HuagongsheHuagongshe Chemie-Druckbericht · Nur für Forschungszwecke
1,2-Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-on
BIT · 1,2-BENZISOTHIAZOLIN-3-ONE · BENZISOTHIAZOLINONE · BIT-85 · Benzo[d]isothiazol-3(2H)-one · BENZISOTHIAZOLONE · proxel · MFR
Identifikatoren & physikalische Daten
| CAS No. | 2634-33-5 |
|---|---|
| Summenformel | C7H5NOS |
| Durchschnittliche Molmasse | 151,19 g/mol |
| Monoisotopische Masse | 151,00918478 g/mol |
| SMILES | O=c1[nH]sc2ccccc12 |
| InChIKey | DMSMPAJRVJJAGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 17520 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL297304 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:167099 |
| EC No. | 220-120-9 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID5032523 |
| Lokaler Name | 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-on |
Chemische & physikalische Eigenschaften
| XLogP | 1,3 |
|---|---|
| Polarare Oberfläche (TPSA) | 54,4 |
| H-Brücken-Donoren | 1 |
| H-Brücken-Akzeptoren | 2 |
| Frei drehbare Bindungen | 0 |
| Schwere Atome | 10 |
| Formalladung | 0 |
| Komplexität | 160 |
| Stoffklassen | Other Uses -> Biocides/Disinfectants |
| Kosmetika | Antimicrobial |
| SpringerMaterials Properties | Crystal structure |
| Duftstoffe | Fragrance Ingredient (1,2-Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one) -> IFRA transparency List |
| Pestizide | Biocide |
| LogP (Verteilungskoeffizient) | log Kow = 0.76 at 30 °C and pH 7 |
| Dichte | 1.483 g/cu cm at 20 °C1.2170 (rough estimate) |
| Color/Form | Off-white to yellowish solidWhite to off-white fine, crystalline powderTechnical product (commercial) can be in the form of a solid paste that is off-white to brown in color |
| Löslichkeit | In water, 1.1 g/L at 20 °C0.938 g/L at 20 °C and pH 4.81.288 g/L at 20 deg and pH 6.71.651 g/L at 20 °C at pH 9.11.198 g/L at 30 °C pH 4.821.7 [ug/mL] (The mean of the results at pH 7.4)Soluble in dichloromethane, dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol.1.288g/L at 20℃ |
| Endocrine Disruptors | Potential endocrine disrupting compound |
| Siedepunkt | 327.6 °C360°C (rough estimate) |
| Decomposition | When heated to decomposition it emits toxic vapors of NOx and SOx. |
| Schmelzpunkt | 154-158 °C(lit.) |
| Dampfdruck | 0Pa at 25℃ |
| Brechungsindex | 1.5500 (estimate) |
| Lagerbedingungen | Keep in dark place,Sealed in dry,Room Temperature |
| pKa (Säurekonstante) | 10.19±0.20(Predicted) |
| Aggregatzustand | Solid |
| Farbe | White to Light yellow to Light orange |
| Biologische Quelle | rabbit |
| Hauptanwendungen | cleaning productscosmeticsenvironmentalfood and beveragespersonal care |
| Kosmetik-Inhaltsstoffe Funktionen | ANTIMICROBIAL |
| InChI | 1S/C7H5NOS/c9-7-5-3-1-2-4-6(5)10-8-7/h1-4H,(H,8,9) |
| InChIKey | DMSMPAJRVJJAGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | Oc1nsc2ccccc12 |
| LogP (Verteilungskoeffizient) | 0.7 at 20℃ |
| CAS Datenbank | 2634-33-5 |
| EPA chemische Informationen | 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one (2634-33-5) |
Sicherheit & Vorschriften
| GHS-Einstufung | DangerH302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (1 of 2589) of reports.H302 (> 99.9%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral] |
|---|---|
| Regulatorische Informationen | Chemical: 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-oneRegulation (EC) No 1935/2004 (amended)1,2-Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 25-07-2019 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/229611,2-Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard |
| Weitere Sicherheitsinformationen | IMAP assessments - 1,2-Benzisothiazolinone preservatives: Environment tier II assessment |
| Gefahrenübersicht | Allergic contact dermatitis reported in workers using this preservative, mainly in manufacturing industries (paint, paper, rubber, and air fresheners)[Kanerva, p. 1755] Occupational asthma reported in a chemical worker[Malo] See ISOTHIAZOLINONES. |
| FDA-Anforderungen | 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives. Limit: For use as preservative only. |
| EPA Safer Chemical | Chemical: 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one |
| FIFRA-Anforderungen | Residues of 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops only. Use: Preservative/stabilizer. Limit: Not more than 0.1% of formulation. Not more than 0.02 lb to be applied per acre. |
| Toxic Combustion Products | Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture: Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Sulphur oxides. |
| Hazard Classes and Categories | Acute Tox. 4 (> 99.9%)Acute toxicity - category 4Acute toxicity (Oral) - Category 4Acute toxicity (Inhalation: Dusts and mists) - Category 2Acute Tox. 2 |
| Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations | Severe eye irritant. |
| Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities | Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents. |
| Brandbekämpfungsverfahren | Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary. |
| Lagerbedingungen | Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities: Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Storage class (TRGS 510): Non Combustible Solids. |
| Reinigungsverfahren | ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust.Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal. |
| Entsorgungsverfahren | SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air qualitypotential migration in air, soil or watereffects on animal, aquatic and plant lifeand conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product. |
| Preventive Measures | Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place. |
| Allowable Tolerances | Residues of 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops only. Use: Preservative/stabilizer. Limit: Not more than 0.1% of formulation. Not more than 0.02 lb to be applied per acre. |
| Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) | Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).Skin protection: Handle with gloves.Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU). |
| Ökotoxizitätswerte | LC50Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern Bobwhite Quail) age 10 dayschemical incorporated into food >5620 ppm for 8 daysSpecies: Colinus virginianus (Northern Bobwhite Quail) age 11 dayschemical incorporated into food >5000 ppm for 8 daysSpecies: Colinus virginianus (Northern Bobwhite Quail) age 14 dayschemical incorporated into food 1020 ppm for 8 days (95% confidence interval: 694-1501 ppm)chemical incorporated into food >5345 ppm for 8 daysFor more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 1,2-Benzisothiazoline-3-one (23 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Umweltverhalten | TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 34(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 2.78X10-6 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 1100 mg/L(3). 1,2-Benzisothiazoline-3-one is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). 1,2-Benzisothiazoline-3-one is reported to readily biodegrade in soil(4). 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one breaks down quickly in aerobic soils, with a half-life of less than 24 hours in one sandy loam soil(4). At a concentration of 100 ppm, a 0% of theoretical BOD was measured using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(5)1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one is a biocide(4), and the high concentration (100 ppm) may have been toxic to the microorganisms(SRC). A batch adsorption study observed rapid biodegradation of 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one with secondary sewage sludge(6).AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 34(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 2.78X10-6 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 1100 mg/L(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of 0.76(4) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). 1,2-Benzisothiazoline-3-one is reported to readily biodegrade in soil(6). A batch adsorption study observed rapid biodegradation of 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one with secondary sewage sludge(7). At a concentration of 100 ppm, a 0% of theoretical BOD was measured using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(8)1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one is a biocide(6), and the high concentration (100 ppm) may have been toxic to the microorganisms(SRC). 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one has been shown to be hydrolytically stable with a hydrolysis half life of >30 days(6). 1,2-Benzisothiazoline-3-one is reported to be susceptible to photodegradation in aquatic environments(9).ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one, which has a vapor pressure of 2.78X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC)the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 23 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.7X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). 1,2-Benzisothiazoline-3-one is susceptible to photolysis under aqueous conditions(4) and may photodegrade under other environmental conditions.(SRC). |
| Unerwünschte Wirkungen | Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin. |
| Toxizitätsübersicht | IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 1,2-Benzisothiazoline-3-one (BIT) is an off-white to yellowish solid. It is registered for pesticide use in the USA but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. BIT is used as an antimicrobial agent in cosmeticsused as a slimicide in the manufacture of disposable powder-free polyvinyl chloride gloveswidely used in industry as a preservative in water-based solutions such as pastes, paints and cutting oils. It is also used in private area and public health area disinfectants and other biocidal products, in-can preservatives, film preservatives fibre, leather, rubber and polymerized materials preservatives, masonry preservatives, preservatives for liquid-cooling and processing systems, metalworking-fluid preservatives, embalming and taxidermist fluids. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Dermal exposure to BIT at sufficient dose and duration can produce skin sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis in susceptible humans. Occupational asthma and rhinitis caused by inhalation of BIT was reported in a 26-year-old man employed in a chemical factory producing detergents. ANIMAL STUDIES: Severe eye irritant. Subchronic oral toxicity studies showed systemic effects after repeated oral administration including decreased body weight, increased incidence of forestomach hyperplasia, and non-glandular stomach lesions in rats. In dogs, the effects occurred at lower doses than in rats, and included alterations in blood chemistry (decreased plasma albumin, total protein, and alanine aminotransferase) and increased absolute liver weight. Developmental toxicity studies were conducted in rats with maternal effects including decreased body weight gain, decreased food consumption, and clinical toxicity signs (audible breathing, haircoat staining of the anogenital region, dry brown material around the nasal area) as well as increased mortality. Developmental effects consisted of increases in skeletal abnormalities (extra sites of ossification of skull bones, unossified sternebra) but not external or visceral abnormalities. |
| Average Daily Intake | There is a possible dietary exposure risk from use of 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one as a pulp and paper mill slimicide, and a preservative in paper coatings and paper adhesives, all of which may end in indirect food contact scenarios. Estimated dietary intake from paper and slimicide use is 0.0016 and 0.0037 mg/kg/day for adults and children, respectively(1). |
| Soil Adsorption/Mobility | Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one can be estimated to be 34(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one is expected to have very high mobility in soil. |
| Human Toxicity Excerpts | /HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The risk of allergic contact dermatitis due to exposure to the preservative 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (2634335) (1,2-BIT) was examined. The study group consisted of 17 patients with potential occupational exposure to 1,2-BIT and 556 patients not occupationally exposed to 1,2-BIT who were treated at a Dutch dermatology clinic. The subjects were patch tested with 0.04% aqueous 1,2-BIT and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (55965849) (Kathon-CG), a structurally related preservative. All 17 occupationally exposed patients had hand dermatitis. Four reacted positively to 1,2-BITthey were employed as a plumber, a silk screen printer, paper hanger, and a metal worker who worked with cutting oils and greases. All except the paper hanger reacted to Kathon-CG. Of the patients with no occupational exposure to 1,2-BIT, 1.8% gave a positive patch test response to 1,2-BIT. Three had done paper hanging as a hobby. Eight 1,2-BIT positive patients, including two of the paper hanging hobbyists, also reacted to Kathon-CG. Forty eight patients who were negative for 1,2-BIT reacted positively to Kathon-CG. The /study/ concludes that the cohort at occupational risk has developed a contact allergy to 1,2-BIT. A patch test utilizing 0.04% aqueous 1,2-BIT should be obligatory for all industrial workers presenting with an unexplained chronic hand dermatitis. True cross sensitivity between 1,2-BIT and Kathon-CG does not appear to be very likely./HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The isothiazolinone, 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (Proxel), is a popular preservative, as well as a skin sensitizer and irritant. Patch test studies have been performed with different concentrations and vehicles. The current suggested patch test concentration is 0.1% BIT in petrolatum (pet). This article evaluates the effects of patch testing at this concentration and reviews the current literature. An irritancy patch test was performed on 56 controls, using BIT in concentrations of 0.002% and 0.05% in aqueous dipropylene glycol (Proxel GXL) and 0.1% in pet. 10 had positive readings at 4 days with 0.1% BIT in petrolatum, 9 of which were negative at retest. 0.1% BIT is, therefore, irritant and not a suitable concentration for patch testing. Literature review revealed 15 patch test studies, with varying testing techniques./CASE REPORTS/ A case of contact dermatitis resulting from exposure to 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one in a paint factory worker was reported. A 52 year old male presented with an itchy vesicular dermatitis of the hands and chest. He had been working in a paint factory for 18 years and had no previous history of atopy or skin diseases. He had recently begun working with the biocide Mergal-K-10 which contained 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one as its active ingredient. Negative reactions were seen to patch tests using the GEIDC (Spanish Contact Dermatitis Research Group) standard series, with the exception of PPD (Purified protein derivative), and to several isothiazolinones. A positive patch test reaction was seen at 2 and 4 days to Mergal-K-10. The symptoms improved with topical corticosteroid treatment and did not recur after the patient discontinued contact with 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one .../CASE REPORTS/ 3 male employees of a paint and varnish manufacturer were referred with hand dermatitis that became more extensive, over a 6-12-month period. All had worked for the company for several years. Patients 1 and 2 were product makers who mixed chemicals to make water-based varnishes and paints. Patient 3 was an industrial chemist who developed new varnishes, sealants and wood dyes. He weighed and mixed chemicals on an open bench. The products being manufactured contained the biocides 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT) and 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazolin-3-one/ 2-methylisothiazolin-3-one (MCI/MI, Kathon CG) ... Isothiazolinones are biocides with bactericidal, algicidal and fungicidal activity, added to industrial and household products to prevent spoiling. BIT is reported to have a sensitization rate of 1.2% (1). The 3 men developed contact allergies to one or more biocides to which they were exposed in the manufacture and development of paint and varnish products ...For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1,2-Benzisothiazoline-3-one (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Artificial Pollution Sources | 1,2-Benzisothiazoline-3-one's production and use as a preservative and antimicrobial agent in industrial and consumer products such as cosmetics and paints(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its use as a fungicide, microbicide, and disinfectant and as an inert ingredient in pesticide products(2) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC). |
| Environmental Biodegradation | AEROBIC: 1,2-Benzisothiazoline-3-one is reported to readily biodegrade in soil(1). 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one breaks down quickly in aerobic soils, with a half-life of less than 24 hours in one sandy loam soil(1). In contrast, 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(2). 1,2-Benzisothiazoline-3-one is a biocide(1), and the high concentration (100 ppm) may have been toxic to the microorganisms(SRC). In batch adsorption studies measuring Freundich isotherms for sorption to secondary sludge from a biological treatment facility, 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one was found to biodegrade too fast to measure the adsorption(3). |
| Carcinogen Classification | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
| Environmental Bioconcentration | An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.76(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). |
| Volatilization from Water/Soil | The Henry's Law constant for 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one is estimated as 5X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 2.78X10-6 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 1100 mg/L(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). 1,2-Benzisothiazoline-3-one's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to occur(SRC). 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1). |
| Wassergefährdungsklasse (WGK) | 2 |
| TSCA-Inventar-Status | TSCA listed |
| UN-Transportnummer | UN 3077 9/PG 3 |
| Zollcode | 29339900 |
| RTECS-Nr. | DE4620000 |
| R-Sätze (R) | 22-38-41-43-50 |
| Toxizität | LD50 oral in rat: 1020mg/kg |
| Gefahrensymbole | Xn,N |
| Sicherheitshinweise (S) | 24-26-37/39-61 |
| Gefahrenklasse | IRRITANTAcute Tox. 4 OralAquatic Acute 1Eye Dam. 1Skin Irrit. 2Skin Sens. 1 |
| Verpackungsgruppe | Ⅲ |
| Lagerklasse | 11 - Combustible Solids |
| Gefahrstoffdaten | 2634-33-5(Hazardous Substances Data) |
Anwendungen & Verwendung
Beschreibung
BIT (1,2-Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one) is an irritant and also a skin sensitizer. Occupational allergie contact dermatitis has been reported mainly related to the use of cutting oils and greases in paint manufacturers, pottery mouldmakers, acrylic emulsion manufacturers, plumbers, printers and lithoprinters, paper makers, an analyticallaboratory, a rubber factory, and in employees manufacturing air fresheners.
Verwenden
Antimicrobial agent.