Anthranilamide

LC50 Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow, age 31 days, mean length 18.1 mm, mean weight 0.093 g) 395 mg/L/96 hr (95% confidence limit: 354-439 mg/L); flow through, 25.8 °C, pH 7.54, dissolved oxygen 7.2 mg/L, hardness 46.0 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 45.0 mg/L CaCO3 /98+% purity

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 37(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.35(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 2-aminobenzamide is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 2-aminobenzamide from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.8X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). 2-Aminobenzamide is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2.6X10-15 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2007).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 37(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.35(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 2-aminobenzamide is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.8X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2007).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2-aminobenzamide, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 2.6X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-aminobenzamide is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.0X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase 2-aminobenzamide may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). 2-Aminobenzamide does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The Koc of 2-aminobenzamide is estimated as 37(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.35(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2-aminobenzamide is expected to have very high mobility in soil. However, aromatic amines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(4,5), suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for 2-aminobenzamide(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.35(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 2-aminobenzamide is estimated as 7.8X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2-aminobenzamide is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). 2-Aminobenzamide is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2.6X10-5 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ The ADP-ribose synthesis inhibitor 2-aminobenzamide was found to reduce the induction of hemoglobin synthesis in murine Friend erythroleukemia cells, cultured continuously for 96 hr with 5 mM N'-methylnicotinamide, with over 50% inhibition at equimolar doses. 2-Aminobenzamide was optimally effective as an inhibitor of differentiation if present only during the time period 24-48 hr after initial N'-methylnicotinamide exposure. ... Although 2-aminobenzamide does not seem to affect normal DNA methylation in cultured cells, the observed DNA hypomethylation in cells cultured for 24 hr with 5 mM N'-methylnicotinamide was antagonized over 50% by equimolar 2-aminobenzamide. ...

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2-aminobenzamide with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.0X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 4 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 2-Aminobenzamide is expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the presence of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). 2-Aminobenzamide does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(2) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

2-Aminobenzamide's production and use as an azoic dye intermediate may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 2.6X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 2-aminobenzamide will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-aminobenzamide will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4 hours. Particulate-phase 2-aminobenzamide will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. 2-Aminobenzamide does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 2-aminobenzamide is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 37. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.8X10-13 atm-cu m/mole. Biodegradation data were not available. If released into water, 2-aminobenzamide is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to 2-aminobenzamide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2-aminobenzamide is produced or used. (SRC)

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/