Maleic Hydrazide

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

De-Cut, Fair Plus, Super De-sprout have indefinite shelf life and should be stored at room temp.

/During transport:/ Storage temp: ambient; venting: open.

Ventilate area of spill or leak. Collect for reclamation, or absorb in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material.

Spillages of pesticides at any stage of their storage or handling should be treated with great care. Liquid formulations may be reduced to solid phase by evaporation. Dry sweeping of solids is always hazardous: these should be removed by vacuum cleaning or by dissolving them in water or other solvent in the factory environment. In the field they may be washed away with water into a suitable soak-hole. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with a impermeable flexible membrane liner./ /Pesticides/

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, dampen the solid spill material with 5% ammonium hydroxide, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 5% ammonium hydroxide to pick up any remaining material. Your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with 5% ammonium hydroxide followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U148, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Maleic hydrazide is a potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration with a temperature range of 820 to 1600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, hours for solids. Also, a potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration range of 450 to 980 °C with residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, longer for solids.

This product is relatively stable to hydrolysis but decomposes in presence of strong acids and oxidizing agents.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Recommended method of cleaning glassware and spray equipment: Formulation completely water soluble, wash and rinse equipment with water.

Personal safety precautions: Remove contaminated clothing and shoes.

Smoking, eating, drinking, /and using toilet facilities/ before washing should be absolutely prohibited when any pesticide of moderate or higher toxicity is being handled or used. /Pesticides/

Tolerances for residues of the herbicide and plant regulator maleic hydrazide (1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione) are established in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: onion, dry bulb 15.0 ppm and potato 50.0 ppm.

A food additive known as maleic hydrazide (1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione) may be present in potato chips when used in accordance with the following conditions: (i) The food additive is present as a result of the application of a pesticide formulation containing maleic hydrazide to the growing potato plant in accordance with directions registered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (ii) The label of the pesticide formulation containing the food additive conforms to labeling registered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (iii) The food additive is present in an amount not to exceed 160 parts per million by weight of the finished food.

11 [mg/m3]

130 [mg/m3]

750 [mg/m3]

Goggles or face shield; dust mask. (USCG, 1999)

Goggles or face shield; NIOSH-certified respirator.

...Vinyl coated hand protection, natural or reclaimed rubber protection, rubber aprons, and plastic eye and face protection... used when working with small quantities. Where possibility of gross splashing exists, full protective clothing made of rubber, neoprene or vinyl-coated materials should be worn. For respiratory protection in situations where recommended tolerance limits... exceeded, respiratory protective equipment... must be used. /Hydrazine and derivatives/

Pretreatment of Vicia faba root tip meristems with a nontoxic dose of either hydrazine or N,N'-diformylhydrazine prior to the administration of maleic hydrazide (MH), separated by 2 hr, resulted in a significant reduction of the yield of MH induced chromatid aberrations compared to control treatments (MH only). Pretreatment with the hydrazines induces an error free repair system which reduces MH induced damage and both hydrazines and MH appear able to induce oxidative DNA lesions.

Root tip cells of Allium cepa were exposed to maleic hydrazide (0.0003 M for 2 hr) and post-treated in G2 with caffeine (2.5 mM) and various inhibitors of DNA synthesis. No enhancement of chromosome damage was observed when caffeine was present in G2, but hydroxyurea (5 mM) or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (1x10-7 M) potentiated the frequencies of chromosome aberrations. A slight additional incr of chromosome aberration frequencies was observed following treatment with Ara C (1x10-5 M) and excess thymidine in G2. When maleic hydrazide damaged cells were pulse treated with caffeine earlier during recovery, the yield of chromosomal aberrations was enhanced. The earlier caffeine was present following maleic hydrazide treatment, the stronger was the potentiation.

Conditioning treatment of Vicia faba root tip meristem cells with nickel chloride prior to challenge treatment with triethylenemelamine or maleic hydrazide triggered protective functions against both these clastogens, i.e., resulted in a significantly reduced yield of metaphases with chromatid aberrations. Protection was prevented by pretreatment with buthionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of the synthesis of plant phytochelatins, indicating that the nickel chloride triggered phytochelatin synthesis may be involved in the protective functions induced by nickel chloride conditioning treatment. Buthionine sulfoximine (instead of nickel chloride) conditioning treatment triggered protection against maleic hydrazide but not against triethylenemelamine.

Pretreatment of Vicia faba main root meristems with ethidium bromide or nalidixic acid significantly reduced the yield of metaphases with chromatid aberrations induced by maleic hydrazide, ie, triggered clastogenic adaptation to maleic hydrazide. No such protection occurred when the alkylating agent triethylenemelamine was used for challenge treatment. The differential response of pretreated cells to maleic hydrazide on the one hand (protection) and to triethylenemelamine (no protection) on the other supports the conclusion that clastogenic adaptation is due to different inducible (repair) functions, which eventually exert protection against clastogenic impacts.

LC50 Rasbora heteromorpha (Harlequin fish) 530 mg/L/24 hr, 150 mg/L/48 hr, 125 mg/L/96 hr; flow-through

LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) 1608 mg/L/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50 Salmo gairdneri (Rainbow trout) >1435 mg/L/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50 Daphnia 108 ppm/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for MALEIC HYDRAZIDE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), measured Koc values of 264 for a clay soil, and 23 for a sandy loam(2), indicate that maleic hydrazide is expected to have very high to moderate mobility in soil. Maleic hydrazide exists in equilibrium with its tautomer 6-hydroxy-3(2H)-pyridazinone that has a pKa of 5.62(2), which indicates that this compound will primarily exist as an anion in moist soils and anions do not volatilize. The neutral species of maleic hydrazide is not expected to volatilize based on a Henry's Law constant of 8.1X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(2). Maleic hydrazide is not expected to volatilize from dry soils(SRC) based on a vapor pressure of 7.5X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C(2). Biodegradation has been shown to be an important environmental fate process for maleic hydrazide in soils(2). The half-life of maleic hydrazide was reported as 2-3 days in a sandy loam used for growing potatoes, 6 days in a turfed sandy loam, and 7 days in a tobacco growing loam(2).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), measured Koc values of 264 for a clay soil, and 23 for a sandy loam(3), indicates that maleic hydrazide is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Maleic hydrazide exists in equilibrium with its tautomer 6-hydroxy-3(2H)-pyridazinone that has a pKa of 5.62(2), which indicates that this compound will primarily exist as an anion in water and anions do not volatilize. The neutral species of maleic hydrazide is not expected to volatilize based on a Henry's Law constant of 8.1X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(3). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from a log Kow of -1.96(3) and a regression-derived equation(5), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Maleic hydrazide is stable to hydrolysis, but may undergo photochemical decomposition in sunlit surface waters(6). Maleic hydrazide (as the potassium salt) was irradiated with simulated sunlight in aqueous solutions at pH 5, 7 and 9 with calculated half-lives of 58, 58 and 34 days, respectively(6). The major product was maleate(6). Based on the rapid rate of biodegradation in soil(7), maleic hydrazide is expected to biodegrade in water under aerobic conditions.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), maleic hydrazide, which has a vapor pressure of 7.5X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist primarily in the particulate phase. Particulate-phase maleic hydrazide may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Although maleic hydrazide absorbs light greater than 290 nm and photolyzes in aqueous solution(3), it exists primarily in the particulate phase in the atmosphere and it is unclear whether direct photolysis will be an important environmental fate process(SRC).

Maleic hydrazide was detected in 14.2% of onion samples tested, with a max concn of 0.559 ppm during a survey of foods in Belgium(1). Maleic hydrazide was detected in approximately 25% of commercially purchased potato chips, at a max concn of 0.3 ug/g(2). Maleic hydrazide was identified, not quantified, in unspecified food items during a 1978-1982 FDA monitoring study of domestic and imported food commodities(3).

Maleic hydrazide

Urinary

5 x 10 ^-1 mg/kg-day

The reported Koc of maleic hydrazide was 264 for a clay soil, and 23 for a sand(1). Based on a classification scheme(2), these Koc values suggest that maleic hydrazide has very high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). In a field experiment in which 5 and 10 kg/ha of maleic hydrazide were applied, the hydrazide did not migrate below a depth of 10 cm(3). This may be due to extensive biodegradation of maleic hydrazide(3). Maleic hydrazide was shown to bind to the clay component in Aiken clay loam where anion exchange is the predominant process(4). In a study of the adsorption of maleic hydrazide in 22 different soils, adsorption was most significantly correlated to specific surface area, clay content, and pH(5). The lack of correlation of adsorption with organic content of the soils may have been partly caused by the low organic content of the soils studied (<2%)(5). Adsorption of the herbicide ranged from high to low(5). Based upon the above information, maleic hydrazide may generally be expected to be mobile in soils with low clay content and relatively immobile in soils with high clay content. The mobility also may be affected by pH and specific surface area of the soils(SRC).

U148; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when maleic hydrazide, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Maleic hydrazide is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA, as amended in 1988. Case No: 0381; Pesticide type: Herbicide (growth regulator); Registration Standard Date: 06/30/88; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): 1,2-Dihydro- 3,6-pyridazinedione; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 11/16/92, 09/08/94; AI Status: OPP has completed a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document for the case/AI.

Based on the reviews of the generic data for the active ingredients maleic hydrazide and the potassium salt of maleic hydrazide, the Agency has sufficient information on the health effects of maleic hydrazide and the potassium salt of maleic hydrazide and on its potential for causing adverse effects in fish and wildlife and the environment. Therefore, the Agency concludes that products containing maleic hydrazide and the potassium salt of maleic hydrazide for all uses are eligible for reregistration. The Agency has determined that maleic hydrazide and the potassium salt of maleic hydrazide products, labeled and used as specified in this Reregistration Eligibility Decision, will not pose unreasonable risks or adverse effects to humans or the environment.

Tolerances for residues of the herbicide and plant regulator maleic hydrazide (1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione) are established in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: onion, dry bulb and potato.

A food additive known as maleic hydrazide (1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione) may be present in potato chips when used in accordance with the following conditions: (i) The food additive is present as a result of the application of a pesticide formulation containing maleic hydrazide to the growing potato plant in accordance with directions registered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (ii) The label of the pesticide formulation containing the food additive conforms to labeling registered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (iii) The food additive is present in an amount not to exceed 160 parts per million by weight of the finished food.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 5,000 lb or 2,270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Used as a herbicide and plant growth inhibitor, e.g., to control sucker growth on tobacco and to inhibit sprouting of potatoes and onions; [HSDB] A plant growth regulator and herbicide used to control sprouting of potatoes and onions, suckers in tobacco, and weeds, grasses, and trees in and along turf, ornamentals, public easements, and industrial and commercial land; [Reference #1]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For maleic hydrazide (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 051501) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Experimentally in horticulture and agriculture. ...In synthesis of pyridazine.

Post-harvest sprouting inhibitor; weed control; sugar content stabilizer in beets.

Use as over-the-top foliar spray

Technical grade maleic hydrazide contains hydrazine as a contaminant.

Products can contain small amount of hydrazide as impurity.

(1977) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 9.08X10+6 G

(1991) Exceeded 5000 lb or US $5000 in value

... By treating maleic anhydride with hydrazine hydrate in alcohol; from maleic acid and a hydrazine salt of a strong inorganic acid; alternate preparation from hydrazine sulfate and maleic anhydride in aqueous sodium hydroxide; alternate preparation from hydrazine hydrate and maleic anhydride in glacial acetic acid.

Maleic hydrazide is the product of the reaction of maleic anhydride and hydrazine hydrochloride.

Maleic hydrazide is available as technical grade material containing 97% min a.i. and less than 1% anionic wetting agent. It is also offered for sale as EC or WP for agricultural uses in form of its potassium salt or its diethanolamine salt. Products can contain small amount of hydrazine as impurity.

MH-30: diethanolamine salt contains 3.5 lb maleic hydrazide/imp gal. Used at 9.5-0.25% maleic hydrazide as herbicide; 0.1-0.5% as growth inhibitor and 0.025% to prevent pollen germination as 4-6 lb/acre for chemical grass mowing.

Combinations: BH 43 (with 2,4-D)

Water-soluble liquids

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for MALEIC HYDRAZIDE (22 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Environmental transformation -> Pesticide transformation products (metabolite, successor)

Herbicides, Plant growth regulators

3,6-Pyridazinedione, 1,2-dihydro-: ACTIVE

... Is not effective through soil application.

All uses of the diethanolamine salt in the United States were suspended on October 31, 1981, but the material may be manufactured for export and growers may use any material still on hand. /Maleic hydrazide diethanolamine salt/