1,2,3,4-Diepoxybutan

1.1157 at 68 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.113 at 64.4 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

0.962

1.113 @ 18°C

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 67.1 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 1X10+6 mg/l

291 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

280 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

138 °C

142 °C @760 [mm Hg]

39 °F (NTP, 1992)

-19 °C

19 °C

3.9 mmHg at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

39.0 [mmHg]

3.9 mm Hg at 20 °C

16 [mm Hg] @25 °C

Danger

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

P203, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P318, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

H226 (83%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P318, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity; Genotoxicity

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Poison Inhalation Hazard Flammable Liquid Corrosive

Poison Inhalation Hazard Flammable Liquid Corrosive

This chemical is combustible. (NTP, 1992)

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes. (EPA, 1998)

SYMPTOMS: Exposure to this compound in humans may cause swollen eyelids, irritation of the upper respiratory tract and painful eye irritation 6 hours past exposure. Systemic toxicity may be caused by skin contact. It causes pronounced nasal and eye irritation at 10 ppm but barely recognizable at 5 ppm after 5-minute exposure. It may also cause mucous membrane irritation. Other symptoms include severe pulmonary irritation and depression of the hematopoietic system. Other symptoms include lacrimation, clouding of the cornea, labored breathing, lung congestion, atrophy of the thymus, involution of the spleen and decreased weight gain. Causes of death are pulmonary edema and shock following extreme local irritation. It may also cause reduced or loss of spermatogenesis, leukopenia and lymphopenia.

Severe skin and eye irritant. Accidental minor exposure caused swelling of the eyelids, upper respiratory tract irritation and painful eye irritation 6 hours after exposure.

A strong skin and eye irritant; [HSDB] May cause burns; Toxic by ingestion and skin absorption; Very toxic by inhalation; [eChemPortal: ESIS] Germ cell mutagens that have shown to increase the mutant frequency in the progeny of exposed mammals. [MAK] A severe irritant; May cause burns; May cause burns to the respiratory tract after inhalation; [MSDSonline]

The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane stem from its toxicologic properties. Exposure to this substance may occur from its use as a research chemical. Effects from exposure may include severe irritation of the eyes, skin, mucous membranes, and respiratory tract; gene mutation; pulmonary edema; and death. In addition, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has designated this substance as a Group 2B carcinogen, meaning, "The agent is possibly carcinogenic to humans." Mechanical ventilation employing high-efficiency particulate arrestors or charcoal filters should be used to limit airborne levels of this substance. In activities and situations where over-exposure may occur, wear protective clothing and a respirator. If contact should occur, irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes and wash exposed skin thoroughly with soap and water. Contaminated clothing should be removed immediately. Smoking, eating, and drinking should be prohibited in 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane work areas. This substance should be stored in a securely sealed, watertight container which is enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container. 1,2:3,4-Diepoxybutane is a good candidate for liquid injection, rotary kiln, and fluidized bed forms of incineration.

Epoxides

Epoxides

National Toxicology Program. Eleventh Report on Carcinogens (2005). The Report on Carcinogens is an informational scientific and public health document that identifies and discusses substances (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may pose a carcinogenic hazard to human health. Diepoxybutane (1464-53-5) is listed as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.[Available from, as of July 31, 2009: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s068diep.pdf]

U085; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when 2,2'-bioxirane, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. 2,2'-Bioxirane is included on this list.

Highly Flammable

Highly Flammable

D,L-1,2:3,4-DIEPOXYBUTANE is incompatible with acids, bases and oxidizing agents. Reacts with 4-(4'-nitrobenzyl)pyridine. Also reacts with alcohols, amines, phenols. (NTP, 1992)

Epoxides, such as DIEPOXYBUTANE, are highly reactive. They polymerize in the presence of catalysts or when heated. These polymerization reactions can be violent. Compounds in this group react with acids, bases, and oxidizing and reducing agents. They react, possibly violently with water in the presence of acid and other catalysts.

Highly flammable. Water soluble. Slowly hydrolyzes in water.

Highly Flammable

Fires involving this compound should be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

Warning: Effects may be delayed. Caution is advised.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you should spill this chemical, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Seal the absorbent paper, as well as any of your clothing which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash any surfaces you may have contaminated with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

Do not touch spilled material. (EPA, 1998)

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U085, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,2:3,4-DIEPOXYBUTANE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... clothing should be changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/ workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Operations connected with synth & purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1,2:3,4-DIEPOXYBUTANE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

0.090 [ppm]

0.99 [ppm]

4.0 [ppm]

MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to your gloves.

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Dispensers of liq detergent /should be available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 17(SRC), determined from an measured log Kow of -0.28(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.5X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived using a fragment constant estimation method(4). The potential for volatilization of 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 3.9 mm Hg(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 17(SRC), determined from a log Kow of -0.28(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.5X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 0.36(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane, which has a vapor pressure of 3.9 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Vapor-phase 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 16.1 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 9.96X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) determined using a structure estimation method(3).

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

The Koc of 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane is estimated as 17(SRC), using a measured log Kow of -0.28(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC).

Fanconi anemia is characterized clinically by a progressive pancytopenia, diverse congenital abnormalities & incr predisposition to malignancy. ... Data from diepoxybutane induced chromosomal breakage studies of 328 peripheral blood specimens from patients considered at risk for Fanconi anemia were analyzed using a stepwise multivariate logistic regression. ... /Results indicate/ hypersensitivity to the clastogenic effect of diepoxybutane is a useful discriminator for Fanconi anemia. A simplified scoring method for classifying patients on the basis of 8 clinical manifestations that are the best predictors for Fanconi anemia is presented.

Poison by ingestion, inhalation, skin contact, and intraperitoneal routes.

An estimated BCF of 0.36 was calculated for 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane(SRC), using a log Kow of -0.28(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane is estimated as 3.54X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water and moist soil surfaces(2). The potential for volatilization of 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane from dry soil surfaces may exist based upon a vapor pressure of 3.9 mm Hg(3).

TWO GROUPS OF 30 8-WK OLD MALE ICR/HA SWISS MICE ... GIVEN THRICE WEEKLY SKIN APPLICATIONS ... 10 MG ... D,L- OR MESO-1,2:3,4-DIEPOXYBUTANE IN ... ACETONE. ... WITH D,L-DIEPOXYBUTANE, 2 MICE DEVELOPED SKIN TUMORS; ONE OF THESE HAD SQUAMOUS-CELL CARCINOMA. WITH MESO-ISOMER, 6 MICE DEVELOPED SKIN TUMORS; 4 ... HAD SQUAMOUS-CELL CARCINOMA. AMONG 90 SOLVENT CONTROL MICE 8 DEVELOPED SKIN PAPILLOMAS. /DL- & MESO-ISOMER/

TWO GROUPS OF 30 8-WK OLD FEMALE ICR/HA SWISS MICE RECEIVED 3 & 10 MG OF D,L-1,2:3,4-DIEPOXYBUTANE IN ... ACETONE ... ON CLIPPED DORSAL SKIN THRICE WEEKLY FOR LIFESPAN. ONE MOUSE GIVEN HIGHER DOSE DEVELOPED SKIN PAPILLOMA ... OF MICE GIVEN LOWER DOSE, 10 DEVELOPED SKIN PAPILLOMAS & 6 ... SQUAMOUS-CELL CARCINOMAS OF THE SKIN ... NO SKIN TUMORS OCCURRED IN 60 ACETONE-TREATED CONTROLS. /DL-ISOMER/

/30 8-WK OLD FEMALE ICR/HA SWISS MICE RECEIVED 3 & 10 MG MESO-1,2:3,4-DIEPOXYBUTANE ON CLIPPED DORSAL SKIN IN ACETONE THRICE WEEKLY FOR LIFE/ ... 5 ANIMALS AT HIGHER DOSE DEVELOPED SKIN PAPILLOMAS & 4 ... SQUAMOUS-CELL CARCINOMAS OF SKIN. AT LOWER DOSE 1 ... DEVELOPED SKIN PAPILLOMA ... NO CARCINOMAS. NO SKIN TUMORS OCCURRED IN 60 ACETONE-TREATED CONTROLS. /MESO-ISOMER/

IN GROUPS OF 50 & 30 8-WK OLD FEMALE ICR/HA SWISS MICE GIVEN SC INJECTIONS OF 0.1 OR 1.1 MG/ANIMAL D,L-1,2:3,4-DIEPOXYBUTANE IN TRICAPRYLIN ONCE WEEKLY FOR OVER A YR, 5/50 & 5/30 MICE RESPECTIVELY, DEVELOPED LOCAL FIBROSARCOMAS. ... NO LOCAL SARCOMAS ... IN ... SOLVENT-TREATED CONTROLS. /DL-ISOMER/

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1,2:3,4-DIEPOXYBUTANE (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The Human Health Assessment Group in EPA's Office of Health and Environmental Assessment has evaluated 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane for carcinogenicity. According to their analysis, the weight-of-evidence for 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane is group B2, which is based on no evidence in humans and sufficient evidence in animals. As a group B2 chemical, 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane is considered to be probably carcinogenic to humans.

Evaluation: There is limited evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of 1,3-butadiene. ... There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane. Overall evaluation: 1,3-Butadiene is probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). /1,3-Butadiene/

Diepoxybutane: reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. /Diepoxybutane/

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 9.96X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 16 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Based on experimentally determined hydrolysis rate constants of 7.5X10-3 to 5.0X10-3/hr for 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane at 37 °C and neutral pH(2), calculated hydrolysis half-lives are 4-7 days(SRC). The hydrolysis half-life of 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane at ambient temperatures is likely to be longer than at 37 °C, however, these values suggest that hydrolysis would be an important removal mechanism for 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane in water and wet soil(SRC). 1,2:3,4-Diepoxybutane is not likely to undergo oxidation by reaction with alkyl peroxy radical in water(3). 1,2:3,4-Diepoxybutane is not expected to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum (>290 nm)(SRC).

U085; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when 2,2'-bioxirane, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. 2,2'-Bioxirane is included on this list.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 10 lb or 4.54 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Diepoxybutane is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 10 or 500 lbs. Extremely hazardous substances that are solids are subject to either of two threshold planning quantities ... The lower quantity applies only if the solid exists in powdered for and has a particle size less than 100 microns; or is handled in solution or in molten form; or meets the criteria for a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rating of 2, 3 or 4 for reactivity. If the solid does not meet any of these criteria, it is subject to the upper ... threshold planning quantity ... .

Experiments were carried out to study the uptake, retention, routes of elimination, and identification of butadiene metabolites in rats and mice. Male Sprague-Dawley rats and male B6C3F1 mice were administered (14)C labeled butadiene by inhalation at 0.14 to 13000 microg/l air. The percentage of (14)C absorbed and retained at 6 hours after exposure was 1.5 to 17 in rats and 4 to 20 in mice. Major routes of elimination were exhalation and urine discharge, accounting for 75 to 85% of the total (14)C. About 12% of (14)C remained in the carcass 65 hours after the exposure. At the 13 microg/l dose, all (14)C was accounted for as metabolites. At the lowest butadiene concentrations (14)C in urine and exhaled air represented 40 and 20% of the total (14)C eliminated. At the highest butadiene concentration (14)C in urine decreased to 8 % of total (14)C eliminated or retained in carcass. More than 90% of (14)C in blood samples consisted of butadiene metabolites, of which 60 to 80 % was nonvolatile material. The amount of metabolites increased with the concentration of inhaled butadiene, but the increase was not proportional to the uptake. At 130 and 1800 microg/l butadiene mice had about twofold higher amount of 1,2-epoxy-3-butene than rats. The quantities of butadiene-diepoxide in rats subjected to the same exposure levels of butadiene were 0.1 and 1 nmol/ml blood after 6 hours. /Butadiene/

Diepoxybutane (DEB) is a known human metabolite of butadiene_monoxide.

Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included.

Reagents with two reactive groups, usually at opposite ends of the molecule, that are capable of reacting with and thereby forming bridges between side chains of amino acids in proteins; the locations of naturally reactive areas within proteins can thereby be identified; may also be used for other macromolecules, like glycoproteins, nucleic acids, or other.

Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes.

Experiments were carried out to study the uptake, retention, routes of elimination, and identification of butadiene metabolites in rats and mice. Male Sprague-Dawley rats and male B6C3F1 mice were administered (14)C labeled butadiene by inhalation at 0.14 to 13000 microg/l air. The percentage of (14)C absorbed and retained at 6 hours after exposure was 1.5 to 17 in rats and 4 to 20 in mice. Major routes of elimination were exhalation and urine discharge, accounting for 75 to 85% of the total (14)C. About 12% of (14)C remained in the carcass 65 hours after the exposure. At the 13 microg/l dose, all (14)C was accounted for as metabolites. At the lowest butadiene concentrations (14)C in urine and exhaled air represented 40 and 20% of the total (14)C eliminated. At the highest butadiene concentration (14)C in urine decreased to 8 % of total (14)C eliminated or retained in carcass. More than 90% of (14)C in blood samples consisted of butadiene metabolites, of which 60 to 80 % was nonvolatile material. The amount of metabolites increased with the concentration of inhaled butadiene, but the increase was not proportional to the uptake. At 130 and 1800 microg/l butadiene mice had about twofold higher amount of 1,2-epoxy-3-butene than rats. The quantities of butadiene-diepoxide in rats subjected to the same exposure levels of butadiene were 0.1 and 1 nmol/ml blood after 6 hours. /Butadiene/

Used for curing polymers, cross-linking textile fibers, and producing erythritol and pharmaceuticals; [HSDB] Used to prevent spoilage; [CAMEO]

Textiles (Fiber & Fabric Manufacturing) [Category: Industry]

RESEARCH CHEMICAL

Curing polymers; crosslinking textile fibers

Chemical intermediate and in the preparation of erythritol and pharmaceuticals.

(1978) NOT PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN USA

(1982) NOT PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN USA

NOT PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN USA.

Prepared from erythrityl chlorohydrin; by refluxing 1,4-dichloro-2,3-butanediol in tetrahydrofuran with sodium hydroxide.

Prepared by chlorination of butadiene followed by epoxidation with peracetic acid, with subsequent hydrolysis of the epoxide group and final reepoxidation with caustic.