Chloridazon

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Remove contaminated clothing and wash skin with soap and water

AVOID CONTACT WITH SKIN, EYES & CLOTHING.

Do not apply directly to water, or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark. Do not contaminate water when disposing of equipment washwater or rinsate. ... Do not apply this product in a way that will contact workers or other persons, either directly or through drift. Only protected handlers may be in the area during application. ... Do not apply this product through any type of irrigation system. Delete any application instructions /on the product labels/ referring to use with irrigation equipment.

Users should wash hands before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco, or using the toilet.

Users should remove clothing/PPE immediately if pesticide gets inside. Then wash thoroughly and put on clean clothing. Users should remove PPE immediately after handling this product. Wash the outside of gloves before removing. As soon as possible, wash thoroughly and change into clean clothing. Follow manufacturer's instructions for cleaning/maintaining PPE. If no such instructions for washables exist, use detergent and hot water. Keep and wash PPE separately from other laundry.

Handler PPE requirements established by the RED for all pyrazon products. All mixers, loaders, applicators, and other handlers must wear: long-sleeved shirt, long pants, shoes and socks.

Restricted-Entry Interval: Do not enter or allow worker entry into treated areas during the restricted entry interval (REI) of 12 hours. Early Entry Personal Protective Equipment established by the RED: ... minimum ... PPE required for early entry to treated areas that is permitted under the Worker Protection Standard and that involves contact with anything that has been treated, such as plants, soil, or water, is: coveralls, shoes plus socks, chemical-resistant gloves made of any waterproof material.

Pilots must use an enclosed cockpit that meets the requirements listed in the Worker Protection Standard (WPS) for agricultural pesticides [40 CFR 170.240(d)(6)].

In the presence of 10 mmol sodium thiocyanate and 0.1 mole sodium nitrite at pH 1 (similar to stomach conditions), 10 mmol pyrazon reacts to n-methyl-nitroso-aniline. When mutagenicity was tested using Escherichia coli K-12 (343/113) in an in vitro system, pyrazon was not mutagenic. The derivatives induced mutations in the presence of metabolically active liver microsomes.

LD50; Species: Apis mellifera (Honey bee) topical >193 ug/bee

LC50 Salmo (trout) 27 mg/L for 96 hr (65% wettable powder formulation) /condiitions of bioassay not specified/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 33(2) to 380(3) indicate that pyrazon is expected to have very high to high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of pyrazon from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.3X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 4.5X10-7 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 400 mg/L(5). Pyrazon is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). On soil, a photolysis half-life of 69 days has been reported(6). An aerobic biodegradation half-life of up to 152 days (anaerobic metabolism of 307-607 days depending on soil texture) suggests that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(6).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Pyrazon persistence in soil has been reported as: approximately 6-8 weeks under sufficiently moist conditions(1); 6-7 month at application rates of 4 ppm(5); and 3-6 months at recommended application rates(5). Reported half-lives in soil are 21 days(6) and 10 days in loam soil at 20 °C(4). In a silty clay loam soil (pH 7.7, 1.28% organic carbon) with a 22% water content, the half-lives of pyrazon were 75.6, 21.3, and 13.6 days at 10 °C, 20 °C, and 30 °C, respectively(2). The half-life increased as the water content of the soil decreased(2). At 10 °C, the half-lives were 133.7 and 41.0 days at 15% and 29% soil water content. At 30 °C, the half-lives were 12.2 and 7.9 days at 15% and 29% soil water content, respectively. In field studies in Northern Italy in which 2.2 liters/hectacre of pyrazon were applied pre-emergence with a tractor sprayer with soil sampling performed over 80 days, the disappearance half-life, assuming first-order kinetics, was 68.3 days(2). After 80 days, 36.9% of pyrazon remained in the 0-5 cm layer of soil. The total recovery for all soil layers was 47%. These studies indicate that in the absence of high rainfall, degradation is the main loss process(2). Pyrazon residues were evident at 5-10 cm, 3 days after application but did not reach significant concns at 10-20 cm until 63 days. After 80 days, 3.94% and 8.96% of the applied herbicide was found at 5-10 cm and 10-20 cm depth(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: When pyrazon was applied at pre-emergence 1.30 kg/ha to a field plot of sugar beets as formulated products according to normal agricultural practice in spring 1992, typical concns in drain water during spring/summer flows were 0.03 to 0.15 ug/L(1). The field plot in Germany contained loamy silt soil (1.0% Organic Content) and had subsurface drains spaced at 5 to 9 m at an average depth of 80 to 110 cm. Pyrazon was sprayed uniformly by aerial application on two small field plots (25X10 m) in Elazig, Turkey, containing agricultural land never treated with pesticide; soil samples analyzed within a 6-month period showed pyrazon levels of 2.9 and 0.7 mg/kg at the 0-5 cm and 15-20 cm depth, respectively, following an application rate of 3.25 kg active ingredient/ha(2).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 33(2) to 380(3) indicate that pyrazon is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.3X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 4.5X10-7 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 300 mg/L(6). According to a classification scheme(7), a BCF range of 2-23(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Pyrazon is stable to hydrolysis at pH 5, 7, and 9, with the major route of degradation in water appearing to be photolysis, half-life of 12.5 days(9). A biodegradation half-life of up to 152 days suggests that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), pyrazon, which has a vapor pressure of 4.5X10-7 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase pyrazon is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 10 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.0X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase pyrazon may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Pyrazon half-life in simulated sunlight (xenon lamp. 210 uEinstein sq m/sec) was 150 hrs at pH 7, in water(4). A major route of degradation in water appears to be photolysis, with a half-life of 12.5 days reported(5).

Pyrazon [5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone], also known as chloridazon, is an herbicide belonging to the pyridazinone class of pesticides. It works as an herbicide by blocking electron transport in photosystem II in green plants, thereby inhibiting photosynthesis. Pyrazon is registered for pre-plant, pre-emergence, and early post-emergence use on sugar beets and red table beets to control certain weeds. Approximately 10% of the U.S. sugar beet crop and 50% of the U.S. table beet crop are treated with pyrazon annually. Pyrazon is also registered for commercial use on ornamentals, including bulb crops and roses. The available toxicity data on pyrazon are adequate to assess the chemical's hazard potential. Pyrazon is an herbicide considered to be of low toxicity without highly specific responses in mammals. Technical pyrazon has low (category III/IV) acute toxicity via the oral, dermal, and inhalation routes of exposure. It is not an eye or skin irritant (category IV) and does not cause dermal sensitization. In longer-term studies, reduced body weight associated with reduced food consumption appears to be the most significant effect of pyrazon exposure in laboratory animals. At higher doses, conditions such as poor general appearance and some motor effects considered to be associated with poor nutrition are noted in rats. In dogs, renal distal tubule vacuolation results at higher doses. No systemic effects resulted from dermal exposure to pyrazon. In both the rat and rabbit prenatal developmental studies, pyrazon did not demonstrate any effects on the fetuses to indicate increased susceptibility. There were no effects on the reproductive performance of rats. Based on the lack of pre- and/or postnatal susceptibility resulting following exposure to pyrazon, and considering the lack of residual uncertainties for pre- and/or postnatal toxicity, no special FQPA safety factor is needed. Therefore, the special FQPA safety factor was reduced to 1X. No neurobehavioral alterations or evidence of neuropathological effects were observed in the available rat and rabbit prenatal developmental toxicity studies or the rat multi-generation reproduction study. In addition, pyrazon is not considered to be neurotoxic from other guideline studies or in open literature reports. Some clinical signs suggesting neurotoxicity were noted at very high doses in the rat, but these were attributed to the weight loss and general poor condition of the rats. Based on the weight of evidence, a developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) study is not required for pyrazon. Pyrazon may be classified as "not likely to be a carcinogen in humans" based on the lack of evidence of carcinogenicity in the rat and mouse carcinogenicity studies.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Birds. The Registrant submitted studies satisfy /EPA/ test guidelines for avian acute oral toxicity (71-1) and avian dietary toxicity (71-2). The oral study conducted with bobwhite quail (Acceptable /to EPA/) yields an oral LD50 of >2,000 mg a.i./kg body weight and an acute oral NOAEL > 1000 mg ai/kg body weight. The dietary studies conducted with mallard duck and bobwhite quail show an LC50 of > 5000 ppm diet for bobwhite quail (Acceptable) and 4254 mg ai/kg diet for mallard duck (Acceptable). Additionally, based on these studies, the dietary NOAEC is 625 mg ai/kg diet (for both Mallard and Bobwhite). Therefore, pyrazon is classified as practically nontoxic to avian species on either an acute oral or an acute dietary basis.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ There are exceedances of the acute endangered species LOC (level of concern) for listed birds with every modeled maximum application rate use scenario. There is a potential concern for listed birds species for which the acute LOC is exceeded and for listed species that may be dependent upon birds with LOC exceedances. These concerns are limited to situations where exposure to the stressor actually occurs. Acute RQs (Risk quotients) exceed the endangered species LOC for listed species of mammals for all the maximum use rate scenarios, except for the lowest rate (1.69 lbs a.i./A). The RQs range from 0.1 to 0.4. There are some chronic RQs that exceed the LOC for all the maximum use rate scenarios. RQs range from 1 to 76. There is potential concern for mammalian species for which the LOC is exceeded and for listed species for which there is dependency upon mammals with LOC exceedances. These concerns are limited to situations where exposure to the stressor actually occurs. EPA does not expect pyrazon to pose a significant chronic risk to mammals...

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The compound was also dangerous to fish, esp the young, @ 50 mg/L in aquaria, it produced 100% mortality in 3 days among crucian carp and guppies.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Two studies (test species rainbow trout, and bluegill sunfish /acceptable to EPA/ were submitted to establish the toxicity of pyrazon to freshwater fish. These studies satisfy the guideline requirements for Fresh Warm Water Fish Acute Toxicity (72-1c) and Fresh Cold Water Fish Acute Toxicity (72-1a), respectively. The data show 96-hour LC50 values of 88.7 mg a.i./L in bluegill sunfish and >32 but <46 mg ai/L in rainbow trout. Based on these values, pyrazon is categorized as slightly toxic to freshwater fish on an acute basis. Taking the most conservative approach, this assessment uses the lowest LC50 of 32 mg a.i./L of the rainbow trout as a surrogate to evaluate acute toxic exposure to all freshwater fish species. Using this value may result in an overestimation of risk since the true LC50 is higher than 32 mg ai/L. One acute toxicity study was conducted with the rainbow trout using the principle metabolite B-1. This study (Acceptable) was conducted with rainbow trout. The 96-hour LC50 from this study was >105.5 mg a.i./L Since metabolite B-1 appeared to be less toxic than the parent compound, pyrazon, risks associated with potential exposures to metabolite B-1 were not evaluated quantitatively in this assessment.

Reported Koc values of pyrazon are 120(1), 110(2), 89-340(3) and 33(4). According to a classification scheme(5), this estimated Koc value suggests that pyrazon is expected to have very high to high mobility in soil. Pyrazon does not readily leach through clay, clay loam, sandy loam, sandy clay, or loam soil(6).

The soil-water distribution constant, Kd, of pyrazon to 18 natural surface soils from west central Spain ranged from 0.07 to 5.96 at an equilibrium, concn of 225 ug/mL(1). The study showed the effect of both soil organic matter and smectite content on adsorptivity(1). The slope of the adsorption isotherm was higher for soils with a higher organic matter content or smectite content(1). Aside from the soil with the very high Kd of 5.96, Kd values between 0.54 and 1.73 were obtained from samples with %OC >2.8% or smectite content >8%. Kd values between 0.14 and 0.51 were obtained from samples with %OC between 0.7 and 2.8% or with smectite content <8%. Kd values <0.14 were obtained from samples with %OC <0.7% and without smectite in the clay fraction. Adsorption of pyrazon by oxidized soils, montmorillonite, a clay mineral of the smectite group, and humic acids confirm the effect of organic matter and smectite content on the adsorption of natural soils(1).

Pyrazon was generally slightly mobile when evaluated on 7 soils by thin layer chromatography (TLC)(1). However it was moderately mobile in one soil and relatively immobile in two other soils. The relative mobilities did not appear to correlate with pH or percent organic matter of the soil(SRC). The resulting Rf values ranged from 0.07 to 0.42 with a mean of 0.18. Pyrazon forms well defined complexes with montmorillonite(2). According to IR spectra, the N atom of the pyridazone ring and/or the C=O group are involved in the interaction(2).

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Skin rashes ... are common after repeated exposures...

/CASE REPORTS/ ... When Burex production was initiated in Czechoslovakia, a number of cases of worker injury occurred. Clinical and laboratory findings are reported for seven workers injured by the Burex precursors PCC (1-phenyl-4,5- dichlopyridazone-6) and MCA (mucochloric acid). Contact with these substance produced acute local irritation which gradually developed the character of a second-degree burn. Six to ten days later, when the local changes were beginning to resolve, systemic manifestations began. They were mainly characterized by digestive disorders and by slight liver enlargement in patients with more extensive local injuries. Certain biochemical factors were altered in all patients; SGPT and LDH were increased and serum proteins, mucoproteins, and protein fractions were abnormal for up to 2 months. Photosensitization was also noted. /Burex precursors/

/CASE REPORTS/ Poison Control Center Data - 1993 through 2003 A total of 4 cases were located in Poison Control Center records from 1993 through 2003. Three involved ingestion (2 among adults and one child less than six years old) but none of these cases reported any symptoms. The fourth case was an adult seen a health care facility with nausea, classified as an adverse reaction. California Data - 1982 through 2003 - Only one report from 1985 was attributed to exposure to pyrazon. In this case, a hand applicator accidently sprayed his eyes and face with local symptoms only National Pesticide Information Center - On the list of the top 200 chemicals for which NPIC received calls from 1984-1991 inclusively, Pyrazon was not reported to be involved in human incidents.

IN SANDY LOAM SOIL, LESS THAN 10% OF THE HERBICIDE WAS DEGRADED TO 5-AMINO-4-CHLORO-3(2H)-PYRIDAZINONE (ACP) AFTER 10 WK @ 21 °C ... IN OTHER STUDIES, LOSS OF PYRAZON FROM SOIL WAS EXPONENTIAL & CHARACTERISTIC OF THE ACTIVITY OF SOIL MICROORGANISMS ...

IT PERSISTS IN SANDY LOAM FOR ABOUT 20 WK & IS DECOMP TO 5-AMINO-4-CHLORO-PYRIDAZIN-3-ONE WHICH IS NON-PHYTOTOXIC.

... DEPENDING UPON SOIL TEMP & MOISTURE IN TREATED ZONE, MICROBIAL BREAKDOWN CAN BE MODERATELY RAPID. PRINCIPAL SOIL DEGRADATION PRODUCT IS DEPHENYLATED PYRAZON WHICH IS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY HERBICIDAL.

GRAM-NEGATIVE COCCUS REQUIRING VITAMIN-B12 WAS FOUND CAPABLE OF METABOLIZING PYRAZON. BENZENE MOIETY ... SEEMED TO BE USED AS A CARBON SOURCE. ... RESIDUE OF 5-AMINO-4-CHLORO-PYRIDAZIN-3(2H)-ONE /WAS DETECTED/. ... SOIL MICROORGANISMS ... /COULD REMOVE/ PHENYL GROUP ...

For more Environmental Biodegradation (Complete) data for PYRAZON (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SOIL: The concn of pyrazon at four sites in central Chile after treatment was determined by taking integrated core samples up to 30 cm in depth along transects. The results were (time after treatment, concn): 14 days, 590 ppb; 87 days, 9.5 ppb; 205 days, 4.1 ppb; 236 days, 5.1 ppb; 277 days, 2.3 ppb(1).

SEDIMENT: Pyrazon concentrations in suspended solids from the Rhine and Meuse delta, Germany were 0.12 and 0.075 ug/kg dry weight organic matter, respectively, sampled from 1993-1994.

Tolerances are established for combined residues of the herbicide pyrazon (5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone) and its metabolites (calculated as pyrazon) in or on the following food commodities: [Table#3543]

The Agency made its reregistration eligibility determination based on the required data, the current guidelines for conducting acceptable studies to generate such data, and published scientific literature. The Agency has found that currently registered uses of pyrazon are eligible for reregistration.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Pyrazon is found on List B. Case No: 2570; Pesticide type: insecticide, herbicide; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): 5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 06/11/91; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.

Used as herbicide to control weeds in beets and ornamentals; [HSDB]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For pyrazon (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 069601) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Pyrazon (5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3-pylidazon) (CAS Number 1698-60-8) is a substituted pyridazinone herbicide used to control weeds in agricultural fields where sugar beets are grown. Some target weeds include: fanweed, henbit, lambs quarters, mustard, and ragweed.

Pre-plant, pre-emergence, and early post-emergence use on sugar beets and red table beats to control certain weeds ... also registered for commercial use on ornamentals, including bulb crops and roses

/Pyrazon is/ effective against shallow-germinating weeds ... ineffective for control of certain grasses.

Use in US agriculture in 1989: 318,000 lbs (estimated).

Use in US agriculture in 1982: 140,000 lbs (estimated).

Use in agriculture in 1989: 8.9% on beets; 91.1% on sugarbeets.

Approximately 10% of the US sugar beet crop and 50% of the US table beet crop are treated with pyrazon annually

... By reaction of phenylhydrazine and 3,4-dichloro-2,5-dihydro-5-hydroxyfuran-2-one followed by treatment with ammonia.

React phenylhydrazine with mucochloric acid and then treat with ammonia.

Pyrazon may be made by reacting mucochloric acid with phenylhydrazine followed by treatment of the intermediate with ammonia.

PYRAMIN FL HERBICIDE Active Ingredient 41.3% Pyrazon

PYRAMIN DF HERBICIDE Active Ingredient 67.7% Pyrazon

PYRAMIN SUPER HERBICIDE Active Ingredient 42.6% pyrazon

PURAMIN 80% WETTABLE POWDER (65.6% PYRAZON & 14.4% RELATED COMPOUNDS). PYRADEX 10 GRANULAR (5.47% PYRAZON, 1.20% RELATED COMPOUNDS & 3.33% DIALLATE). PYRAMIN PLUS (31% PYRAZON, 21% DALAPON, PLUS WETTING AGENT).

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for PYRAZON (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Pharmaceuticals

Herbicides

Environmental transformation -> Pesticides (parent, predecessor)

Pesticides -> Herbicides -> Pyridazinone herbicides

3(2H)-Pyridazinone, 5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-: ACTIVE

Pyrazon is formulated as a wettable powder or flowable liquid, and is applied by ground broadcast, with and without soil incorporation, by banded methods and by aerial broadcast methods.

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies Chloridazon (technical grade) as unlikely to present an acute hazard in normal use; Main Use: herbicide.

Pyrazon is registered for pre-emergence and early post-emergence application to control weeds in beet crops. Pre-emergence application is made before weeds are more than 2 inches tall. Postemergence applications are made before weeds have more than 2 true leaves but after beets have 2 true leaves. Applications can be made either in the spring or in the fall. Pyrazon is formulated in a wettable powder or as a flowable liquid and is applied through broadcast (for pre-emergence applications) or banded (early post-emergence) methods. In western regions of the U.S., banded preemergence application with sprinkler irrigation or banded, shallow, pre-plant soil incorporation with furrow irrigation is suggested. Pyrazon can also be used as part of pesticide mixtures, including phenmedipham and desmedipham, to control additional weeds. The label-recommended application rate for pyrazon is equivalent to 3 to 3.5 lbs ai/acre with a maximum seasonal application rate of 7.31 lbs ai/acre in certain circumstances. The lower rate (3 lbs a.i./Acre) is for use on sandy loam soils and soils with organic content less than 3%. The higher rate (3.5 lbs ai/acre) is used on loams, silt loams, and clays. The maximum seasonal application rate of 7.31 lbs ai/acre is applicable for single pre-emergence treatment of sugar beet crops in the Red River Valley of Minnesota and North Dakota grown in soils with organic content between 5 and 7 %, and for combined pre-and post-emergence applications to red table beet crops. The label recommended rates are designed to optimize weed control while minimizing crop damage.

Pyrazon, pyramin, is an herbicide primarily used to control weeds in agricultural fields where sugar beets, red beets, and fodder beets are grown. It is sold both as a wettable powder and a liquid. Pyramin products can be applied by ground broadcast, aerial spray, or banding methods, which can result in transport of pyrazon to non-target nearby terrestrial and aquatic areas through spray drift, runoff/erosion, and leaching to groundwater. The maximum annual application rate for pyrazon based on the labels is equivalent to 7.31 lbs active ingredient per acre. The typical application rates (from Biological and Economic Analysis Division (BEAD)) range from 0.9- to 2.6 lbs ai/A, 0.5-0.8 lbs ai/A, 0.9-1.0 lbs ai./A, 0.3-0.6 lbs ai/A, 0.7-1.2 lbs ai/A, and 0.7-0.8 lbs ai/A for California, Idaho, Michigan, North Dakota, Ohio, and Wyoming, respectively. Typical is this case is defined as "average" use rate. Between 2001 and 2003, BEAD estimates of poundage applied to beet and sugar beet crops in the U.S. ranged from 81,000 to 153,000 lbs with an average of 109,000 lb. According to the registrant, the "typical" application rates were 0.41 to 0.54 lb ai/A