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Paraquat-dichlorid
METHYL VIOLOGEN · TOTAL · METHYL VIOLOGEN DICHLORIDE · esgram · PARAQUA · GRAMOXONE · Paraquat dichlorid · PARAQUAT DICHLORIDE TETRAHYDRATE
Identifikatoren & physikalische Daten
| CAS No. | 1910-42-5 |
|---|---|
| Summenformel | C12H14N2+2 |
| Durchschnittliche Molmasse | 186,25 g/mol |
| Monoisotopische Masse | 186,11460129 g/mol |
| SMILES | C[n+]1ccc(-c2cc[n+](C)cc2)cc1 |
| InChIKey | INFDPOAKFNIJBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 15939 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL74469 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:34905 |
| EC No. | 225-141-7 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID3034799 |
| Lokaler Name | Paraquat-dichlorid |
Chemische & physikalische Eigenschaften
| XLogP | 1,7 |
|---|---|
| Polarare Oberfläche (TPSA) | 7,8 |
| H-Brücken-Donoren | 0 |
| H-Brücken-Akzeptoren | 0 |
| Frei drehbare Bindungen | 1 |
| Schwere Atome | 14 |
| Formalladung | 2 |
| Komplexität | 145 |
| Stoffklassen | Carcinogens |
| Pestizide | Pesticide -> EPA IRISHerbicidesActive substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approvedPesticides -> Herbicides, Bipyridyl |
| LogP (Verteilungskoeffizient) | log Kow = -4.22 at pH 7.4 |
| Geruch | Odorless |
| Dichte | 1.241.24 @ 20°C1.25 |
| Color/Form | Yellow solidOff-white powder...a liquid in various strengths... The form marketed in the U.S. has a blue dye to keep it from being confused with beverages, a sharp odor to serve as a warning, and an agent to cause vomiting if someone drinks it.Yellow-white hygroscopic powder |
| Löslichkeit | In water, 6.2X10+5 mg/L at 20 °CPractically insoluble in organic solvents.Methanol (Sligthly) |
| Corrosivity | Paraquat is corrosive to metals. |
| Endocrine Disruptors | Potential endocrine disrupting compound |
| Siedepunkt | Boiling point (760 mm Hg): Decomposes at 175-180 °C (347-356 °F)403.89°C (rough estimate) |
| Decomposition | When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /nitric oxides/. |
| Schmelzpunkt | Colorless crystalsmp: 300 °C (decomposes)very soluble in water, slightly soluble in lower alcohols. Insoluble in hydrocarbons. Hydrolyzed by alkali. Inactivated by inert clays and anionic surfactantscorrosive to metalnon-volatile /Paraquat dichloride/A solid. MP: 300 °C (approximate decomposition) /Paraquat dimethyl sulfate/572 °F (decomposes)>300 °C(lit.) |
| Dampfdruck | 0Pa at 25℃ |
| Brechungsindex | 1.6400 (estimate) |
| Lagerbedingungen | Inert atmosphere,Room Temperature |
| Aggregatzustand | Crystals or Crystalline Powder |
| Farbe | Beige or pink to brown |
| Geruch | Peculiar odor (technical grade) |
| Merck | 7031 |
| Stabilität | Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. |
| LogP (Verteilungskoeffizient) | -4.5 at 20℃ |
| CAS Datenbank | 1910-42-5(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| EPA chemische Informationen | Paraquat dichloride (1910-42-5) |
Sicherheit & Vorschriften
| GHS-Einstufung | DangerH290 (100%): May be corrosive to metals [Warning Corrosive to Metals]P234, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P390, P391, P403+P233, P405, P406, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 28 reports by companies from 1 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral] |
|---|---|
| Regulatorische Informationen | Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 (amended)2003/112/ECParaquat: HSNO Approval: HSR003041 Approved with controlsThe New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.) |
| Weitere Sicherheitsinformationen | IMAP assessments - 4,4'-Bipyridinium, 1,1'-dimethyl-: Human health tier I assessment |
| Brandpotenzial | This chemical is a combustible solid.Non-flammable in aqueous formulations. |
| Gefahrenübersicht | Contact injuries in workers include skin rashes, burns, eye damage from splashes, nail damage, and nasal bleeding. Parquat absorption through the skin can contribute to systemic toxicity, especially when contacting damaged skin or sensitive areas like the buttocks and genitalia. Toxic ingestion: low doses (<20 mg/kg) cause local irritation to oral and GI mucosamoderate doses (20-40 mg/kg) cause renal, liver and lung damage with respiratory failure within 2-3 weekshigh doses (>40 mg/kg) cause pulmonary fibroplasia, respiratory failure, and death within 1-7 days. [ACGIH] Highly toxic via ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption[Hawley] See Paraquat dichloride. |
| Special Reports | FAO/WHOPesticide Residues in Food - Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues: Paraquat (2003) provides documentation of the evaluation by the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues to establish an adi for paraquat.[Available from, as of March 11, 2010: http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v2003pr08.htm]USEPA/OPPReregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Paraquat Dichloride EPA-738-F-96-018 (August 1997). The RED summarizes the risk assessment conclusions and outlines any risk reduction measures necessary for the pesticide to continue to be registered in the U.S.[Available from, as of June 25, 2015: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm]IPCSPoisons Information Monograph 399: Paraquat (October 2000). A global database with evaluated information on substances (chemicals, pharmaceuticals, poisonous plants, and poisonous and venomous animals) commonly involved in cases of poisoning.[Available from, as of March 5, 2010: http://www.inchem.org/pages/pims.html]Environmental Health Criteria No. 39: Paraquat and Diquat (1984)[Available from, as of March 29, 2010: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc39.htm] |
| FIFRA-Anforderungen | Tolerances are established for residues of the desiccant, defoliant, and herbicide paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium-ion) derived from application of either the bis(methyl sulfate) or the dichloride salt (both calculated as the cation) in or on the following food commodities:[Table#3463]Tolerances with regional registration as defined in section 180.1(n), are established for residues of the pesticide paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4' bipyridinium ion) derived from application of either the bis(methyl sulfate) or the dichloride salt (both calculated as the cation) in or on the following food commodities:[Table#3464]Classified for restricted use and limited to use by or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. /Paraquat (dichloride) and paraquat bis (methylsulfate)/[Table#3465]The Agency has determined that paraquat dichloride products, labeled and used as specified in this Reregistration Eligibility Decision, will not pose unreasonable risks or adverse effects to humans or the environment. Under the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996, the Agency has determined that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result to infants and children from aggregate exposure to paraquat dichloride. There are no residential uses of paraquat dichloride, therefore, there are no risks of dermal or inhalation exposure to infants, children or the general population. Additionally, paraquat is not expected to be a contaminant of drinking water. The Agency has also concluded that there are no other chemicals with a common mode of toxicity as that of paraquat. Therefore, the Agency concludes that products containing paraquat dichloride for all uses are eligible for reregistration as specified in this RED. /Paraquat dichloride/For more FIFRA Requirements (Complete) data for Paraquat (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| OSHA Standards | Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time-Weighted Avg: 0.5 mg/cu m. Skin Designation. /Respirable dust/ |
| History and Incidents | A mixture of paraquat and water was applied, by helicopter, to agricultural fields near a residential community and near an associated commercial complex. Drift from the application passed directly over the community, which resulted in resident complaints to the local county agricultural department. A community survey was undertaken to determine what health consequences, if any, resulted from the drift. A comparison of 2 wk self-reported symptom rates between the exposed community and three historical control communities indicated that 10 symptoms were elevated significantly at p< 0.05: cough, diarrhea, eye irritation, headache, nausea, rhinitis, throat irritation, trouble breathing, unusual tiredness, and wheezing. An internal comparison, which predicted symptom rates by an index of paraquat exposure (smelling an unusual odor in the prior 2 wk period), indicated fever (relative risk = 11.97) and nausea (relative risk = 3.75) to have elevated relative risks. Odor perception also predicted the report of a greater than the average number of symptoms. Based upon these findings, it was concluded that these residents probably did experience an increase in health symptoms from the drift. |
| DOT Emergency Guidelines | /GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonousBipyridilium pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxicBipyridilium pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammableBipyridilium pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable//GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Health: TOXICmay be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous/GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous/GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLYit is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonousFor more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Paraquat (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| NFPA Hazard Classification | 4 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can be lethal.0 - Materials that will not burn under typical fire conditions, including intrinsically noncombustible materials such as concrete, stone, and sand.0 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions. |
| NIOSH Recommendations | Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hour Time-Weighted Average: 0.1 mg/cu m, respirable fraction, skin. /Paraquat dichloride/ |
| CERCLA-Meldepflichtmengen | Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Paraquat dichloride is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 10 or 10,000 lbs. Extremely hazardous substances that are solids are subject to either of two threshold planning quantities ... The lower quantity applies only if the solid exists in powdered form and has a particle size less than 100 micronsor is handled in solution or in molten formor meets the criteria for a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rating of 2, 3 or 4 for reactivity. If the solid does not meet any of these criteria, it is subject to the upper ... threshold planning quantity ... . /Paraquat dichloride/ |
| Brandbekämpfungsverfahren | Procedures for bipyridilium pesticides are as follows: Small fires: dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. Large fires: water spray, fog, or foam. Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposaldo not scatter the material. Poisonous gases are produced in fire. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. Containers may explode in fire. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position.If involved in a fire, control with dry powder or alcohol-resistant foam ... Protective clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn, to avoid skin contamination and the breathing of toxic fumes. Confine the use of water spray to the cooling of unaffected stock, thus avoiding the accumulation of polluted run-off from the site. |
| Lagerbedingungen | This chemical is inactivated by inert clays and anionic surfactants. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from oxidizers, alkylaryl-sulfonate wetting agents, light. Where possible, automatically pump material from drums or other storage containers to process containers. Sources of ignition such as smoking and open flames are prohibited where this chemical is handled, used, or stored. Metal containers involving the transfer of this chemical should be grounded and bonded. Use only non-sparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of this chemical. Wherever this chemical is used, handled, manufactured, or stored, use explosion-proof electrical equipment and fittings.Store technical material and formulations away from heat, under lock and key, and out of reach of children, animals, and unauthorized personnel. Store in an area designated for pesticide storage, preferably without drains. Store away from foodstuffs and animal feed. |
| Reinigungsverfahren | SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.Avoid exposure by the use of appropriate protective clothing, gloves, and goggles or masks. Keep spectators away from leaking or spilled product and prevent smoking, and the use of naked flames, in the immediate vicinity ... Prevent liquid from spreading to other cargo, vegetation, or waterways by containing it with the most readily available barrier material, e.g., earth or sand. Absorb spilled liquid and cover contaminated areas with earth, lime, sand, or other absorbent materialsweep up and place in a secure container for subsequent safe disposal. Spillage: Avoid exposure by the use of appropriate protective clothing and face-shield. Empty any product remaining in damaged or leaking containers into a clean empty drum and label. Absorb spillage with lime, damp sawdust, sand, or earth and dispose of safely ... If spillage is large, contain it by building a barrier of earth or sandbags. Decontaminate empty, damaged, or leaking containers with a 10% sodium carbonate solution, added at the rate of at least 1 L per 20 L drum. Puncture or crush containers to prevent reuse.If paraquat is spilled, ... ventilate area of spill. Collect spilled material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers for reclamation. Liquid containing paraquat should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material. |
| Entsorgungsverfahren | SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air qualitypotential migration in air, soil or watereffects on animal, aquatic and plant lifeand conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.Paraquat is rapidly inactivated in soil. It is also inactivated by anionic surfactants. Therefore an effective and environmentally safe disposal method would be to mix the product with ordinary household detergent and bury the mixture in clay soil.If incineration facilities are unavailable for a particular organic or metallo-organic pesticide (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, and arsenic compounds), additional disposal methods include, soil injection, chemical degradation, burial (in a designated landfill), or well injection. However, persons considering the chemical degradation method should contact EPA's Regional Administrator ... prior to attempting disposal, while the well injection method should only be considered after all reasonable alternative measures have been explored and found to be less satisfactory in terms of environmental protection. If the above approved disposal methods are unavailable, temporary storage of organic and metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium and arsenic compounds), may be undertaken. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticide/For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Paraquat (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Preventive Measures | SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner such that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.Entry Restrictions. For sole-active-ingredient end-use products that contain paraquat the product labeling must be revised to adopt the entry restrictions set forth in this section. Any conflicting entry restrictions on the current labeling must be removed. For multiple-active-ingredient end-use products that contain paraquat the entry restrictions set forth in this section must be compared to the entry restrictions on the current labeling and the more protective must be retained. A specific time period in hours or days is considered more protective than "sprays have dried" or "dusts have settled."The /USEPA/ is establishing the following entry restrictions for non-Worker Protection Standard occupational uses of paraquat end-use products: Do not enter or allow others to enter the treated area until sprays have dried.For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Paraquat (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Allowable Tolerances | Tolerances are established for residues of the desiccant, defoliant, and herbicide paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium-ion) derived from application of either the bis(methyl sulfate) or the dichloride salt (both calculated as the cation) in or on the following food commodities:[Table#3457]Tolerances with regional registration as defined in section 180.1(n), are established for residues of the pesticide paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4' bipyridinium ion) derived from application of either the bis(methyl sulfate) or the dichloride salt (both calculated as the cation) in or on the following food commodities:[Table#3458] |
| Threshold Limit Values (TLV) | 0.05 [mg/m3], inhalable particulate matter, as the cation8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.5 mg/cu m0.1 mg/cu m, respirable fraction.Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Paraquat, incl respirable fraction/ |
| Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) | 0.5 [mg/m3], respirable dust0.5 mg/m³ (resp dust) |
| Protective Action Criteria (PAC) | 0.15 [mg/m3]0.25 [mg/m3]1.5 [mg/m3] |
| Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) | 0.1 mg/m³ (resp) |
| Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) | Wear appropriate personal protective equipment to prevent skin contact. /Paraquat dichloride/Wear appropiate eye protection to prevent eye contact. /Paraquat dichloride/Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. (Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.) /Paraquat dichloride/The following minimum (baseline) PPE /are required by the USEPA/ for all occupational uses of paraquat end-use products:Mixers and loaders must wear: long-sleeved shirt and long pants, chemical-resistant gloves, shoes plus socks, chemical-resistant apron, face shield. Although there is no direct evidence that occupational handlers have ever ingested a lethal amount of paraquat from a splash or spill, the requirement for a face shield for all mixers and loaders reflects the /USEPA's/ particular concern about accidental swallowing in case of a spill or splash back.For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for Paraquat (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) | The compound is currently at the Holding Status AEGLs which have been reviewed by the NAC/AEGL Committee and are on hold due to insufficient data to develop AEGL values. |
| Körperbelastung | The concentration of paraquat in urine of hand-operated knapsack sprayers in Malaysian rubber plantations ranged from less than 0.01 mg/L to 0.32 mg/L during continuous spray period. Fourteen days following post-spraying, the urinary paraquat concentration was undetectable (less than 0.01 mg/L) for all sprayers(1). |
| Wechselwirkungen | As a result of nuclear power plants accidents such as Chernobyl or Fukushima, some people were exposed to external and internal ionizing radiation (IR). Human brain is highly sensitive to IR during fetal and postnatal period when the molecular processes are not completely finished. Various studies have shown that exposure to low doses of IR causes a higher incidence of cognitive impairment. On the other hand, in industrialized countries, people are daily exposed to a number of toxicant pollutants. Exposure to environmental chemicals, such as paraquat (PQ), may potentiate the toxic effects induced by radiation on brain development. In this study, we evaluated the cognitive effects of concomitant exposure to low doses of internal radiation ((137)Cs) and PQ during neonatal brain development. At the postnatal day 10 (PND10), two groups of mice (C57BL/6J) were exposed to (137)Cs (4000 and 8000 Bq/kg) and/or PQ (7 mg/kg). To investigate the spontaneous behavior, learning, memory capacities and anxiety, behavioral tests were conducted in the offspring at two months of age. The results showed that cognitive functions were not significantly affected when (137)Cs or PQ were administered alone. However, alterations in the working memory and anxiety were detected in mice exposed to (137)Cs combined with PQ.Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione, and d-propranolol were evaluated for their ability to protect against paraquat dichloride toxicity in rats. SOD significantly prolonged and increased survival of exposed rats.Female adult beagles (9-14 kg) were continuously infused with 2.5% or 5.0% taurine (into the radial vein at a rate of 0.85 mL/kg/min for 2 hr) 1 min prior to the injection of paraquat (20 mg/kg sc). Other female beagles were infused with either glycine (40 mM/dL) or 0.9% saline solution prior to paraquat challenge. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that taurine infusion increased the blood concentration of paraquat and reduced the net content in the kidney and to a lesser extent, in the lung. The excretion of paraquat into the urine was unaltered by taurine infusion. All four beagles infused with 5.0% taurine and injected with 20 mg/kg of paraquat showed a stable condition with tail up and flicking during the infusion, whereas all control dogs given saline or glycine were vomiting and the tail was down between the legs. The infusion of 2.5% taurine had protective effects to a lesser extent against these symptoms. Urinary vol in beagles infused with 5.0% taurine and injected with paraquat was 4 times greater than that in animals given saline and the paraquat injection. The tissue/blood ratio of paraquat in beagles infused with taurine before paraquat injection was sharply reduced compared to dogs infused with saline solution or glycine.The time required for niacin treated rats to reach 50% mortality increased from 60 to 120 hr and the death rate decreased from 75 to 55%. Niacin prevents a decrease of cellular adenine dinucleotide during paraquat poisoning as has been demonstrated in bacteria.For more Interactions (Complete) data for Paraquat (25 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Zielorgane | Respiratory |
| Ökotoxizitätswerte | LD50Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) oral 199 mg/kg (95% confidence limit 144-276 mg/kg)Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) percutaneous 600 mg/kg (95% confidence limit 424-848 mg/kg)LC50Species: Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail) juvenile 14 days post-hatchdiet 948 ppm for 5 days (95% confidence interval: 768-1168 ppm)Species: Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) age 5 days, wild type Oregon-R-strainenvironmental exposure route 20 mM for 48 hrFor more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Paraquat (42 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Umweltverhalten | TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 15,473-1,000,000(2-7), indicate that paraquat is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). These values along with field studies and soil column leaching studies have demonstrated that paraquat is strongly adsorbed to soil constituents and does not leach under environmental conditions(8-10). Volatilization of paraquat from moist soil surfaces is not expected(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of <3.0X10-14 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, <7.5X10-8 mm Hg(11), and water solubility, 6.2X10+5 mg/L(11). Paraquat is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(11). The biodegradation of paraquat is very slow because it strongly adsorbs to clay or organic matters in soils making paraquat unavailable to biodegrade(12). When not in the adsorbed-state, paraquat biodegrades(13-15). Some photodegradation may occur on plant leaves or soil surfaces exposed to sunlight(11-12). Field degradation half-lives in soil are reported as 99-4747 days(7,16-17).AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), reported Koc values of 15,473-1,000,000(2-7), indicate that paraquat is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(8) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of <3.0X10-14 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, <7.5X10-8 mm Hg(9), and water solubility, 6.2X10+5 mg/L(9). Paraquat does not undergo hydrolysis based on tests conducted at pH 5, 7 and 9(10). According to a classification scheme(11), BCFs of 0.05-6.9 reported in rainbow trout, green sunfish, bluegill and channel catfish(12-13), suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Paraquat present in solution in the unabsorbed state may biodegrade easily in water(14). But when paraquat is adsorbed to clay or organic matter in water, biodegradation will be very slow(14-15). Paraquat will be completely removed from most surface waters in 8-12 days due to sorption to suspended solids and sediment in waterafter being fixed to sediment and suspended solids, the disappearance of paraquat is slow(7).FIELD STUDY: Paraquat resides are removed rapidly from water by adsorption on aquatic weeds and by strong adsorption to bottom mud. Decaying weeds also transport paraquat to bottom mud(1).ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), paraquat, which has a vapor pressure of <7.5X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase paraquat may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Paraquat does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). |
| Lebensmitteluntersuchungswerte | In tests on sunflower seeds treated with 0.25 or 0.5 kg paraquat/ha, residues of up to 0.9 mg/kg were found in the whole seed, up to 1.2 mg/kg in sunflower meal, and no residue in the oil(1). Paraquat was detected at 0.05 mg/kg in potatoes treated with paraquat as a desiccant, there was no change after the potatoes had been boiled(1). Paraquat was not detected (detection limit 0.02 mg/kg) in 40 composite vegetable samples from Ontario, Canada collected 1980-1985(2). Paraquat was detected in <2% of raw and processed food commodities analyzed under a regulatory monitoring program run 1978-1986 by The Food and Drug Administration(3-4). Commodities included: fruits, vegetables, grains, milk, dairy products, seafood and a variety of processed foods(3-4).Paraquat residues detected in food crops 3-21 days after desiccation(1).[Table#3466] |
| Unerwünschte Wirkungen | Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation. |
| Toxizitätsübersicht | IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Paraquat is available as an odorless yellow solid, or off-white powder. The form marketed in the U.S. is a liquid with a blue dye added to keep it from being confused with beverages, a sharp odor to serve as a warning, and an agent to cause vomiting if someone drinks it. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency classifies paraquat as "restricted use", so it can only be used by licensed applicators. It is used globally as a non-selective herbicide that kills all green plant tissue it contacts, especially grasses and weeds. It has been used for desiccation of seed cropsweed control in orchardsdefoliation and desiccation of cottonas a harvest aid in soybeans, sugarcane, guar, and sunflowersand for killing dormant alfalfa and clover, potato vines, and marijuana plants. HUMAN EXPOSURE: Dermal exposure to paraquat usually results in minor skin or eye irritation. Rarely, with heavier exposures resulting from misuse, more serious effects may occur such as blistered or ulcerated skin, loss of fingernails, skin burns, and ulcers of the mouth, nosebleeds, and protracted or even permanent blindness. Several human deaths from ingestion or subcutaneous injection of paraquat have been reported, gradually developing lethal lung damage usually in 3 weeks (progressive fibrosis). It has been estimated that a lethal dose in man is about 14 mL of a 40% solution of paraquat. The symptoms of poisoning include burning of the mouth and throat, nausea and vomiting, respiratory distress, and transient effects on the kidneys, heart, and nervous system. In a study of 30 workers spraying paraquat over a 12 week period, approximately 50% of them had minor irritation of the eyes or nose1 worker had an episode of epistaxis. Of 296 spray operators with skin exposure described as gross and prolonged, 55 had damaged fingernails, the most common lesion was transverse white bands of discoloration, but loss of nail surface, transverse ridging, gross deformity of the nail plate, and loss of nails also occurred. Paraquat dichloride was weakly positive in human lymphocytes in culture cytogenetic assay, with and without metabolic activation. ANIMAL STUDIES: Two groups of rats were given a single ip dose of paraquat at 15 mg/kg. Three hr after injection, rats exhibited an uncoordinated gait and/or widely splayed limbs consistent with neurologic impairment. All paraquat-treated rats died within 42 to 96 hr. Toxicity included anorexia, adipsia, diarrhea, hyperpnea, dyspnea, and tachycardia, necrosis of liver, kidney, and GI tract with primary lesions in lungs. Paraquat provoked overt motor impairment (reduced home-cage activity and impaired vertical climbing) and signs of anxiety-like behavior (reduced open field exploration) in wild-type but not interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) knockout mice. Correspondingly, paraquat promoted somewhat divergent variations in neurochemical activity among wild-type and IFN-gamma null mice at brain sites important for both motor (striatum) and co-morbid affective pathologies (dorsal hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex, and locus coeruleus). In addition, the herbicide influenced serotonergic and noradrenergic activity within the dorsal hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortexand elevated noradrenergic activity within the locus coeruleus. Paraquat has been found to have minimal to no genotoxic activity when evaluated in a variety of in vitro and in vivo test systems. In in vitro studies producing weakly positive results, paraquat genotoxicity was accompanied by high cytotoxicity. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Effects of the herbicide paraquat were assessed on the green freshwater alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Paraquat concentrations above 0.25 uM induce toxic effects in C. reinhardtii, reflected in a significantly reduced growth rate and cell concentration with a corresponding median effective concentration (EC50) value of 0.26 uM. With increasing paraquat concentrations, an increase in cell volume was registered as well as an increase in reactive oxygen species. Several genes involved in oxidative stress defense mechanisms, such as L-ascorbate peroxidase, glutaredoxin, and a possible glutathione-S-transferase were differentially expressed. Signs of acute intoxication: Polydipsia, regurgitation, swallowing, ataxia, imbalance, wing-drop, hyporeactivity, slowness, asthenia, sitting, running and falling, and possible miosis occurred in birds exposed to paraquat. Polydipsia and regurgitation appeared as soon as 9 min and other signs of intoxication appeared 3 hr after treatment. Mortalities usually occurred between 3 and 20 hr after treatment. Remission took up to 12 days. Paraquat was found to provoke pseudo-feminization of the males during in vivo tests, where eggs were sprayed with 0.4-1.4% aqueous solution of paraquat, and in vitro tests were conducted on cultures prepared 8.5-9 days after the start of the incubation. |
| Ökotoxizitätsauszüge | /BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Adult male bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) were fed a diet containing 0, 25 or 100 ppm paraquat dichloride. After 60 days on treated diets, discrimination learning was evaluated with acquisition and reversal tests. The three groups performed similarly on these tests. Dose-related histopathological lesions were not found in liver, kidney or lung tissues. /paraquat dichloride//BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Signs of /acute/ intoxication: Polydipsia, regurgitation, swallowing, ataxia, imbalance, wing-drop, hyporeactivity, slowness, asthenia, sitting, running and falling, and possible miosis. Polydipsia and regurgitation appeared as soon as 9 min and other signs of intoxication appeared 3 hr after treatment. Mortalities usually occurred between 3 and 20 hr after treatmenthowever, one bird died between 1 and 2 days after treatment. Remission took up to 12 days./BIRDS and MAMMALS/ The calculated percutaneous LD50 for 10 to 11 month old mallard drakes (n = 8) after a 24 hr dermal foot exposure is 600 mg/kg. Signs observed after dermal treatment included lacrimation, wings spread, using wings to aid pedestrian locomotion, and wing shivers. Mortalities occurred between 5.5 and 21.5 hr after the initiation of treatment. Remission took up to 5 days. When the percutaneous LD50 is compared with the acute oral LD50, paraquat dichloride appears to have a moderate degree of dermal hazard in mallards. /Paraquat dichloride//BIRDS and MAMMALS/ The action of paraquat on the urogenital tract in chicken and quail embryos was studied in vivo and in vitro. In in vivo tests, eggs were sprayed with 0.4-1.4% aqueous solution of paraquat, while in vitro tests were conducted on cultures prepared 8.5-9 days after the start of the incubation. Paraquat was found to provoke pseudo-feminization of the males. The testes presented intersexual phenomena, and the regression of the muellerian ducts was inhibited. Considerable reduction of the gonocytes in both male and female embryos, indicative of a reduction of the reproductive function, was observed. Sex- and species-specific differences in the susceptibility to paraquat were demonstrated in in vitro tests.For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Paraquat (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Plant Concentrations | Four days after application of paraquat to pond weeds at 1 mg/L, 25 mg/kg was detected on the plants(1). Paraquat residues in cotton 10 days after dessication at 0.55 kg/ha were: cotton as picked (including trash and balls) 2.00 mg/kgginned seed 0.18 mg/kgmechanically reginned seed 0.08 mg/kgacid delinated seed 0.05 mg/kglint cotton 3.00 mg/kgtrash 3.70 mg/kghulls 0.13 mg/kgmeal 0.02 mg/kg(1). Paraquat, used to eradicate marijuana plants, had residual levels of up to 461 mg/kg in treated plants(1).Paraquat residues detected on standing cotton plant leaves was as follows: <0.01 ppm two days before treatment, 13.1 ppm two days after treatment and 8.2 ppm 6 days after treatment(1). Residues detected on lint (open bolls) was as follows: 0.01 ppm two days before treatment, 22.1 ppm two days after treatment and 3.8 ppm 6 days after treatment(1). Residues detected on seeds (open bolls) was as follows: 0.02 ppm two days before treatment, 0.06 ppm two days after treatment and 0.06 ppm 6 days after treatment(1). Paraquat residues in cotton gin waste ranged from 2.7-5.8 ppm 49 to 171 days after treatment(1). Paraquat residues in harvested seed cotton lint stored in field under tarps was 7.15 ppm 18 days after treatment and 4.85 ppm 49 days after treatment(1)residues in linter seeds was 0.25 ppm 18 days after treatment and 0.18 ppm 49 days after treatment(1). |
| Acute Toxicity Link | Chemical: PARAQUAT |
| EPA IRIS Information | ParaquatRespiratory4.5 x 10 ^-3 mg/kg-day |
| Landesrichtlinien für Trinkwasser | (AZ) ARIZONA 3 ug/L(FL) FLORIDA 31.5 ug/L(ME) MAINE 3 ug/L |
| Bundesrichtlinien für Trinkwasser | EPA 30 ug/L |
| Berufliche Expositionsstufe (OEB) | D |
| Arbeitsplatzgrenzwert (OEL) | TWA: 0.1 mg/m3 (resp) [skin] |
| Wassergefährdungsklasse (WGK) | 3 |
| Sofort lebensgefährliche Konzentration | 1 mg/m3 |
| UN-Transportnummer | UN 2811 6.1/PG 1 |
| Zollcode | 29333990 |
| RTECS-Nr. | DW2275000 |
| R-Sätze (R) | 24/25-26-36/37/38-48/25-50/53 |
| Toxizität | LD50 orally in rats: 125 mg/kg (Conning) |
| Gefahrensymbole | T+,N |
| Sicherheitshinweise (S) | 22-28-36/37/39-45-60-61-28A |
| Gefahrenklasse | 6.1(a) |
| Verpackungsgruppe | II |
Anwendungen & Verwendung
Beschreibung
Paraquat dichloride is a dark blue liquid, non-combustible, stable herbicide chemical. It is incompatible with strong oxidising agents. On contact with fire paraquat decomposes gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases), nitrogen oxides, and hydrogen chloride. Paraquat dichloride contact and storage destroys metal. Paraquat dichloride hydrolyses in alkaline media and reacts with aluminium to produce hydrogen gas. Paraquat (N,N′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride) is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world. Paraquat dichloride is a herbicide currently registered to control weeds and grasses in many agricultural and non-agricultural areas. It is used preplant or preemergence on vegetables, grains, cotton, grasses, sugar cane, peanuts, potatoes, and tree plantation areas; post-emergence around fruit crops, vegetables, trees, vines, grains, soybeans, and sugar cane. It is also used on non-crop areas such as public airports, electric transformer stations, and around commercial buildings to control weeds. It has been reported that about seven pesticide products are registered which contain the active ingredient paraquat dichloride and classified as restricted use pesticides (RUPs). Paraquat dichloride and the products are primarily intended for ‘Occupational Use’. In the United States, Paraquat is classified as ‘restricted commercial use’, and people must obtain a license to use the product.