3-Aminophenol

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or alcohol foam extinguishers ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position ... The only respirators recommended for fire fighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full facepieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. /Aminophenols/

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /Aminophenols/

Spill handling: keep dust under control. Use a vacuum or wet method to reduce dust during clean-up. Do not sweep. Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until clean-up is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection of your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations. /Aminophenols/

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Incineration. /Aminophenols/

... Disposable natural rubber latex gloves and disposable PVC gloves should not be used repeatedly for handling the hair dye products /p-aminophenol, m-aminophenol, o-aminophenol, and p-phenylenediamine/.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. /Aminophenols/

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from burning material. Keep upwind ... Avoid bodily contact with the material ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. /Aminophenols/

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

3 [mg/m3]

31 [mg/m3]

180 [mg/m3]

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)

Wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of skin contact ... Wear dust-proof chemical goggles and face shield unless full facepiece respiratory protection is worn. /Aminophenols/

Methemoglobinemia can be treated with supplemental oxygen and methylene blue 1% solution administered intravenously slowly over five minutes followed by IV flush with normal saline. Methylene blue restores the iron in hemoglobin to its normal (reduced) oxygen-carrying state. (L1613)

An investigation was carried out of the effects of ortho-aminophenol (95556) (o-AP), meta-aminophenol (591275) (m-AP), para-aminophenol (123308) (p-AP) & acetaminophen (103902) (AAP) on the induction of preneoplastic lesions in the liver & kidney of male Fischer-344-rats by N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine (13147256) (EHEN). The rats in this 52 wk investigation included those give 0.1% EHEN in their drinking water for 2 wk & then, beginning 1 wk later, given 0.8% of either o-AP, m-AP, p-AP or AAP in the basal diet for 49 wk; those given EHEN & thereafter only the basal diet; & those given one of the test cmpds without prior EHEN admin. Body, liver & kidney weights were determined for sacrificed rats, & liver sections were subjected to immunohistochemical exam of glutathione-S-transferase placental type (GSTP) positive foci. The numbers of GSTP positive foci in the liver were significantly decreased in rats given o-AP, m-AP, p-AP or AAP after EHEN as compared to values for rats given EHEN alone. However, lowered incidences of GSTP positive foci were observed only in rats given o-AP or AAP after EHEN. Only p-AP & AAP gave significantly higher incidences of microadenoma & adenoma in the kidney.

LD50 Quail oral 750 mg/kg

EC50; Species: Tetrahymena thermophila (ciliate protozoa, B-III); Conditions: freshwater; Concentration: 2.55 mg/L (2550 ug/L) for 48 hr; Effect: Population growth rate

EC50; Species: Tetrahymena thermophila (ciliate protozoa, B-III); Conditions: freshwater; Concentration: 2.9 mg/L (2900 ug/L) for 48 hr; Effect: Population growth rate

LC50; Species: Danio rerio (zebra danio, eggs); Conditions: freshwater, static, 26 °C, dissolved oxygen >7 mg/L; Concentration: 22.34 mg/L (22.13-22.55 mg/L) (22340 ug/L (22130-22550 ug/L)) for 72 hr /formulated product, 99% pure/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 90(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 3-aminophenol is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). However, anilines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(3,4), suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils(SRC). Measured pKa values are 4.37 and 9.815(5) for the amine and hydroxy functional groups, respectively(6). 3-Aminophenol is amphoteric and behaves either as a weak acid or weak base; the basic character usually predominates(7). Volatilization of 3-aminophenol from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.7X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(8). 3-Aminophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.86X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(9). A 0% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(10) suggests that biodegradation may not be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC). Under aerobic conditions, 3-aminophenol, added to aquifer solids from an uncontaminated aquifer, was slowly mineralized from 0.04 to 0.07% per day(11). 3-Aminophenol was degraded by 37% in 16 days in a soil grab study(12). Under denitrifying conditions in sediment, 3-aminophenol was mineralized following a long lag phase at a rate of 10.0 umol/L/day(13). 3-Aminophenol was not mineralized under methanogenic conditions in a 26-week sediment grab sample study(12).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 90(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 3-aminophenol may adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.7X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Reported pKa values of 4.37 and 9.815(5) indicate 3-aminophenol will exist almost entirely as the neutral species at pH values of 5 to 9(6). According to a classification scheme(7), BCFs of <4 and <40 in carp (Cyprinus carpio)(8), suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). 3-Aminophenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Based on two grab studies, 3-aminophenol appears to be slowly mineralized, from 0.4 to 0.7% per day(9), in aquifer solids and degraded by 37% in 16 days in soil(10). Under denitrifying conditions in sediment, 3-aminophenol was mineralized following a long lag phase at a rate of 10.0 umol/L/day(11). 3-Aminophenol was not mineralized under methanogenic conditions in a 26-week sediment grab sample study(11).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 3-aminophenol, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 2X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 3-aminophenol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 3-Aminophenol absorbs light at wavelengths of 270 nm (in 0.1 M HCl)(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Safe in the present practices of use and concentration. Ingredient, concentration, and use information are available in documents discoverable at https://cir-reports.cir-safety.org

3-Aminophenol interacts with both adult and fetal hemoglobin, forming methemoglobin. In comparison to its isomers, 2-aminophenol and 4-aminophenol, 3-aminophenol is the least effective in forming methemoglobin. Since methemoglobin cannot bind oxygen like hemoglobin can, elevated levels of methemoglobin cause a condition called methemoglobinemia, which can result in tissue hypoxia. (L1613, A2862)

3-Aminophenol may cause contact dermatitis. Signs and symptoms of methemoglobinemia may include shortness of breath, cyanosis, mental status changes, headache, fatigue, exercise intolerance, dizziness and loss of consciousness. Severe methemoglobinemia can result in dysrhythmias, seizures, coma, and death. (T21, L1613)

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 3-aminophenol can be estimated to be 90(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 3-aminophenol is expected to have high mobility in soil. However, anilines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(3,4), suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils(SRC). Measured pKa values are 4.37 and 9.815(5) for the amine and hydroxy functional groups, respectively(6). 3-Aminophenol is amphoteric and behaves either as a weak acid or weak base; the basic character usually predominates(7). At pH 7.7, 12% of added 3-aminophenol was sorbed by an organoclay(8).

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Aqueous solutions of 1.0% 3-aminopheol (MAP) and 0.5% 4-aminophenol (PAP) were tested for depigmentation and discoloration after repeated topical application to the skin on one of the forearms of 26 volunteers (20 black and 6 white). The subjects were separated into 2 groups of 13; 1 group received 0.1 5 mL applications of the PAP solution, and the other group received 0.1 5 mL of the MAP solution. Sites were washed by the subjects 1 hr after application of the solutions. The solutions were applied to the same sites for 3 consecutive days the first week and for 4 consecutive days the second and third weeks. Three days after the 11th application, the subjects' arms were evaluated for "circumscribed areas on either forearm in which the skin color appeared different from that of the surrounding area." Subjects were asked to comment on the test procedure or any adverse effects experienced during the study. There was no evidence of skin color changes, lightening or darkening, in any of the 6 white subjects. No lightening of skin color was observed in any of the black subjects. A slight darkening of the skin of 2 black subjects treated with the PAP solution was noted. Slight to moderate primary skin irritation was found in I subject after three to seven applications of the PAP solution.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A semiocclusive (open) repeated insult patch test was conducted with 3-aminophenol (MAP) in a 3% solution (aqueous alcohol and surfactants/suspending agents similar to Schultz vehicle II) using 115 normal volunteer subjects, 99 of whom completed the study. Reasons for withdrawal from the study were not treatment related. One subject had a + reaction after the fifth induction patch. Reactions scoring +* (definite erythema and minimal or doubtful edema) and + were observed in a subject after the first and fourth induction patches. This subject (female, Caucasian) also had +* reactions 48 and 72 hr after challenge patch application, indicative of presensitization. A rechallenge patch test was performed on this subject using MAP and a hair-coloring shampoo formulation that were applied directly to the skin of the antecubital fossae and left uncovered. A + reaction after 24 hr and +* reactions after 48 and 72 hr were observed at sites challenged with MAP. A +* reaction after 24 hr and + reactions after 48 and 72 hr were observed at sites challenged with the formulation, indicating the subject's sensitization to both MAP and the formulation. The investigators noted that the subject's regular use of another hair-coloring shampoo formulation, with which she experienced transient itching, indicated the "likelihood of low level sensitization which is probably not clinically significant." Another subject (male, Hispanic) had a +* reaction 72 hr after application of the challenge patch. When this subject was rechallenged at other sites, he developed + reactions 72 hr after patch application to the back and 48 and 72 hr after patch application to the forearm. A low level of sensitization was found in this subject.