This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 2% (1 of 51) of reports.WarningH302 (15.7%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]P264, P264+P265, P270, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P317, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 51 reports by companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.
Regulatorische Informationen
Chemical: Phenol, 2,3-dichloro-T - indicates a substance that is the subject of a final TSCA section 4 test rule.Status: Active Update: 23-03-2018 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/234532,3-Dichlorophenol: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard
DOT-Kennzeichnung
Poison
Brandgefahren
Flash point data for this chemical are not available. It is probably combustible. (NTP, 1992)
Gesundheitsgefahren
SYMPTOMS: Symptoms of exposure to this compound may include irritation of the skin, eyes, mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. Prolonged contact can cause damage to the eyes, severe irritation and burns. Exposure to this class of compounds may cause profuse sweating, intense thirst, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cyanosis from methemoglobinemia, hyperactivity, stupor, blood pressure fall, hyperpnea, hemolysis, convulsions, collapse, coma and pulmonary edema followed by pneumonia. If death from respiratory failure is not immediate, jaundice and oliguria or anuria may occur. Other symptoms of exposure to this class of compounds may include headache, dizziness, rapid and difficult breathing, weakness, severe burns and internal damage. Chronic exposure may result in digestive disturbances, nervous disorders, skin eruptions and liver and kidney damage. Skin contact with this type of compound may result in softening and whitening of the skin, followed by the development of painful burns. Prolonged contact may lead to dermatitis. Local contact may also result in painless blanching or erythema and corrosion of the skin. Skin sensitivity reactions occur occasionally.
Gefahrenübersicht
Prolonged contact corrosive to eyes
May cause skin burns, hyperthermia, methemoglobinemia, liver and kidney damage, and convulsions
[CAMEO] An irritant
Effects in high-dose animal studies include convulsions or effect on seizure threshold
[MSDSonline] See CHLOROPHENOLS.
The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of 2,3-dichlorophenol stem from its toxicologic properties. Exposure to this crystalline substance may occur from dermal contact or inhalation at sites where it is used as a chemical intermediate. Effects from exposure include burning of the skin, headache, dizziness, cyanosis, and death from cardiac or respiratory failure. Personnel handling 2,3-dichlorophenol should wear protective clothing, gloves, boots, goggles, and an approved dust respirator. In emergency situations, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus and structural firefighter's protective clothing. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site. In case ofcontact with 2,3-dichlorophenol, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 15 minutes, and wash affected areas of the skin with soap and water. 2,3-Dichlorophenol does not ignite easily, but it can burn, producing irritating and poisonous gases. For small fires involving 2,3-dichlorophenol, extinguish with dry chemical, CO2, water spray, or standard foam, and for large fires, use water spray, fog, or standard foam. Dike runoff from fire control water if necessary to keep it from entering water sources or sewers where it may cause pollution. 2,3-Dichlorophenol may be shipped via air, rail, road, or water in containers bearing the label, "Keep away from food." Small spills of 2,3-dichlorophenol solution may be taken up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent and placed into containers for later disposal. Large spills should be contained in pits, or other holding areas that are sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner. Solids should be covered with a plastic sheet. Spills of 2,3-dichlorophenol in water may be trapped at the bottom with sand bag barriers, activated charcoal applied, and trapped material removed with suction hoses, mechanical dredges, or lifts. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance.
Reaktive Gruppe
Phenols and Cresols
Special Reports
Nat'l Research Council CanadaChlorinated Phenols (1982) NRCC No. 18578KOZAK VP ET ALREVIEWS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS: XI. CHLOROPHENOLSUS EPA REP EPA-600/1-79-012: 519 PAGES (1979). THIS PAPER DISCUSSES THE HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, ANALYTICAL METHODS, BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS (HUMAN & NON-HUMAN), ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION & TRANSFORMATION & ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS OF CHLOROPHENOLS & THEIR CONSEQUENCES. AVAILABLE DATA INDICATE THAT CHLOROPHENOLS DO NOT POSSESS TUMORIGENIC, MUTAGENIC OR TERATOGENIC PROPERTIES.Environmental Protection Service. Chlorophenols and Their Impurities in the Canandian Environment Report EPS 3-EC-81-2 (1981).USEPAAmbient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Chlorinated Phenols (1980) EPA 440/5-80-032.
Reactivity Profile
2,3-DICHLOROPHENOL is incompatible with acid chlorides, acid anhydrides and oxidizing agents. (NTP, 1992)
DOT Emergency Guidelines
/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXICinhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Chlorophenols, liquidChlorophenols, solid//GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Chlorophenols, liquid/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Chlorophenols, liquid/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLYit is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Chlorophenols, liquidFor more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 2,3-DICHLOROPHENOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Air and Water Reactions
Insoluble in water.
Other Hazardous Reactions
During vacuum fractionation of the mixed dichlorophenols produced by partial hydrolysis of trichlorobenzene, rapid admission of air to the receiver caused the column contents to be forced down into the boiler at 210 °C, and a violent explosion ensued. /Dichlorophenol mixed isomers/
Clean Water Act Anforderungen
Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Chlorinated phenols/
Brandbekämpfung
Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)
Erste Hilfe
EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.
Brandbekämpfungsverfahren
Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty. /Trichlorophenol/
Reinigungsverfahren
Land Spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner/ to contain liquid or solid material. Cover solids with plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. /Trichlorophenol/Water Spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. If dissolved, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. /Trichlorophenol/Activated carbon is a good method for removing chlorophenols from water. Competitive adsorption occurs between chlorophenols and humic substances present in nearly all municipal water supplies. This competition decreases the capacity of carbon for chlorophenols. /Chlorophenols/
Freisetung ohne Brand
SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.
Entsorgungsverfahren
SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air qualitypotential migration in soil or watereffects on animal, aquatic, and plant lifeand conformance with environmental and public health regulations.Chemical Treatability of 2,3-DichlorophenolConcentration Process: Activated CarbonsChemical Classification: PhenolsScale of Study: Batch Flow, Laboratory ScaleType of Wastewater Used: Pure Compound (one solute in a solventResults of Study: 100% reduction14% desorbed from carbon by elutriation with solvent(Calgon FS-300 used. Solvents included pentene-acetone, diethyl ether, methylene chloride-acetone, chloroform-acetone and acetone.)
Preventive Measures
SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.Keep material out of water sources and sewersBuild dikes to contain flow as necessaryKeep upwindAvoid breathing vapors or dustsWash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. /Trichlorophenol/Immediately wash contaminated areas of skin with concentrated soap solution. Contaminated gloves, clothing, shoes should be removed without delay and disposed by incineration.SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to your gloves.Wear boots, protective gloves, and goggles. /Trichlorophenol//Wear/ approved dust respirator for toxic dustsProtective clothing to prevent contact with skin. /Trichlorophenol/
Körperbelastung
A nominal 2,3-dichlorophenol level of 220 ppb was found in the urine of humans exposed to alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane(1).
Ökotoxizitätswerte
EC50Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, age <72 hr)Conditions: freshwater, staticConcentration: 5190 ug/L for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 4090-6300 ug/L)Effect: intoxication, immobilization />95% purity/Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, age 6-24 hr)Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C, pH > or =7.0Concentration: 4100 ug/L for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 3300-4900 ug/L)Effect: intoxication, immobilizationConcentration: 3100 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 2800-3400 ug/L)Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green algae)Concentration: 5000 ug/L for 96 hrEffect: growth, generalFor more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 2,3-DICHLOROPHENOL (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Umweltverhalten
TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a measured Koc value of 426 determined in lake and river sediments(2), indicates that 2,3-dichlorophenol is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 2,3-dichlorphenol is 7.7(3), indicating that this compound will partially exist in the anion form and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization of 2,3-dichlorophenol from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.46X10-6 atm-cu m/mole, derived from its vapor pressure, 0.058 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 3,600 mg/L(6). 2,3-Dichlorophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a measured vapor pressure of 0.058 mm Hg(5). Half-lives of 28 days in and acidic sandy loam and 8 days in a basic sandy silt loam(7) suggests that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil, and is pH dependent(SRC).AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a measured Koc value of 426 determined in lake and river sediments(2), indicates that 2,3-dichlorophenol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.46X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.058 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 3,600 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 14 and 103 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), a measured BCF of 7.5 to 35(7), and a regression-derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). A 0% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(7) suggests that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2,3-dichlorophenol, which has a vapor pressure of 0.058 mm Hg at 25 °C(2) is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,3-dichlorophenol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC)the half-life for this reaction in air is about 10 days(SRC), calculated from its measured rate constant of 1.66X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). 2,3-dichlorophenol contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).
Unerwünschte Wirkungen
Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin
Ökotoxizitätsauszüge
/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Acute (24 hr) toxicity (median inhibitory concn IC50) to Daphnia magna of 17 chlorophenols. Phenols with chlorine in para-position were more toxic than those with chlorine in ortho-position.
Ongoing Test Status
The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=576-24-9]
Effluent Concentrations
Biologically treated effluent samples from nine Canadian bleached softwood Kraft mills were analyzed for chlorinated phenolic content. Chlorinated phenolics, including 2,3-dichlorophenol, present in effluent discharged from bleached Kraft mills are not expected to contribute an off odor to recipient waters.2,3-Dichlorophenol was detected in the effluent downstream from 10% of industrial plants surveyed in England and Wales in 1995 at an average concentration of 1.52 ppb(1) 2,3-Dichlorophenol was detected in the effluent from 13.5% of sewage treatment plants surveyed in England and Wales in 1995 at an average concentration of 0.3 ppb(1). 2,3-Dichlorophenol was detected in the effluent of a metal reclamation facility at concentrations of 0.2 and 0.3 ug/cu m (2).Combustion ash from the incineration of a PCB-contaminated oil was found to contain 2,3-dichlorophenol at a concentration of 14 ppb(1).
Soil Adsorption/Mobility
An average Koc of 426 has been measured in three types of lake and river sediments(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that 2,3-dichlorophenol is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. The pKa of 2,3-dichlorophenol is 7.7(3), indicating that this compound will partially exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4).
Natural Pollution Sources
Dichlorophenols can be synthesized directly by soil fungi utilizing chloride ions and humic phenol found in soil(1)chloroperoxidase enzymes released into soil by fungi can also bring about the chlorination of humic phenols with chloride ions(1). Chlorphenols may be released into the environment through burning of fresh lignocellulosic biomass during forest fires(2).
Human Toxicity Excerpts
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ SYMPTOMATOLOGY: Burning pain in mouth and throat. White necrotic lesions in mouth, esophagus and stomach. Abdominal pain, vomiting ... and bloody diarrhea. Pallor, sweating, weakness, headache, dizziness, tinnitus. Shock: Weak irregular pulse, hypotension, shallow respirations, cyanosis, pallor, and a profound fall in body temperature. Possibly fleeting excitement and confusion, followed by unconsciousness. ... Stentorous breathing, mucous rales, rhonchi, frothing at nose and mouth and other signs of pulmonary edema are sometimes seen. Characteristic odor of phenol on the breath. Scanty, dark-colored ... urine ... moderately severe renal insufficiency may appear. Methemoglobinemia, Heinz body hemolytic anemia and hyperbilirubinemia have been reported. ... Death from respiratory, circulatory or cardiac failure. If spilled on skin, pain is followed promptly by numbness. The skin becomes blanched, and a dry opaque eschar forms over the burn. When the eschar sloughs off, a brown stain remains. /Phenol//EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ Several epidemiological studies have been published concerning human cancer outcomes following occupational exposure to chlorophenols, phenoxy herbicides (made from or contaminated with chlorophenols) and chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (microcontaminants found in some chlorophenols and phenoxy herbicides). Most of these studies (case-control and cohort studies) have been described and reviewed in several publications by IARC (1979, 1986, 1987). Equivocal relationships between chlorophenols and cases of soft tissue sarcoma, malignant lymphoma (Hodgkins disease and non-Hodgkins lymphoma), nasal and nasopharyngeal cancer and lung cancer have been reported. IARC concluded that there is a limited evidence of carcinogenicity from occupational exposure to chlorophenols ... /Chlorophenols//ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Nineteen isomeric chlorophenols were tested for their toxicity to HeLa cells. Cytotoxicity (median inhibitory concentration IC50) varied between 0.37 and 900 mg/L and generally increased in proportion to the number of chlorine substituents and the partition coefficient. Ortho chlorination decreased toxicity, whereas meta chlorination had the opposite effect. A good correlation was found between HeLa cell toxicity and data on the bacterial toxicity of the substances./OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ The toxicity of chlorophenols tends to increase as chlorination is increased. /Chlorophenols/
Artificial Pollution Sources
Dichlorophenol formation as a result of the chlorination process involving water treatment and wood pulp bleaching(1) various incineration processes(2,3) may result in their release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). 2,3-Dichlorophenol is a metabolism product of o-dichlorobenzene and also the pesticide lindane (no longer registered in the US)(4)the latter may have resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).
Environmental Biodegradation
AEROBIC: 2,3-Dichlorophenol, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI I test(1). 2,3-Dichlorophenol, present at 60 ppm in Wiggins, Mississippi acidic sandy loam with a pH of 4.8, reached 90% transformation to unspecified intermediates in 55 days, with a half-life of 28 days(2)2,3-dichlorophenol, present at 130 ppm in Austin, Texas basic sandy silt loam with a pH of 7.8, reached 90% transformation to unspecified intermediates in 25 days, with a half-life of 8 days(2). Approximately 100% of initially added 2,3-dichlorophenol had been degraded after 2-4 weeks of incubation in four freshwater pond sediments(3)the chlorine at the 2-position was the most susceptible to the reductive dechlorination which occurred(3). After a lag period of approximately 2 weeks, 100% of the 2,3-dichlorophenol initially added to a freshwater pond sediment (which had been contaminated with asphalt) was observed to degrade within two weeks(3).ANAEROBIC: 2,3-Dichlorophenol, present at 9 ppm (55 uM) in water, reached 82% transformation to 2-chlorophenol and phenol in 95 days, employing a mixed inoculum obtained from sludge(1). 2,3-Dichlorophenol, present at 10 ppm (60 uM), reached 100% transformation to unspecified intermediates in 30 days, employing a mixed inoculum obtained from sludge(2). 2,3-Dichlorophenol, present at 0.65 ppm (4 uM) in Tsurumi River, Tokyo Bay, Japan estuarine sediment, reached 100% transformation to 3-chlorophenol over one year, with a half-life of 13 days(3)the mechanism of transformation was via microorganism-mediated reductive dechlorination in which chlorine on the phenolic ring is replaced with hydrogen. In a similar study, 2,3-dichlorophenol, present at 0.5-1.1 ppm in Lake Kasumigaura, Japan sediment, reached 100% transformation to intermediates over one year, with a half-life of 24 days(4). In anaerobic serum bottle tests using unacclimated digestor sludge, 100% of added 2,3-dichlorophenol degraded within 6 wk yielding 3-chlorophenol(5). In anaerobic serum bottle tests using sludge acclimated to 2-chlorophenol, only 4% of added 2,3-dichlorophenol degraded during a 30-day incubation(5)no degradation occurred over a 28-day period using sludge acclimated to 3-chlorophenol(5).ANAEROBIC: The first-order rate constant for 2,3-dichlorophenol in anaerobic estuarine sediment was 0.053 days-1(1), corresponding to a biodegradation half-life of about 13 days(1). The half-life of 2,3-dichlorophenol in a freshwater sediment slurry was measured as 1 day(2). Using a test chemical concentration of 10 ppm, 2,3-dichlorphenol half-lives of 0.4 to 1.5 days following a 2 week lag period were reported using anoxic pond sediments from the Cherokee Trailer Park Pond, Athens, GA collected in Jan 1989half-lives of 5 to greater than 60 days with lag periods of 35 to 196 days were reported when using Bolton's Pond sediments (Athen's GA), collected in December, 1986(3).
