4-Bromphenylacetonitril

For information on chemical warfare tear gas agents see the ERG Criminal or Terrorist Use of CBR Agents. (ERG, 2024)；Excerpt from ERG Guide 159 [Substances (Irritating)]:；SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.；LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.；FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.；· Keep unauthorized personnel away.；· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.；· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.；· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.；Small Spill；· Pick up with sand or other non-combustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.；Large Spill；· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.；· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.；· Keep unauthorized personnel away.；· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.；· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.；· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.；Small Spill；· Pick up with sand or other non-combustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.；Large Spill；· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.；· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

For information on chemical warfare tear gas agents see the ERG Criminal or Terrorist Use of CBR Agents. (ERG, 2024)；Excerpt from ERG Guide 159 [Substances (Irritating)]:；Refer to the "General First Aid" section. (ERG, 2024)

General First Aid:；· Call 911 or emergency medical service.；· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.；· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.；· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.；· If victim is not breathing:；-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.；-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).；-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.；· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.；· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.；· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.；· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.；· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.；· Keep victim calm and warm.；· Keep victim under observation.；· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.；· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.；In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

General First Aid:；· Call 911 or emergency medical service.；· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.；· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.；· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.；· If victim is not breathing:；-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.；-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).；-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.；· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.；· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.；· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.；· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.；· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.；· Keep victim calm and warm.；· Keep victim under observation.；· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.；· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.；In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).；· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.；· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).；· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.；· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

2.0 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction, as CN[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

For information on chemical warfare tear gas agents see the ERG Criminal or Terrorist Use of CBR Agents. (ERG, 2024)；Excerpt from ERG Guide 159 [Substances (Irritating)]:；Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk.；SMALL SPILL: Pick up with sand or other non-combustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.；LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2024)

For initial isolation and protective action distances for chemical warfare tear gas agents see the Chemical Warfare Agents table in the ERG Criminal or Terrorist Use of CBR Agents. (ERG, 2024)；Excerpt from ERG Guide 159 [Substances (Irritating)]:；IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.；LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).；FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure；· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.；Large Spill；· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).；Fire；· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Immediate precautionary measure；· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.；Large Spill；· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).；Fire；· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

For information on chemical warfare tear gas agents see the ERG Criminal or Terrorist Use of CBR Agents. (ERG, 2024)；Excerpt from ERG Guide 159 [Substances (Irritating)]:；Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

Small Fire；· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.；Large Fire；· Water spray, fog or regular foam.；· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.；· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.；Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks；· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.；· Do not get water inside containers.；· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.；· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.；· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.；· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Small Fire；· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.；Large Fire；· Water spray, fog or regular foam.；· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.；· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.；Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks；· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.；· Do not get water inside containers.；· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.；· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.；· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.；· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

Strong lachrymator. On exposure to eyes, corneal corpuscles become swollen and brownish during first 24 hr. This is followed by infiltration of cornea by macrophages, loss of normal endothelial reflex and appearance of fine irregularity in endothelium. Harmful if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Target organs: central nervous system, blood, lungs, cardiovascular system, thyroid.

Organic nitriles decompose into cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro. Consequently the primary mechanism of toxicity for organic nitriles is their production of toxic cyanide ions or hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L97)

Causes severe eye and skin burns. Irritating to eyes, skin, and respiratory system. Acute exposure (ingestion or inhalation) can lead to coma, seizures, palpitations, dilated pupils, hypoventilation, shock, cyanosis, initial tachycardia and hypertension, and hypotension may be seen. Nausea, vomiting, and metabolic acidosis may occur.

STRONG LACRIMATOR.

CHANGES INDUCED IN ONE HUMAN EYE... CORNEAL CORPUSCLES BECOME SWOLLEN & BROWNISH DURING FIRST 24 HR. THIS IS FOLLOWED BY INFILTRATION OF CORNEA BY MACROPHAGES, LOSS OF NORMAL ENDOTHELIAL REFLEX, & APPEARANCE OF FINE IRREGULARITY IN ENDOTHELIUM.

UNLIKELY TO LIBERATE MUCH CYANIDE, BUT IF CYANIDE TOXICITY IS PRESENT THEN TREAT FOR CYANIDE POISONING.

LETHAL CONCN: 0.90 MG/LITER (30 MIN)...

CHANGES INDUCED IN RABBIT EYES EXPERIMENTALLY... CORNEAL CORPUSCLES BECOME SWOLLEN & BROWNISH DURING FIRST 24 HR. ...FOLLOWED BY INFILTRATION OF CORNEA BY MACROPHAGES, LOSS OF NORMAL ENDOTHELIAL REFLEX, & APPEARANCE OF FINE IRREGULARITY IN ENDOTHELIUM.

SEE CYANIDES. WORKERS...WHO ARE DAILY EXPOSED TO CYANIDE SOLN MAY DEVELOP 'CYANIDE' RASH, CHARACTERIZED BY ITCHING, AND BY MACULAR, PAPULAR, AND VESICULAR ERUPTIONS. FREQUENTLY THERE IS SECONDARY INFECTION. /CYANIDES/

...EFFECTS OF VARIOUS LEVELS IN AIR... LOWEST DETECTABLE LEVEL: 0.09 MG/CU M; LOWEST IRRITANT CONCN: 0.15 MG/CU M; INTOLERABLE CONCN: 0.8 MG/CU M (10 MIN).

LC (mouse) > 1,160 mg/m3

Insupportable at 5 mg/m3.