1,2-Dichlorethan

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

Use water spray, foam, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Administration of oxygen may be needed. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer immediately for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer immediately for medical attention.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

General First Aid:

(General first aid procedures)

Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Containers may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions.

Vapors are heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Do not extinguish until release can be stopped. Cool fire-exposed containers with water staying clear of tank ends.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for 1,2-Dichloroethane (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Fireproof. Separated from food and feedstuffs and incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers. Cool. Dry. Well closed. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Storage class (TRGS 510): 3: Flammable liquids.

Store in a flammable liquid storage area or approved cabinet away from ignition sources and corrosive and reactive materials. Prior to working with this chemical you should be trained on its proper handling and storage. Before entering confined space where this chemical may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from oxidizers (such as perchlorates, peroxides, permanganates, chlorates, and nitrates), strong acids (such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, and nitric), chemically active metals (such as potassium, sodium, magnesium, and zinc), strong caustics (such as sodium hydroxide), and dimethylaminopropylamine since violent reactions occur. A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemical is handled, used, or stored in compliance with OSHA Standard 1910.1045.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Store in a cool, dry well ventilated location. Separate from oxidizing materials, aluminum, ammonia.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Ventilation. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.

Environmental considerations- land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. Apply "universal" gelling agent to immobilize spill. Apply appropriate foam to diminish vapor and fire hazard.

Environmental considerations- water spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for 1,2-Dichloroethane (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U077 and D028, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Waste must never be discharged into sewers or surface waters. Contaminated porous surfaces (sand, vemiculite, etc) should be disposed of at a waste management facility. Recovered liquids may be reprocessed, incinerated, or treated at a waste management facility.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,2-Dichloroethane (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ATSDR Toxicological Profile for 1,2-Dichloroethane - Succinctly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects information.

Ranking: 15 (total points: 1418.17)

1,2-Dichloroethane was detected in expired breath (4 of 9) and urine (3 of 9) from 9 individuals living in Love Canal, Niagra Falls, NY collected Jul 1978 at trace-240 ng/cu m and 50-140 ng/L, respectively(1). It was detected in mothers' milk of women that had occupational exposure of up to 14 ppm at a concentration of 5.4-6.4 ppm immediately after exposure(2).

Blood gases should be monitored, a good ventilation maintained, and cardiac arrhythmias observed for a minimum of 24 hours. In the event of a ventricular arrhythmia, lidocaine or beta-blockers could be administered. Serum creatinine, hepatic aminotransferase, electrolytes, and fluid balance for signs of hepatic or renal failure should be monitored. Dialysis may be helpful in the event of renal failure. Hepatic failure may be treated with fresh frozen plasma, vitamin K, low protein diet, neomycin, and lactulose. (L156)

Our previous investigations demonstrated that 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) and chronic ethanol treatment separately are able to impair glycoprotein metabolism and secretion, and reduce dolichol concentration in liver membranes. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether chronic ethanol consumption can induce potentiation of rat liver damage due to DCE haloalkane used in several chemical processes and in agriculture. Rats were given 36% of their total energy as ethanol in the Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet for 8 weeks (CH group). The pair-fed control group received an isocaloric amount of dextrine-maltose (PF group). "In vitro" experiments: the DCE (6.5 mM) treatment of isolated hepatocytes from CH rats enhanced glycoprotein retention and further reduced glycoprotein secretion and (14)C-glucosamine incorporation compared to the hepatocytes from CH or from PF and DCE treated rats. "In vivo" experiments: a marked decrease of dolichol concentration in microsomes (in which dolichyl phosphate is rate-limiting for the initial glycosylation of protein) and in Golgi membranes (in which total dolichol is very important for membrane permeability, fluidity and vesicle fusion) was observed in CH rats acutely treated with 628 mg/kg bw of DCE (CH+DCE) compared with CH or PF+DCE treated rats. These data suggest that chronic ethanol consumption increases DCE liver toxicity by affecting protein glycosylation processes and impairing glycolipoprotein secretion, with a concomitant retention at the level of the Golgi apparatus.

It was established that acute poisoning of rats by 1,2-dichloroethane induced considerable changes in lipid peroxidation indices, glutathione content and activity of antioxidant enzymes--superoxidase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase in the brain tissue, erythrocytes and blood plasma. It was shown that nicotinamide in the dose of 200 mg/kg prevented considerable degree of the intoxication caused by 1,2-dichloroethane as well as activation of lipid peroxidation and inhibition of antioxidant defense enzyme activities in tissue of experimental animals.

Alpha-proteinase inhibitor can be inactivated by aldehydes found in the cigarette smoke as well as by industrial chemicals. Studies demonstrate the synergistic inactivation of alpha-proteinase inhibitor by 1,2-dichloroethane when mixed with acrolein or pyruvic aldehyde. Smokers exposed to the chemical may be more prone to lung emphysema due to synergistic inactivation of alpha-proteinase inhibitor by chemicals and cigarette smoke components.

... Prior to exposure to ethylene dichloride (EDC) groups of male mice were pretreated with phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene to induce metabolism. Other mice were administered SKF525A before ethylene dichloride exposure to inhibit cytochrome p450 metabolism. Following the different pretreatments, mice were exposed to ethylene dichloride at selected concentrations (1000, 1250, or 1500 ppm). Exposure to ethylene dichloride, without pretreatment, produced a dose-dependent increase in mortality at 24 and 48 hr postexposure. This response was enhanced at all concentrations of EDC by phenobarbital pretreatment and attenuated by the administration of SKF 525A. Pretreatment with 3-methylcholanthrene prior to ethylene dichloride exposure at 1000 ppm also produced an increase in mortality as compared to ethylene dichloride exposure without pretreatment. Exposure to ethylene dichloride was associated with an increased kidney wt/body wt ratio. SKF 525A pretreatment prevented the increase in the kidney wt/body wt ratio at an ethylene dichloride exposure concn of 1000 ppm. Pathological changes produced in the kidneys of mice exposed to ethylene dichloride were decreased by SKF 525A pretreatment.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for 1,2-Dichloroethane (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Cancer, Developmental (effects while organs are developing), Gastrointestinal (Stomach and Intestines, part of the digestive system), Hepatic (Liver), Immunological (Immune System), Neurological (Nervous System), Ocular (Eyes), Renal (Urinary System or Kidneys), Reproductive (Producing Children)

Eyes, skin, kidneys, liver, central nervous system, cardiovascular system

Breathing or swallowing large amounts of 1,2-dichloroethane can produce nervous system disorders, kidney diseases, or lung effects. This can also lead to heart failure. Skin lesions and benign pulmonary tumors were reported in animals exposed dermally to liquid 1,2-dichloroethane. 1,2-dichloroethane can cause death from cardiac arrhythmia, bronchitis, hemorrhagic gastritis and colitis, hepatocellular damage, renal tubular necrosis and calcification, central nervous system depression, and histological changes in brain tissue after a sufficient single oral dose. (L156)

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (water flea); Concentration: 218,000 ug/L for 48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50; Species: Mysid shrimp; Concentration: 113,000 ug/L for 96 hr in salt water /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50; Species: Gammarus fasciatus (Scud) mature; Conditions: static bioassay; Concentration: >100 mg/L for 96 hr at 21 °C

LC50; Species: Pteronarcys (Stonefly) second year class; Conditions: static bioassay, 15 °C; Concentration: >100 mg/L for 96 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 1,2-Dichloroethane (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 33(2), indicates that 1,2-dichloroethane is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,2-dichloroethane from moist soil surfaces is expected(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.18X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(3). 1,2-Dichloroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 78.9 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). A 0% of Theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(5) suggests that biodegradation is not expected in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 33(2), indicates that 1,2-dichloroethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.18X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 hours and 4 days, respectively(SRC). 1,2-Dichloroethane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis based on an approximated hydrolysis half-life of 50,000 years(5). According to a classification scheme(6), a reported BCF of 2(7), measured in fish, suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. 1,2-Dichloroethane was 0% degraded after 21 days in the modified shake flask test(8), suggesting that biodegradation is not expected to be an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,2-dichloroethane, which has a vapor pressure of 78.9 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,2-dichloroethane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 65 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.48X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). 1,2-Dichloroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). The tropospheric half-life of 1,2-dichloroethane in England has been reported as 17 weeks(5).

Market basket samplings of meat, oil and fats, tea, fruits and vegetables contained 1,2-dichloroethane at 1-10 ppb, the largest amount being found in olive oil(1). It was not detected in wheat, flour, bran, middings and bread(1). In 11 of 17 spice oleo-resins, 1,2-dichloroethane was detected at 2-23 ppm(1-2). In 549 food items surveyed, 1,2-dichloroethane was detected at 30 ng/g in 1 sample(3). 1,2-Dichloroethane was detected in 8 of 20 samplings of fruit flavored cereal at 16-144 ppb; it was not detected in the other 69 foods sampled during the US FDA total diet program that was run 1996 to 2000 which were sampled four times a year(4).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin absorption, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L157); inhalation (L157) ; dermal (L157)

Ethylene dichloride is an indirect food additive for use as a component of adhesives.

A tolerance of 30 parts per million is established for ethylene dichloride in spice oleoresins when present therein as a residue from the extraction of spice; Provided, however, That if residues of other chlorinated solvents are also present the total of all residues of such solvents shall not exceed 30 parts per million.

The food additive ethylene dichloride may be safely used in the manufacture of animal feeds in accordance with the following prescribed conditions: (a) It is used as a solvent in the extraction processing of animal byproducts for use in animal feeds. (b) The maximum quantity of the additive permitted to remain in or on the extracted byproducts shall not exceed 300 parts per million. (c) The extracted animal byproduct is added as a source of protein to a total ration at levels consistent with good feeding practices, but in no event at levels exceeding 13 percent of the total ration.

D028; A solid waste containing 1,2-dichloroethane may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste.

U077; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when 1,2-dichloroethane, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to report preliminary assessment information concerned with production, exposure, and use to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR 41329. Effective date: 8/4/95; Reporting date: 10/3/95.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. 1,2-Dichloroethane is included on this list. Effective date: 6/1/87; Sunset date: 6/1/97.

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. 1,2-Dichloroethane is produced, as an intermediate or final product, by process units covered under this subpart.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. 1,2-Dichloroethane is included on this list.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Ethylene dichloride is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.

(CA) CALIFORNIA 0.5 ug/L

(FL) FLORIDA 3 ug/L

(NJ) NEW JERSEY 2 ug/L

(AZ) ARIZONA 0.38 ug/L

(CT) CONNECTICUT 1 ug/L

(ME) MAINE 4 ug/L

(MN) MINNESOTA 4 ug/L

Maximum contaminant levels (MCL) for organic contaminants apply to community and non-transient, non-community water systems: 1,2-Dichloroethane, MCL 0.005 mg/L.

EPA 5 ug/L

Ethylene dichloride is primarily used in the production of vinyl chloride as well as other chemicals. It is used in solvents in closed systems for various extraction and cleaning purposes in organic synthesis. It is also added to leaded gasoline as a lead scavenger. It was formerly used in ore flotation, as a grain fumigant, as a metal degreaser, and in textile and PVC cleaning.

Used in organic synthesis; used in the past as a solvent, degreaser, paint remover, and fumigant; [ACGIH] Has been used as a dry cleaning agent and solvent for degreasing, resins, adhesives, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals; [HSDB]

Use as fumigant suspended by EPA due to toxicity. [Sullivan, p. 1053]

Metal Degreasing [Category: Clean]

For 1,2-dichloroethane (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 042003) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

The majority of the total EDC production is used for the production of vinyl chloride. Some EDC is used in the production of chlorinated solvents, such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane and tri- and tetrachloroethylene. The rest goes into various processes mainly for the synthesis of ethylenediamines. Its use as a solvent (dewaxing, deparaffinizing petroleum fractions, and coating remover) is marginal.

(1985) 4.42X10+11 g

(1999) 2.597 billion lbs; (2000) 2.493 billion lbs

(1985) 6.36X10+9 g

(1999) 340 million lbs; (2000) 329 million lbs

2023: 30,000,000,000 - <35,000,000,000 lb

(1980) 5.03X10+12 G

(1981) 9,973,553,000 lb

(1983) 11,506,143,000 lb

(1990) 13.85 billion lb

For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for 1,2-Dichloroethane (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Demand: 13.9x10+9 lb (1991); 14.3X10+9 lb (1992); 16.5X10+9 lb (1996) (forecast); includes exports of 1.45x10+9 lb (1991) but not imports estimated at 11X10+6 lb

Vinyl chloride monomer, 88%; exports, 10%, other including chlorinated solvents and ethyleneamines, 2%.

... 85% of total ...production used for production of vinyl chloride, 10% used in the production of chlorinated solvents... The rest goes into various processes mainly for the synthesis of ethylenediamines.

Demand: (1999) 15.089 billion lbs; (2000) 15.632 billion lbs; (2004) 17.938 billion lbs

Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), 94 percent; ethyleneamines, 3 percent; 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1 percent; vinylidene chloride, 1 percent; miscellaneous, including trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene, 1 percent.

1,2-Dichloroethane is produced by the vapor- or liquid-phase chlorination of ethylene. Most liquid-phase processes use small amounts of ferric chloride as the catalyst. Other catalysts claimed in the patent literature include aluminum chloride, antimony pentachloride, and cupric chloride and an ammonium, alkali, or alkaline-earth tetrachloroferrate. The chlorination is carried out at 40-50 °C with 5% air or other free-radical inhibitors added to prevent substitution chlorination of the product. Selectivities under these conditions are nearly stoichiometric to the desired product. The exothermic heat of reaction vaporizes the 1,2-dichloroethane product, which is purified by distillation.

Oxychlorination of ethylene has become the second important process for 1,2- dichloroethane. The process is usually incorporated into an integrated vinyl chloride plant in which hydrogen chloride, recovered from the dehydrochlorination or cracking of 1,2-dichloroethane to vinyl chloride, is recycled to an oxychlorination unit. The hydrogen chloride by-product is used as the chlorine source in the chlorination of ethylene in the presence of oxygen and copper chloride catalyst.

Action of chlorine on ethylene, with subsequent distillation with metallic catalyst; also by reaction of acetylene and hydrochloric acid.

Made from ethylene and chlorine; also from acetylene and HCl ... .

For more Methods of Manufacturing (Complete) data for 1,2-Dichloroethane (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Grades: Technical, spectrophotometric.

1,2-Dichloroethane, commercial formulation, 70% active ingredient.

Chemical Classes -> Volatile organic compounds

Food Additives -> EXTRACTION_SOLVENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

FUMIGANTS

Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing

Ethane, 1,2-dichloro-: ACTIVE