under fire conditions. /1,4-Diaminobutane dihydrochloride 97%/ |
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| Hazard Classes and Categories | Flam. Liq. 3 (29.1%) |
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| Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations | Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. /1,4-Diaminobutane dihydrochloride 97%/ |
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| Brandbekämpfungsverfahren | Water spray. Carbon dioxide, dry chemical powder, or appropriate foam. Protective Equipment: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and protective clothing to prevent contact with skin and eyes. /1,4-Diaminobutane dihydrochloride 97%/ |
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| Lagerbedingungen | Hygroscopic. Keep tightly closed. /1,4-Diaminobutane dihydrochloride 97%/ |
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| Reinigungsverfahren | Sweep up, place in a bag and hold for waste disposal. Avoid raising dust. Ventilate area and wash spill site after material pickup is complete. /1,4-Diaminobutane dihydrochloride 97%/ |
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| Entsorgungsverfahren | SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air qualitypotential migration in soil or watereffects on animal and plant lifeand conformance with environmental and public health regulations.Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Observe all federal, state, and local environmental regulations. /1,4-Diaminobutane dihydrochloride 97%/ |
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| Preventive Measures | Do not breathe dust. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing. Avoid prolonged or repeated exposure. /1,4-Diaminobutane dihydrochloride 97%/SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal. |
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| Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) | PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT Respiratory: Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU). Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a dust mask type N95 (US) or type P1 (EN 143) respirator. Hand: Compatible chemical-resistant gloves. Eye: Chemical safety goggles. /1,4-Diaminobutane dihydrochloride 97%/ |
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| Treatment | Kidney dialysis is usually needed to relieve the symptoms of uremic syndrome until normal kidney function can be restored. |
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| Wechselwirkungen | Histamine poisoning can result from the ingestion of food containing unusually high levels of histamine. ... Histamine poisoning is characterized by a short incubation period, a short duration, and symptoms resembling those associated with allergic reactions. The evidence supporting the role of histamine as the causative agent is compelling. ... Histamine ingested with spoiled fish appears to be much more toxic than histamine ingested in an aqueous solution. The presence of potentiators of histamine toxicity in the spoiled fish may account for this difference in toxicity. Several potentiators including other putrefactive amines such as putrescine and cadaverine have been identified. Pharmacologic potentiators may also existaminoguanidine and isoniazid are examples. The mechanism of action of these potentiators appears to be the inhibition of intestinal histamine-metabolizing enzymes. This enzyme inhibition causes a decrease in histamine detoxification in the intestinal mucosa and results in increased intestinal uptake and urinary excretion of unmetabolized histamine. |
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| Gesundheitliche Auswirkungen | Chronic exposure to uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. |
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| Ökotoxizitätswerte | LD50Species: Peromyscus maniculatus (Deer Mouse) oral 1600 mg/kg |
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| Umweltverhalten | TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 49(SRC), determined from a log Kow of -3.42(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that putrescine is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). However, the pKa of putrescine is 10.80(4), indicating that this compound will almost entirely exist in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Putrescine is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2.3 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(6). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2010).AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 49(SRC), determined from a log Kow of -3.42(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that putrescine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). A pKa of 10.80(4) indicates putrescine will exist almost entirely in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2010).ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), putrescine, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 2.33 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase putrescine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC)the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6 hrs(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 6.6X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Putrescine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4), and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). |
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| Lebensmitteluntersuchungswerte | Putrescine levels in fresh pork and beef meat were not detected to 0.6 mg/kg and not detected to 1.75 mg/kg, respectively. Levels in cooked ham and mortadella were not detected to 3.9 mg/kg and not detected to 3.9 mg/kg, respectively. The putrescine content in ripened meat products ranged from 31.6 to 361.9 mg/kg chorizo and 85.9 to 184.5 mg/kg in salchichon(1). |
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| Unerwünschte Wirkungen | Dermatotoxin - Skin burns. |
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| Expositionspfade | Endogenous, Ingestion, Dermal (contact) |
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| Toxizitätsübersicht | IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Putrescine is found as colorless oil or crystals or leaflets with a strong piperidine like odor. It is very soluble in water. This chemical is used as a tool in biochemical research and as a chemical intermediate, complexing agent, catalyst in resin technology and synthesis of quaternary ammonium compounds. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Putrescine is a skin, eye and respiratory irritant. Occupational exposure to putrescine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where it is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to putrescine by ingestion of certain meats. ANIMAL STUDIES: Putrescine caused a dose related decrease in blood pressure after intravenous administration in rats. The subacute toxicity of putrescine was examined in rats. Putrescine was administered in the diets. Adverse effects were also observed in the high dose group which included decreased body weights associated with diminished food intake was observed.Uremic toxins such as putrescine are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Increased levels of uremic toxins can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. This seems to be mediated by the direct binding or inhibition by uremic toxins of the enzyme NADPH oxidase (especially NOX4 which is abundant in the kidneys and heart) (A7868). Reactive oxygen species can induce several different DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) which are involved in the silencing of a protein known as KLOTHO. KLOTHO has been identified as having important roles in anti-aging, mineral metabolism, and vitamin D metabolism. A number of studies have indicated that KLOTHO mRNA and protein levels are reduced during acute or chronic kidney diseases in response to high local levels of reactive oxygen species (A7869). |
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| Plant Concentrations | Putrescine was detected, not quantified in unspecified freshwater and marine algae(1). |
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| Signs and Symptoms | As a uremic toxin, this compound can cause uremic syndrome. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma. Abnormal bleeding, such as bleeding spontaneously or profusely from a very minor injury can also occur. Heart problems, such as an irregular heartbeat, inflammation in the sac that surrounds the heart (pericarditis), and increased pressure on the heart can be seen in patients with uremic syndrome. Shortness of breath from fluid buildup in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural effusion) can also be present. |
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| Effluent Concentrations | Putrescine was tested for but not detected in gasoline nor diesel exhaust(1). |
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| Alarmwort | Achtung |
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| Gefahrenhinweise | Code Gefahrenhinweise Gefahrenklasse Abteilung Alarmwort Symbol P-Code H290 |
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