2-Chloracetophenon

For information on chemical warfare tear gas agents see the ERG Criminal or Terrorist Use of CBR Agents. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

- Chloroacetophenone (CN) is combustible.

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Refer for medical attention . Rest.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

For information on chemical warfare tear gas agents see the ERG Criminal or Terrorist Use of CBR Agents. (ERG, 2024)

General First Aid:

General First Aid:

(General first aid procedures)

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Personal protection: self-contained breathing apparatus. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable, plastic containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Ventilate area of spill. For small quantities, sweep onto paper or other suitable material, place in an appropriate container and burn in safe place (such as a fume hood). Large quantities may be reclaimed; however, if this is not practical, dissolve in a flammable solvent (such as alcohol) and atomize in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

By making package of alpha-chloroacetophenone in paper or other flammable material and burning in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. By dissolving alpha-chloroacetophenone in a flammable solvent (such as alcohol) and atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device.

Personal protection: self-contained breathing apparatus. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable, plastic containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Respiratory

Eyes, skin, respiratory system

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 100(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2-chloroacetophenone is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 2-chloroacetophenone from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.5X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). 2-Chloroacetophenone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 5.4X10-3 mm Hg at 20 °C(4). 2-Chloroacetophenone is expected to degrade based on limited reduction data studied in anaerobic sediments(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 100(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2-chloroacetophenone is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.5X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 14 and 105, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 2(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 1.93(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). 2-Chloroacetophenone is expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment very slowly with hydrolysis products of hydrochloric acid and hydroacetophenone(8). 2-Chloroacetophenone is expected to degrade based on limited reduction data studied in anaerobic sediments(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2-chloroacetophenone, which has a vapor pressure of 5.4X10-3 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-chloroacetophenone is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.0X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 2-Chloroacetophenone contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm (291 and 329 nm)(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Chloroacetophenone (CN) can be absorbed by ingestion and inhalation. It may cause localized irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and upon contact with the skin or eyes.

Burning sensation. Cough. Sore throat. Nausea. Shortness of breath.

Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision. Partial loss of vision.

Burning sensation.

irritation eyes, skin, respiratory system; pulmonary edema

- Threshold concentrations: Immediate burning pain, spasmodic blinking (blepharospasm), tear production (lacrimation), eye redness, runny nose (rhinorrhea), coughing, sneezing, and pain, but usually no long term tissue damage.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from, as of August 23, 2013: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=532-27-4]

2-Chloroacetophenone

Respiratory

3 x 10 ^-5 mg/m^3

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 2-chloroacetophenone can be estimated to be 100(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2-chloroacetophenone is expected to have high mobility in soil.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Four human volunteers were exposed to concentrations of 2-chloroacetophenone up to 350 mg/cu m until they could no longer tolerate the effects or until a maximum of 4 minute exposure was attained. 2-Chloroacetophenone was primarily a lachrymator. The subjects mainly complained of tingling of the nose and rhinorrhea, burning of the throat, eyes, and skin around the eyes, lacrimation, and some degree of blurred vision. Less frequent, but more severe symptoms included burning in the chest with difficulties in breathing and slight gagging with nausea. At post-exposure examinations, the only constant sign was a mild to moderate conjunctivitis. There was not any chest congestion or sign of obstruction at any time, and all signs had usually disappeared within 10 minutes.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ /Investigators/ reported a brief sensitizing reaction in 5/9 male volunteers in a modified Draize test after uncovered application of 5 drops of a 1% solution of 2-chloroacetophenone in acetone. Most of those subjects sensitized to the 1% concentration had skin reactions when treated with a 0.1% concentration, but not with 0.01%. Most subjects cross-reacted to CS, although at a significantly decreased intensity.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Several volunteers experienced primary irritant dermatitis from high 2-chloroacetophenone concentrations in range-finding studies to obtain a proper concentration for patch testing. Generally, these reactions resolved within 1 week, leaving an area of hyperpigmentation, but vesicular dermatitis developed at the primary irritant site 14-21 days after the initial exposure in 2 of these volunteers who appeared to have allergic contact sensitivity to 2-chloroacetophenone by additional appropriate patch testing.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... Patients ... sprayed in the eyes with chem mace ... at distance of 6-12 inches ... had injuries of epithelium of cornea & conjunctiva demonstrable by staining with fluorescein ... 9/12 healed in 72 hr. The other 3 had more extensive epithelial injury which took 14-21 days to heal completely ... in 1 eye a superficial stromal opacity ... /persisted/ for 5 months, but this was superficial and located peripherally in the cornea.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 2-CHLOROACETOPHENONE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2-Chloroacetophenone's production and use as an intermediate in pharmaceuticals(1) and as an ingredient in chemical MACE (Methylchloroform chloro ACEtophenone)(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its use as a riot control gas(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

ANAEROBIC: 2-Chloroacetophenone was reductively transformed in anaerobic sediments via electron transfer to form acetophenone and via hydride transfer to form 2-chloro-1-phenylethanol(1). An increase in temperature decreases the rate of degradation(1).

PURE CULTURE: Inoculation of a sterile solution (containing 6% glucose, 4% peptone, 4% yeast extract, 4% malt extract, and 100 mg 2-chloroacetophenone) with Cryptococcus macerans for a 2-day period yielded the corresponding chlorohydrin and 2-chloro-1-phenylethanol(1).

Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to report preliminary assessment information concerned with production, exposure, and use to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR 41329. Effective date: 1/26/94; Reporting date: 3/28/94.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. 2-Chloroacetophenone is included on this list. Effective date: 1/26/94; Sunset date: 6/30/98.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. 2-Chloroacetophenone is included on this list.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).