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Pyridine
PY · PYR · AA · Azine · azabenzene · 4-(N-Boc-aminomethyl)-2-Bromopyridine · 2-PROPENOL · FEMA 2966
Identifikatoren & physikalische Daten
| CAS No. | 110-86-1 |
|---|---|
| Summenformel | C5H5N |
| Durchschnittliche Molmasse | 79,1 g/mol |
| Monoisotopische Masse | 79,04219916 g/mol |
| SMILES | c1ccncc1 |
| InChIKey | JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 1049 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL266158 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:16227 |
| EC No. | 203-809-9 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID9021924 |
| Lokaler Name | Pyridin |
Chemische & physikalische Eigenschaften
| XLogP | 0,7 |
|---|---|
| Polarare Oberfläche (TPSA) | 12,9 |
| H-Brücken-Donoren | 0 |
| H-Brücken-Akzeptoren | 1 |
| Frei drehbare Bindungen | 0 |
| Schwere Atome | 6 |
| Formalladung | 0 |
| Komplexität | 30,9 |
| Stoffklassen | Nitrogen Compounds -> PyridinesFlammable agents - 3rd degree |
| pH | 8.5 (0.2 molar soln in water)8.81 (H2O, 20℃) |
| SpringerMaterials Properties | 15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum |
| Duftstoffe | Fragrance Ingredient (Pyridine) -> IFRA transparency List |
| Pestizide | Pesticide -> EPA IRIS |
| LogP (Verteilungskoeffizient) | log Kow = 0.65 |
| Geruch | Sharp, nauseatingBurnt, sickeningNauseating fish-like odor. |
| Geschmack | AMINE TASTE |
| Lebensmittelzusatzstoffe | FLAVOR ENHANCER, FLAVORING AGENT OR ADJUVANT -> FDA Substance added to food |
| Dichte | 0.983 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than waterwill float0.98272 @ 20 °C/4 °CRelative density (water = 1): 0.980.9827 @ 20°C0.978 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.) |
| Color/Form | Colorless to yellow liquid. |
| Löslichkeit | greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 70.7 °F (NTP, 1992)Miscible with water @ 20 °CMiscible with ... alcohol, ether, and petroleum ether, oils and many organic liquids.1000.0 mg/mLSolubility in water: freely solubleH2O: in accordance |
| Schmelzpunkt | -42 °C (lit.) |
| Siedepunkt | 115 °C (lit.) |
| Dampfdichte | 2.72 (vs air) |
| Dampfdruck | 23.8 mm Hg ( 25 °C) |
| Brechungsindex | n20/D 1.509(lit.) |
| FEMA | 2966 | PYRIDINE |
| Flammpunkt | 68 °F |
| Lagerbedingungen | Store at +5°C to +30°C. |
| Aggregatzustand | Liquid |
| pKa (Säurekonstante) | 5.25(at 25℃) |
| Farbe | colorless |
| Geruch | Nauseating odor detectable at 0.23 to 1.9 ppm (mean = 0.66 ppm) |
| Explosionsgrenze | 12.4% |
| Geruchsschwelle | 0.063ppm |
| Geruchsart | fishy |
| Biologische Quelle | synthetic |
| Spezifische Wärmekapazität | Cp(liquid): 1.68 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Merck | 14,7970 |
| BRN | 103233 |
| Henry-Konstante | 18.4 at 30 °C (headspace-GC, Chaintreau et al., 1995) |
| Dielektrizitätskonstante | 12.5(20℃) |
| Stabilität | Stable. Flammable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids. |
| InChI | 1S/C5H5N/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1/h1-5H |
| InChIKey | JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | C1=CN=CC=C1 |
| LogP (Verteilungskoeffizient) | 0.64 at 20℃ |
| Oberflächenspannung | 38mN/m at 20°C |
| CAS Datenbank | 110-86-1(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NIST chemische Informationen | Pyridine(110-86-1) |
| EPA chemische Informationen | Pyridine (110-86-1) |
Sicherheit & Vorschriften
| GHS-Einstufung | DangerH225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P317, P321, P330, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.1% (3 of 2399) of reports.H225 (99.8%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids] |
|---|---|
| Regulatorische Informationen | Chemical: PyridineHazard Traits - CarcinogenicityNeurotoxicityPyridine is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Pyridine are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 05-01-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/13681Pyridine: HSNO Approval: HSR001079 Approved with controlsThe New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.) |
| Weitere Sicherheitsinformationen | IMAP assessments - Pyridine: Environment tier I assessment |
| DOT-Kennzeichnung | Flammable Liquid |
| Brandgefahren | Behavior in Fire: Vapor is heavier than air and may travel considerable distance to source of ignition and flash back. (USCG, 1999)· HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.Highly flammable. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Vapour/air mixtures are explosive. |
| Brandpotenzial | Pyridine is a flammable ... liquid.Dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizers. |
| Gesundheitsgefahren | Vapor irritates eyes and nose. Liquid irritates skin and is absorbed through the skin. Overexposure causes nausea, headache, nervous symptoms, increased urinary frequency. (USCG, 1999)· May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. |
| Gefahrenübersicht | Pyridine is a colorless liquid with an unpleasant smell. It can be made from crude coal tar or from other chemicals. Pyridine is used to dissolve other substances. It is also used to make many different products such as medicines, vitamins, food flavorings, paints, dyes, rubber products, adhesives, insecticides, and herbicides. Pyridine can also be formed from the breakdown of many natural materials in the environment.Liquid causes first degree burns on short exposure. [CHRIS] In rat studies, pyridine produces anesthesia after inhalation of high concentrations and liver injury after sub-chronic feeding. The liver and kidneys are target organs in animal results. Workers avoid exposure because of its foul odor. Workers exposed to 125 ppm complained of transient nausea, headache, low back and abdominal discomfort, and urinary frequency without evidence of liver or kidney injury. [ACGIH] Allergic contact dermatitis reported in a laboratory technician[Kanerva, p. 1831] An irritant and potential CNS depressantMay have effects on the liver and kidneys[ICSC] |
| DOT-Nummer und Handbuch | 1282 129 |
| FDA-Anforderungen | Pyridine is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption as a synthetic flavoring substance and adjuvant in accordance with the following conditions: a) they are used in the minimum quantity required to produce their intended effect, and otherwise in accordance with all the principles of good manufacturing practice, and 2) they consist of one or more of the following, used alone or in combination with flavoring substances and adjuvants generally recognized as safe in food, prior-sanctioned for such use, or regulated by an appropriate section in this part. |
| Reaktive Gruppe | Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines |
| UN-Einstufung | UN Hazard Class: 3UN Pack Group: II |
| Special Reports | Scientific Literature Review of Pyridine and Related Substances in Flavor Usage (GRA & I)1 (6): 198 (1985). This scientific literature review includes specifications, safety data, poundage data, natural occurrence information, chemical identities and other data on pyridine ... .Santodonato JMonograph on Human Exposure to Chemicals in the Workplace: Pyridine, GRA & I 7: 35 (1986). The report presents a summary and evaluation of information relevant to an occupational hazard assessment of the pyridine.Fodor GB, Colasanti BAlkaloids: Chem Biol Perspect 3: 1-90 (1985). A review with 431 refs. Review alkaloid chemistry and pharmacology.Jori A et alEcotoxicol Environ Saf 7 (3): 251-75 (1983). A review with several refs on the ecotoxicologic profile of pyridine.For more Special Reports (Complete) data for PYRIDINE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Brandbekämpfung | Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:Use alcohol-resistant foam, water spray, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. |
| Erste-Hilfe-Maßnahmen | Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer for medical attention.Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention . |
| Freisetungsmaßnahmen | · CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. |
| Erste Hilfe | EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.General First Aid:(General first aid procedures) |
| Sichere Lagerung | Store only in original container. Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants and strong acids. Cool. Dry. Well closed. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. |
| Expositionsschutz und Persönliche Schutzausrüstung | · Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). |
| Brandbekämpfungsverfahren | Use water spray, dry chemical, "alcohol resistant" foam, or carbon dioxide. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.If material is on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped or safely confined. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical. |
| Lagerbedingungen | OUTSIDE OR DETACHED STORAGE IS PREFERABLE. ISOLATE FROM POWERFUL OXIDIZING MATERIALS AND ACIDS.Mixtures with formamide + iodine + sulfur trioxide are storage hazards, releasing carbon dioxide & sulfuric acid. |
| Reinigungsverfahren | 1. REMOVE ALL IGNITION SOURCES. 2. VENTILATE AREA OF SPILL OR LEAK. 3. FOR SMALL QUANTITIES, ABSORB ON PAPER TOWELS, EVAPORATE IN SAFE PLACE (SUCH AS FUME HOOD). ALLOW SUFFICIENT TIME FOR EVAPORATING VAPORS TO COMPLETELY CLEAR HOOD DUCTWORK. BURN PAPER IN SUITABLE LOCATION AWAY FROM COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL. 3. LARGE QUANTITIES CAN BE COLLECTED & ATOMIZED IN SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER EQUIPPED WITH APPROPRIATE EFFLUENT GAS CLEANING DEVICE. PYRIDINE SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWED TO ENTER CONFINED SPACE, SUCH AS SEWER, BECAUSE OF POSSIBILITY OF EXPLOSION.Biological treatment of wastewater for the removal of pyridine.Removal of pyridine from waste gases by adsorption.Eliminate all ignition sources. Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors, protect personnel, and dilute spills to form nonflammable mixtures. Control run-off and isolate discharged materials for proper disposal. |
| Freisetung ohne Brand | Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]: |
| Entsorgungsverfahren | Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U196, F005, and D038 must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for Pyridine: Concentration process: Activated carbon.Controlled incineration whereby nitrogen oxides are removed from the effluent gas by scrubber, catalytic or thermal devices. Recommendable method: Incineration. Not recommendable methods: Evaporation & landfill.For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for PYRIDINE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Verschüttetes entsorgen | Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Remove all ignition sources. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking liquid in sealable air tight containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. |
| Toxikologische Informationen | CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile |
| Körperbelastung | In a heterogenous, nonsmoking population of 62 subjects, pyridine was a common constituent in the expired air of the 14 prediabetic subjects(1). |
| Zielorgane | Dermal (Skin), Hepatic (Liver), Neurological (Nervous System), Ocular (Eyes), Renal (Urinary System or Kidneys)Eyes, skin, central nervous system, liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract |
| Ökotoxizitätswerte | LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 106 mg/l/96 hr, flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 24.1 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.4 mg/l, hardness 47.4 mg/l CaCO3, alkalinity 240 mg/l CaCO3, and pH 7.73.EC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) <106 mg/l/96 hr, flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 24.1 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.4 mg/l, hardness 47.4 mg/l CaCO3, alkalinity 240 mg/l CaCO3, and pH 7.73. Effect: loss of equilibrium.LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 93.8 mg /l/96 hr (confidence limit= 85.5-103 mg/l), flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 25.0 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.3 mg/l, hardness 48.5 mg/l CaCO3, alkalinity 77.3 mg/l CaCO3, and pH 7.75.EC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 85.6 mg/l/96 hr (confidence limit= 82.0-89.3 mg/l), flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 25.0 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.3 mg/l, hardness 48.5 mg/l CaCO3, alkalinity 77.3 mg/l CaCO3, and pH 7.75. Effect: loss of equilibrium.For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for PYRIDINE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Umweltverhalten | TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 50(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.65(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that pyridine is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Pyridine has a pKa of 5.23(4), which indicates that this compound will partially exist in the protonated form in moist acidic soils, and cations adsorb more strongly to soils than neutral molecules. Therefore, the mobility of pyridine is expected to be much lower in acidic soils than in neutral or alkaline soil(SRC). Volatilization of the neutral species of pyridine from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.1X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(5)however, the protonated form will not volatilize(SRC). The potential for volatilization of pyridine from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 20.8 mm Hg(6). In a series of biodegradation tests using a soil suspension, pyridine was completely biodegraded under aerobic conditions within 66-170 days(7). Under anaerobic conditions, biodegradation was complete in 32-66 days(7).AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 50(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.65(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that pyridine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.1X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 and 25 days, respectively(SRC). The pKa of pyridine is 5.23(5), indicating this compound will partially exist in the protonated form in acidic waters and cations do not volatilize(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), a BCF of 88 measured in guppies(7), suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). The biodegradation rate constant for pyridine in water was 0.0033 - 0.018 per hour which corresponds to half-lives of 39-210 hours(8). Pyridine was completely degraded in about 8 days in a river die-away test(9). Other studies have shown that pyridine is recalcitrant in sediment and water under anaerobic conditions(10-12).ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), pyridine, which has a vapor pressure of 20.8 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase pyridine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC)the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 43 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.7X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). |
| Lebensmitteluntersuchungswerte | Pyridine has been identified as a volatile flavor compound in fried bacon(1) and boiled beef(2). It is also a volatile component of Beaufort cheese, a Gruyere type cheese manufactured in a limited area of the French Alps(3). Pyridine has been identified as a volatile flavor components of fried chicken(4), roasted barely(5), mango(7), roasted coffee(6,8), canned sweet corn(9), short-necked clam and corbicula(10), sukiyaki(11), and kiwi fruit flowers(12). Pyridine was detected in soybeans at concns of 88.9-264.9 ug/kg(13). |
| Unerwünschte Wirkungen | Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin |
| Expositionspfade | The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact |
| Plant Concentrations | REPORTED FOUND IN WOOD OIL, LEAVES, & ROOTS OF ATROPA BELLADONNA, & IN OTHER PLANTS (COFFEE, TOBACCO). |
| Signs and Symptoms | Cough. Dizziness. Headache. Nausea. Shortness of breath. Unconsciousness.MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Burning sensation. Further see Inhalation.Redness. Pain.Cough. Sore throat. Further see Inhalation.irritation eyesheadache, anxiety, dizziness, insomnianausea, anorexiadermatitisliver, kidney damage |
| Ongoing Test Status | The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=110-86-1] |
| Effluent Concentrations | In a survey of industrial effluents, pyridine was identified in discharges of the following industries timber products (1,032 ppb), paint and ink (2 ppb), ore mining (4 ppb), inorganic chemicals (137 ppb), pharmaceuticals (156 ppb), organic chemicals (160 ppb), publicly owned treatment works (77 ppb)(1). Pyridine was identified, not quantified, in the effluents from an advanced water treatment facility in Orange County, CA(2). Waste water from coal gasification contained an estimated 4.62 ppm of pyridine(3). Pyridine was identified, not quantified, in waste incineration stack emissions(4) and coal derived oil(5). Pyridine has also been detected in active compost blower exhaust at 47 ug/cu m(6). Pyridine was detected in waste ammonia liquor from low temperature carbonization wastewater at an average concentration of 20 mg/l(7). |
| RCRA-Anforderungen | U196As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when pyridine, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).D038A solid waste containing pyridine may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste.F005When pyridine is a spent solvent, it is classified as a hazardous waste from a nonspecific source (F005), as stated in 40 CFR 261.31, and must be managed according to State and/or Federal hazardous waste regulations. |
| TSCA-Anforderungen | Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Pyridine is included on this list. |
| Luftstandards | This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Pyridine is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart. |
| CERCLA-Meldepflichtmengen | Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1000 lb or 454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b). |
| Landesrichtlinien für Trinkwasser | (WI) WISCONSIN 10 ug/l(FL) FLORIDA 7 ug/l |
| F | 3-10 |
| Berufliche Expositionsstufe (OEB) | A |
| Arbeitsplatzgrenzwert (OEL) | TWA: 5 ppm (15 mg/m3) |
| Wassergefährdungsklasse (WGK) | 2 |
| Sofort lebensgefährliche Konzentration | 1,000 ppm |
| TSCA-Inventar-Status | TSCA listed |
| UN-Transportnummer | UN 1282 |
| Zollcode | 2933 31 00 |
| RTECS-Nr. | UR8400000 |
| R-Sätze (R) | 11-20/21/22-39/23/24/25-23/24/25-52-36/38 |
| Toxizität | LD50 orally in rats: 1.58 g/kg (Smyth) |
| Gefahrensymbole | T,N,F,Xn |
| hazard_note | Highly Flammable/Harmful |
| Sicherheitshinweise (S) | 36/37/39-38-45-61-28A-26-28-24/25-22-36/37-16-7 |
| Gefahrenklasse | 3Acute Tox. 4 DermalAcute Tox. 4 InhalationAcute Tox. 4 OralEye Irrit. 2Flam. Liq. 2Skin Irrit. 2 |
| Verpackungsgruppe | II |
| Lagerklasse | 3 - Flammable liquids |
| Gefahrstoffdaten | 110-86-1(Hazardous Substances Data) |
| Selbstentzündungstemperatur | 482 °C |
Anwendungen & Verwendung
Occurrence
Pyridine was discovered by Anderson in coal tar in 1846 (Windholz et al 1983). It is found in tobacco smoke (Vohl and Eulenberg 1871; Lehmann 1909) and roasted coffee (Bertrand and Weisweiller 1913). Pyridine is found in wood oil and in the leaves and roots of Atropa belladonna (HSDB 1988), and is also a component of creosote oil (Krone et al 1986). In nature, pyridine and its derivatives are commonly found as components of alkaloids, vitamins, and coenzymes.
Verwenden
Pyridine is used directly in the denaturation of alcohol (ACGIH 1986; HSDB 1989; NSC 1978) and as a solvent in paint and rubber preparation (ACGIH 1986; HSDB 1989; NSC 1978) and in research laboratories for functions such as extracting plant hormones (Santodonato et al. 1985). Half of the pyridine produced today is used as an intermediate in making various insecticides and herbicides for agricultural applications (ACGIH 1986; Harper et al. 1985; Santodonato et al. 1985). Approximately 20% goes into the production of piperidine (Harper et al. 1985; Santodonato et al. 1985) which is commercially significant in the preparation of chemicals used in rubber vulcanization and agriculture (NSC 1978). Pyridine is also used as an intermediate in the preparation of drugs (antihistamines, steroids, sulfa-type and other antibacterial agents) dyes, water repellents, and polycarbonate resins (ACGIH 1986; Harper et al. 1985; NSC 1978; Santodonato et al. 1985). Pyridine is also approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as a flavoring agent in the preparation of foods (Harper et al. 1985; HSDB 1989) .
Herstellung & Synthese
synthetische
Pyridine is produced either by isolation from natural sources such as coal, or through chemical synthesis (HSDB 1989). Pyridine is produced by the fractional distillation of coal-tar residues (HSDB 1989; NSC 1978; Santodonato et al. 1985) in which 1 ton of coal produces 0.07-0.21 pounds of pyridine bases of which 57% is pyridine (Santodonato et al, 1985). Synthetically produced pyridine is currently the more important source of pyridine for commercial uses (Santodonato et al. 1985). Small amounts of pyridine are synthesized from acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and ammonia with a fluidized silica-alumina catalyst, followed by fractionation to isolate the pyridine (Harper et al. 1985; HSDB 1989; NSC 1978). Pyridine is produced from natural sources by Crowley Tar Products of Stow, Ohio, and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (Harper et al. 1985; HSDB 1989; SRI 1986, 1987, 1988). Pyridine is synthetically produced by two companies, the Nepera Chemical Co. of Harriman, New York and the Reilly Tar and Chemical Corporation of Indianapolis, Indiana (Harper et al. 1985; SRI 1986, 1987, 1988).