Cadmiumdistearat

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Cd in urine = 5 ug/g creatinine; Cd in blood = 5 ug/L; sampling time not critical; Monitoring in blood should be preferred during the initial year of exposure and whenever changes in the degree of exposure are suspected. [ACGIH]

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Cadmium compounds, NOS/

(Non-Specific -- Cadmium Compounds) Do not touch spilled material. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Take up small spills with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal. Take up small, dry spills with clean shovel and place into clean, dry container. Dike far ahead of large spills for later disposal. (EPA, 1998)

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D006, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Cadmium/

Precipitate from solution as sulfides, drying and return to suppliers. /Cadmium compounds/

The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for cadmium: Concentration process: Reverse Osmosis. /Cadmium/

0.01 [mg/m3], as Cd ( 0.002 mg/m3, as Cd, respirable fraction)

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.01 mg/cu m /Cadmium and compounds, as Cd/

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.002 mg/cu m (respirable fraction) /Cadmium and compounds, as Cd/

A2; Suspected human carcinogen. /Cadmium and compounds, as Cd/

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Cadmium and compounds, as Cd/

0.30 [mg/m3]

1.3 [mg/m3]

4.5 [mg/m3]

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow Trout) fingerling, length 6 cm, weight 2.5 g; Conditions: freshwater, static, 16.8 °C, pH 7.2-7.3; Concentration: 5.2 ug/L for 10 days /total Cd ion/

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow Trout) fingerling, length 6 cm, weight 2.5 g; Conditions: freshwater, static, 16.8 °C, pH 7.2-7.3; Concentration: 7.5 ug/L for 48 hr /total Cd ion/

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow Trout) fingerling, length 6 cm, weight 2.5 g; Conditions: freshwater, static, 16.8 °C, pH 7.2-7.3; Concentration: 6 ug/L for 96 hr /total Cd ion/

In preemployment physical examinations emphasis should be given to a history of, or actual presence of, significant kidney disease, smoking history, and respiratory disease. A chest x-ray and baseline pulmonary function study is recommended. Periodic examinations should emphasize the respiratory system, including pulmonary function tests, kidneys, and blood. A low molecular weight proteinuria may be the earliest indication of renal toxicity. The trichloroacetic acid test may pick this up, but more specific quantitative studies would be preferable. If renal disease due to cadmium is present, there may also be increased excretion of calcium, amino acids, glucose, and phosphates. /Cadmium and compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ In 1963, 27 exposed and 7 non-exposed workers from a polyvinyl chloride film plant in which lead and cadmium sterates were used as stablilzers /showed that/ urinary coproporphyrin levels were not increased in exposed workers compared to that of controls, and most of the urinary lead levels were below 200 ug/L. Although lead concentrations were higher than those of cadmium, particle sizes of lead compounds were larger than those of the cadmium stearate. Eight of 17 workers re-examined in 1964 had increases in the degree of urinary protein excretion by the trichloroacetic acid (TCA) test. The numbers that were positive were significantly greater in the exposed workers, than in the controls in the 1964 tests. Statistically, this might possibly have been due to the larger number of controls, and therefore, to a more normal distribution curve which is apparent in the 1964 data (24 controls in 1964 vs 7 controls in 1963). These increases were demonstrated by all three methods of testing for urinary protein, ... 25% TCA test, sulfosalicylic acid test, and boiling test. ... No significant differences in respiratory function were found between exposed and control groups. No significant differences in mean urinary cadmium levels were demonstrated, though there were a few slightly higher urinary cadmium levels in the exposed group. No differences in olfactory acuity between the two groups were shown. Yellow discoloration of the teeth of exposed workers was looked for but not found. Liver function ... was not significantly different in exposed and control groups. ... There were no significant differences in hemoglobin, urine specific gravity, urine occult blood, but there was a slight increase in urine sugar (by test tape) in exposed workers /over/ controls. Both groups had less than 0.05% of cells with basophillic stippling. ... Each work operation, involving exposure to lead stearate and cadmium stearate, as well as to organic plasticizers, took 20 min to complete and these processes were repeated 3 or 4 times in each 8 hr work shift. Environmental measurements showed 0.03-0.7 mg/cu m cadmium in 1963 and 0.02-0.2 mg/cu m in 1964, but the operations covered only about 1 hr/day. Particle size distributions were studied in several operations including casting of both lead and cadmium stearates (mixed casting) and of cadmium stearate alone (cadmium casting). These distributions were: 25% in mixed casting and none in cadmium casting in the 6-20 um range; 17% in mixed and none in cadmium in the 0.7-2 um range; and 42% in the mixed and 83% in the cadmium casting in the 0.4-0.7 um range.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Chronic cadmium poisoning has been reported after prolonged occupational exposure to ... cadmium stearates. Changes associated with chronic cadmium poisoning may be local, in which case they involve the respiratory tract, or systemic, resulting from absorption of cadmium. Systemic changes include kidney damage with proteinuria and anemia. Obstructive lung disease in the form of emphysema is the main symptom at heavy exposure to cadmium in air, whereas kidney dysfunction and damage are the most prominent findings after long term exposure to lower levels of cadmium in workroom air or via cadmium contaminated food. Mild hypochromic anemia is frequently found among workers exposed to high levels of cadmium. This may be due to both increased destruction of red blood cells and iron deficiency. Yellow discoloration of the necks of teeth and anosmia may also be seen in cases of exposure to very high cadmium concentrations.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ ... /CADMIUM SOAPS SUCH AS CADMIUM STEARATE/ CAN GIVE RISE TO THE CORRESPONDING METAL CHLORIDES, WHICH ARE BOTH SOLUBLE AND TOXIC, WHEN THEY STABILIZE THE VINYL RESIN. HENCE THEY CANNOT BE USED TO PREPARE VINYL COMPOUNDS WHICH WILL BE USED IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ MALE RATS WERE GIVEN A SINGLE INTRATRACHEAL DOSE OF 10 MG CADMIUM STEARATE. TWO MONTHS AFTER THE ADMINISTRATION, THERE WAS ULCERATION WITH LEUKOCYTIC REACTION, SYMPTOMS OF PNEUMOSCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PNEUMONIA, BRONCHOLITHIASIS, AND WIDESPREAD HEMORRHAGES. IN 4-6 MONTHS THEY SHOWED DILATION OF THE LARGE BRONCHI, THE ACCUMULATION OF LYMPHOCYTES, DIFFUSE PNEUMOSCLEROSIS, CHRONIC EMPHYSEMA, AND SMALL HEMORRHAGIC AREAS.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Neurotoxicity/ CADMIUM STEARATE AT 0.58X10-6 MOLAR INHIBITED THE NERVE FIBER AND GLIAL CELL OUTGROWTH FROM CULTURED SLICES OF CEREBELLUM OF 5-9 DAY OLD RATS, AND CAUSED FORMATION OF GRANULES IN THE NERVE FIBERS AND FIBROBLASTS.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ ORAL DOSES OF CADMIUM STEARATE (550 MG/KG) INDUCED TESTICULAR INFLAMMATION IN RATS.

CLASSIFICATION: B1; probable human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Limited evidence from occupational epidemiologic studies of cadmium is consistent across investigators and study populations. There is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in rats and mice by inhalation and intramuscular and subcutaneous injection. Seven studies in rats and mice wherein cadmium salts (acetate, sulfate, chloride) were administered orally have shown no evidence of carcinogenic response. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Limited. /Classification based on former EPA guidelines/

A2; Suspected human carcinogen. /Cadmium and compounds, as Cd/

Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds: known to be human carcinogens.

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of cadmium stearate is 1 to 99; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 14,378 workers (2,152 of these were female) were potentially exposed to cadmium stearate in the US(1).

Workers in a polyvinyl chloride film plant ... are at greater exposure risk to cadmium stearate. ...

REPORTED EXPOSURE LEVELS FROM THE PRODUCTION OF CADMIUM STEARATE PVC STABILIZERS /ARE/ 20-700 UG CADMIUM/CU M ... .

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Cadmium and Related Compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Cadmium and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... .... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Cadmium and Related Compounds/

LD50 Rat oral 1200 mg/kg bw

LD50 Rat oral 1225 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 590 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 1125 mg/kg

LC50 Rat inhalation 130 mg/cu m/2 hours

D006; A solid waste containing cadmium may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Cadmium/

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Cadmium stearate is included on this list.

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Cadmium stearate is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 1,000 or 10,000 lbs. Extremely hazardous substances that are solids are subject to either of two threshold planning quantities ... The lower quantity applies only if the solid exists in powdered form and has a particle size less than 100 microns; or is handled in solution or in molten form; or meets the criteria for a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rating of 2, 3 or 4 for reactivity. If the solid does not meet any of these criteria, it is subject to the upper ... threshold planning quantity ... .

(AZ) ARIZONA 5 ug/L /Cadmium/

(ME) MAINE 3. 5 ug/L /Cadmium/

(MN) MINNESOTA 4 ug/L /Cadmium/