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Bensulid (ISO)
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Identifikatoren & physikalische Daten
| CAS No. | 741-58-2 |
|---|---|
| Summenformel | C14H24NO4PS3 |
| Durchschnittliche Molmasse | 397,5 g/mol |
| Monoisotopische Masse | 397,06050877 g/mol |
| SMILES | CC(C)OP(=S)(OC(C)C)SCCNS(=O)(=O)c1ccccc1 |
| InChIKey | RRNIZKPFKNDSRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 12932 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1895252 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:81899 |
| EC No. | 212-010-4 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID9032329 |
| Lokaler Name | Bensulid (ISO) |
Chemische & physikalische Eigenschaften
| XLogP | 4,2 |
|---|---|
| Polarare Oberfläche (TPSA) | 130 |
| H-Brücken-Donoren | 1 |
| H-Brücken-Akzeptoren | 7 |
| Frei drehbare Bindungen | 10 |
| Schwere Atome | 23 |
| Formalladung | 0 |
| Komplexität | 471 |
| SpringerMaterials Properties | Fusion temperature |
| Pestizide | HerbicidesActive substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approvedPesticides -> Organophosphate InsecticidesPesticide (Bensulide) -> USDA PDB |
| LogP (Verteilungskoeffizient) | log Kow = 4.204.22 |
| Geruch | Characteristic camphor-like odor |
| Dichte | 1.224 g/cu cm at 20 °CRelative density (water = 1): 1.21.2240 |
| Color/Form | Colorless solidColorless liquid or white crystalline solidAmber solid or super cooled liquid /technical formulation/ |
| Löslichkeit | In water, 25 mg/L at 25 °CSolubility at 20 °C: 300 mg/L kerosenemiscible with acetone, ethanol, methyl isobutyl ketone, xylene.Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.0025 (practically insoluble)Chloroform (Slightly)25mg/L(room temperature) |
| Corrosivity | Corrosive to copper, but not to mild iron, steel, tin, or brass. |
| Flammpunkt | 157 °C315 °F, 157 °C (Open cup)157 °C o.c. |
| Decomposition | When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and phosphorous oxides./Technical product decomposes at 155 °Cheating at 100 °C causes autocatalytic decomp in 18-40 hr. /Technical bensulide/Decomposes slowly in light.Decomposes on heating at 200 °C. |
| Schmelzpunkt | 38.4 °C34 °C34.4°C |
| Dampfdruck | 0.0000008 [mmHg]8.0X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °CVapor pressure, Pa at 20 °C: |
| Siedepunkt | 487.2±55.0 °C(Predicted) |
| Lagerbedingungen | 2-8°C |
| pKa (Säurekonstante) | 10.21±0.40(Predicted) |
| Aggregatzustand | Solid |
| Farbe | White |
| BRN | 2164989 |
| Henry-Konstante | 1.1×103 mol/(m3Pa) at 25℃, HSDB (2015) |
| Stabilität | Moisture Sensitive |
| InChI | 1S/C14H24NO4PS3/c1-12(2)18-20(21,19-13(3)4)22-11-10-15-23(16,17)14-8-6-5-7-9-14/h5-9,12-13,15H,10-11H2,1-4H3 |
| InChIKey | RRNIZKPFKNDSRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | CC(C)OP(=S)(OC(C)C)SCCNS(=O)(=O)c1ccccc1 |
| CAS Datenbank | 741-58-2 |
| EPA chemische Informationen | Bensulide (741-58-2) |
Sicherheit & Vorschriften
| GHS-Einstufung | WarningH302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]P264, P270, P273, P301+P317, P330, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral] |
|---|---|
| Regulatorische Informationen | Bensulide is listed in the dataset of EPA Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides under the Safe Drinking Water Act (40 eCFR 141)2002/2076 |
| Weitere Sicherheitsinformationen | IMAP assessments - Phosphorodithioic acid, O,O-bis(1-methylethyl) S-[2-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]ethyl] ester: Human health tier I assessment |
| Brandgefahren | Combustible. Liquid formulations containing organic solvents may be flammable. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. |
| Brandpotenzial | Fire point: 171 °C |
| Gefahrenübersicht | A cholinesterase inhibitor[ICSC] Caused mild skin and eye irritation in rabbitsEffects observed in chronic feeding studies with rats include inhibition of cholinesterase activity and minor histopathological changes of liver[HSDB] The average of two baseline respective cholinesterase activity determinations three days apart, with no exposures to enzyme inhibiting pesticides for at least 30 days, is recommended for each worker prior to exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors because of large inter-individual differences in published baseline values. To be established at least once a year. Removal from workplace exposures is recommended until the cholinesterase activity returns to within 20% of baseline. [TLVs and BEIs] |
| EG-Einstufung | H302H400H410 |
| UN-Einstufung | UN Hazard Class: 6.1UN Pack Group: III |
| Special Reports | USEPA/Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic SubstancesInterim Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Bensulide EPA 738-R-00-002 (June 2000). EPA issues an IRED for a pesticide that is undergoing reregistration, requires a reregistration eligibility decision, and also needs a cumulative assessment under FQPA. The IRED, issued after EPA completes the individual pesticide's aggregate risk assessment, may include taking risk reduction measures -- for example, reducing risks to workers or eliminating uses that the registrant no longer wishes to maintain -- to gain the benefits of these changes before the final RED can be issued following the Agency's consideration of cumulative risks.[Available from, as of January 31, 2017: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm]California Environmental Protection Agency/Department of Pesticide RegulationSummary of Toxicology Data, Bensulide, Chemical Code No.70 (August 10, 1998, Revised March 26, 2001). Provides a summary of available toxicological information for pesticides currently or previously registered for use in California.[Available from, as of January 31, 2017: http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/risk/toxsums/toxsumlist.htm]Bensulide: Health Effects Division's Chapter for the Reregistration and Eligibility Decision Document. Washington, DC: USEPA, Off Pest Prog. March 3, 1998. This paper includes the Hazard Assessment, the Product and Residue Chemistry Assessments, the Occupational and Residential Exposure Assessment, the Incidence Reports Data, the Dietary Risk Analysis, and the Drinking Water Exposure Data for inclusion in the Bensulide Reregistration Eligibility Decision.[Available from, as of March 11, 2003: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/op/bensulide/bensuhed.pdf] |
| FIFRA-Anforderungen | Tolerances are established for the residues of S-(O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioate) of N-(2-mercaptoethyl) benzenesulfonamide including its oxygen analog S-(O,O-diisopropyl phosphorothioate) of N-(2-mercaptoethyl) benzenesulfonamide in or on the following food commodities:[Table#1186]Tolerances with regional registration, as defined in section 180.1(l), are established for the residues of S-(O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioate) of N-(2-mercaptoethyl) benzenesulfonamide including its oxygen analog S-(O,O-diisopropyl phosphorothioate) of N-(2-mercaptoethyl) benzenesulfonamide in or on the following food commodities: carrot, roots.[Table#1187]EPA has concluded, after completing its assessment of the cumulative risks associated with exposures to all of the OPs /including bensulide/, that: (1) the pesticides covered by the IREDs that were pending the results of the OP cumulative assessment (listed in Attachment A) are indeed eligible for reregistrationand (2) the pesticide tolerances covered by the IREDs and TREDs that were pending the results of the OP cumulative assessment (listed in Attachment A) meet the safety standard under Section 408(b)(2) of the FFDCA. Thus, with regard to the OPs, EPA has fulfilled its obligations as to FFDCA tolerance reassessment and FIFRA reregistration, other than product-specific reregistration.The Agency has completed its assessment of the occupational and ecological risks associated with the use of pesticides containing the active ingredient bensulide, as well as a bensulide-specific dietary risk assessment that has not considered the cumulative effects of organophosphates as a class. Based on a review of these data and public comments on the Agency's assessments for the active ingredient bensulide, EPA has sufficient information on the human health and ecological effects of bensulide to make an interim determination of reregistration eligibility and to make some interim decisions as part of the tolerance reassessment process under FQPA. Although the Agency has not yet completed its cumulative risk assessment for the organophosphates, the Agency is issuing this interim assessment now in order to identify risk reduction measures that are necessary to allow the continued use of bensulide. ... As a result of its assessment of the remaining risks of bensulide alone, EPA has determined that certain uses of bensulide, unless amended as set forth in this document, present risks inconsistent with FIFRA. Accordingly, EPA may commence a full risk/benefit analysis, the outcome of which may indicate that cancellation proceedings are warranted, unless registrants agree to label changes implementing the risk reduction measures discussed in this reregistration eligibility decision. At the time that a cumulative assessment is conducted, the Agency will address any outstanding risk concerns. For bensulide, if all changes outlined in this document are incorporated into the labels, then all risks will be mitigated and no outstanding risk concerns for this individual chemical will remain. But, because this is an Interim RED, the Agency may take further actions, if warranted, to finalize the reregistration eligibility decision for bensulide after assessing the cumulative risk of the organophosphate class. ... Because the Agency has not yet completed the cumulative risk assessment for the organophosphates, this reregistration eligibility decision does not fully satisfy the reassessment of the existing bensulide food residue tolerances as called for by the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA). When the Agency has completed the cumulative assessment, bensulide tolerances will be reassessed in that light. At that time, the Agency will reassess bensulide along with the other organophosphate pesticides to complete the FQPA requirements and make a final reregistration determination.As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk in accordance to newer safety standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List C, and with List C containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List D. Bensulide is found on List B. Case No: 2035Pesticide type: HerbicideCase Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.Active ingredient (AI): BensulideData Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 06/11/91, 03/03/95, 10/13/95AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner. |
| Chemical Dangers | Decomposes on heating and on burning. This produces toxic and irritating fumes including nitrogen oxides, phosphorus oxides and sulfur oxides. Attacks copper. |
| Packaging and Labelling | Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. |
| DOT Emergency Guidelines | /GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonousOrganophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxicOrganophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammableOrganophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable//GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Health: TOXICmay be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous/GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous/GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLYit is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonousFor more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Bensulide (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Brandbekämpfung | Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide. |
| Erste-Hilfe-Maßnahmen | Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.Rest. Refer for medical attention . |
| Sichere Lagerung | Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from food and feedstuffs. |
| Expositionsschutz und Persönliche Schutzausrüstung | Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells = 70% of individual's baselineButylcholinesterase activity in serum or plasma = 60% of individual's baselineSample at end of shift[TLVs and BEIs] |
| Lagerbedingungen | Store above 42 °F depending on emulsifiable formulation. Do not store or use near heat or flame. Warm and agitate until crystals dissolve, or do not use. |
| Entsorgungsverfahren | SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air qualitypotential migration in air, soil or watereffects on animal, aquatic and plant lifeand conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. |
| Verschüttetes entsorgen | Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. |
| Preventive Measures | Avoid contact with eyes and skin and inhalation of spray mists. Guard against drift.SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place. |
| Eye Prevention | Wear safety spectacles. |
| Fire Prevention | NO open flames. |
| Inhalation Risk | Evaporation at 20 °C is negligiblea harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly on spraying or when dispersed, especially if powdered. |
| Skin Prevention | Protective gloves. |
| Treatment | If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally. |
| Gesundheitliche Auswirkungen | Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides. |
| Ökotoxizitätswerte | LC50Species: Gammarus fasciatus /freshwater shrimp/, matureConditions: static bioassay without aeration, 15 °C, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/L as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/LConcentration: 1.4 mg/L for 96 hr (95% confidence limit: 0.4-5.1 mg/L)Species: Penaeus azetucus (brown shrimp), loss of equilibrium or deathConcentration: > 1 ppm for 96 hr/Conditions of bioassay not specified/Species: /Carassius auratus/ (Common goldfish)Concentration: 1-2 ppm for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/LD50Species: Apis mellifera (Honey Bee) workertopical, general 24 ug/beeFor more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Bensulide (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Umweltverhalten | TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 1,000(2) indicates that bensulide is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of bensulide from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.7X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 8.0X10-7 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 25 mg/L(4). Bensulide is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). Bensulide is considered persistent in soils due to its very slow degradation, achieving 75-100% reduction of applied amounts after 5 months(5)therefore, biodegradation is a slow environmental fate process in soil(SRC).FIELD STUDY: In a field study of agricultural soils, the half-life values of bensulide were 44.3, 37.6, and 27.1 days in sewage sludge-yard waste, sewage sludge, and unamended soils, respectively. With the addition of sewage sludge-yard waste and sewage sludge to the native soil increases in water infiltration were observed, lowering run-off water volume and bensulide residues in run-off following natural rainfall events(1).AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 1000(2), indicates that bensulide may adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.7X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 8.0X10-7 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 25 mg/L(5). According to a classification scheme(6), a BCF of 880(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). Bensulide's persistence in soil(8) would suggest that biodegradation may be a slow aquatic environmental fate process(SRC). Bensulide has a reported hydrolysis half-life of 9.9 days(9).ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), bensulide, which has a vapor pressure of 8.0X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase bensulide is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC)the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.3 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.7X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase bensulide may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). It is reported that bensulide decomposes slowly in light(5). |
| Lebensmitteluntersuchungswerte | Bensulide was tested for but not detected, limit of quantitation = 0.1 ppm, in domestic and imported pears and tomatoes(1). A total of 129,524 lbs active ingredient bensulide/yr were applied to 29% of the watermelon crop in the US during 1987/89(2). Bensulide residues have not been detected in dietary field trials(3).In FDA total diet studies analyzing foods for human consumption as part of the pesticide monitoring program during the fiscal year 2013, bensulide was not listed for inclusion in the studyduring the fiscal years 2009 through 2012 bensulide was listed as a pesticide in the monitoring program although it was not detected in the foods studied(1). |
| Unerwünschte Wirkungen | Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation. |
| Expositionspfade | The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion. |
| Toxizitätsübersicht | IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Bensulide is a viscous amber liquid above 34.4 °C, and a solid below that temperature. It is used for pre-emergence control of annual grasses and broad-leaved weeds in established turf, dichondra, brassicas, cucurbits, watermelons, cotton, lettuce, tomatoes, carrots, capsicums, rice, and herbage seed crops. HUMAN STUDIES: No data. ANIMAL STUDIES: Bensulide is a cholinesterase inhibitor and mild irritant in rabbit eyes. Rats tolerated 1 hr exposures to 8 mg/L air. In 90 day feeding trials, no-effect level for rats was 25 mg/kg/day, for dogs 2.5 mg/kg/day, and for mice 30 mg/kg/day. In a chronic toxicity study in dogs, bensulide (92.4% a.i.) was administered to 4 dogs/sex/dose by feeding at dose levels of 0, 0.5, 4, or 30 mg/kg/day for 52 weeks. No neoplastic tissue was observed in dogs in the treatment and control groups. Chronic toxicity in rats receiving 60 mg/kg/day was characterized in both sexes by reduced cholinesterase levels in plasma, erythrocytes, and brain, and, in the males, by increased absolute liver weights and mild histopathological changes of the liver (hepatocyte vacuolation and eosinophilic foci). In the 15 mg/kg/day animals, reduced plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activities were also observed. In developmental toxicity studies bensulide exerted no effects on maternal gross pathology, fertility, or cesarian parameters and the lack of any developmental effects. Bensulide was not mutagenic when evaluated for its ability to induce point mutations in the T4 bacteriophage/Escherichia coli B system. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Bensulide was toxic to fish and inhibited germination in grasses.Bensulide is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A cholinesterase inhibitor (or 'anticholinesterase') suppresses the action of acetylcholinesterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by binding a serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. Among the most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-based compounds, which are designed to bind to the active site of the enzyme. The structural requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen. |
| Ökotoxizitätsauszüge | /AQUATIC SPECIES/ A scan of the acute toxicities of eighteen common herbicides to one-year-old channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) was conducted. Herbicides causing less than 10% mortality in 48 hr at 10 ppm were: alanap, chloramben, 2,4-D acid, 2,4-D dimethyl amine salt, dalapon, diuron, DSMA, EPTC, fluometuron, metribuzin, monuron, MSMA, nitralin and 2,4,5,-T. The 96-hr LC50 values in pp6 for four nerbicides found toxic were: propanil, 3796trifluralin, 417bensulide, 379and DNBP 118. The toxicity of Dyanap, a mixture of DNBP and alanap, was lower than that of DNBPthere was no apparent synergism between DNBP and alanap in the mixture./PLANTS/ Oat seedlings were grown by two different methods in various concentrations of bensulide. Root growth was inhibited, the roots were sometimes curved and root hairs were often present close to the root tip. Structural features of the treated roots included epidermal cells which were greatly elongated radiallyshort, pitied trachcary elements differentiated close to the root tipand occasional lesions. One of the primary effects of bensulide appears to be inhibition of root growth, though it does not completely inhibit mitosis./PLANTS/ Inhibits germination in grasses./PLANTS/ It inhibits the growth of roots of weeds./PLANTS/... Pepper, watermelon, cotton, lettuce, tomato and carrot were tolerant to concn of <1,000 ppm bensulide in fine sandy loam soil. Cabbage and onion were tolerant to bensulide levels of 725 ppm or less. |
| Signs and Symptoms | Pupillary constriction. Excessive salivation. Lacrimation. Urination. Diarrhoea. Shortness of breath. Muscle cramps. Unconsciousness.MAY BE ABSORBED! Itching. Rash. Redness. Pain. Further see Inhalation.Redness. Pain. Further see Inhalation.Abdominal cramps. Confusion. Vomiting. Weakness. Further see Inhalation.Symptoms of low dose exposure include excessive salivation and eye-watering. Acute dose symptoms include severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Hypertension, hypoglycemia, anxiety, headache, tremor and ataxia may also result. |
| Acute Toxicity Link | Chemical: BENSULIDE |
| Ongoing Test Status | EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPAICSS Dashboard ApplicationAvailable from, as of December 8, 2016: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/] |
| Wassergefährdungsklasse (WGK) | 3 |
| UN-Transportnummer | UN 2811 6.1/PG 3 |
| Zollcode | 29350090 |
| RTECS-Nr. | TE0250000 |
| R-Sätze (R) | 22-50/53 |
| Gefahrensymbole | Xn,N |
| Sicherheitshinweise (S) | 24-36-60-61 |
| Gefahrenklasse | 6.1Acute Tox. 4 OralAquatic Acute 1Aquatic Chronic 1 |
| Verpackungsgruppe | III |
| Lagerklasse | 11 - Combustible Solids |
| Gefahrstoffdaten | 741-58-2(Hazardous Substances Data) |
Anwendungen & Verwendung
Verwenden
Bensulide is an herbicide used for preemergent control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in agricultural crops (60–65% of all use). Current registered use sites are carrots, fruiting vegetables, leafy vegetables (mostly head lettuce), dry bulb vegetables (onions), cucurbits (mostly melons), and cole crops (cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, broccolini, and broccoflower). Bensulide can also be used on field-grown herbaceous plants and field-grownbulbs. Products containing bensulide are intended for outdoor homeowner use on lawns and ornamentals, and application by professional lawn care operators to lawns, ornamentals, parks, and recreation areas.