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HCID 22311Erstellt: 27. Oktober 2026

Dipenten

D-LIMONENE · Dipentene · L-LIMONENE · Cinene · (-)-LIMONENE · alpha-Limonene · 1-methyl-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-1-ene · FEMA 2633

https://huagongshe.com/de/chemical/22311

Molekülstruktur von Dipenten

Identifikatoren & physikalische Daten

CAS No.138-86-3
SummenformelC10H16
Durchschnittliche Molmasse136,23 g/mol
Monoisotopische Masse136,12520051 g/mol
SMILESC=C(C)C1CC=C(C)CC1
InChIKeyXMGQYMWWDOXHJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PubChem CID22311
ChEMBLCHEMBL15799
ChEBICHEBI:15384
EC No.205-341-0
DTXSIDDTXSID2029612
Lokaler NameDipenten

Chemische & physikalische Eigenschaften

XLogP3,4
Polarare Oberfläche (TPSA)0
H-Brücken-Donoren0
H-Brücken-Akzeptoren0
Frei drehbare Bindungen1
Schwere Atome10
Formalladung0
Komplexität163
StoffklassenBiological Agents -> TerpenesFlammable agents - 2nd degree
KosmetikaCosmetics ingredient -> BaseColorantConditioning/EmollientEmulsifierFlavorFragranceMoisturizing/HumectantOpacifying AgentOther (Specify)Preservative/StabilizerSolvent
DuftstoffeFragrance Ingredient (d,l-Limonene (isomer unspecified)) -> IFRA transparency ListFragrance Ingredient (dl-Limonene (racemic)) -> IFRA transparency List
LogP (Verteilungskoeffizient)log Kow = 4.574.4
GeruchPleasant lemon-like
GeschmackSweet, citrus taste
LebensmittelzusatzstoffeUse unspecified -> FDA Substance added to food
Dichte0.842 at 69.8 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than waterwill float0.8402 at 20.85 °C/4 °C0.86 g/mL at 20 °C (lit.)
AromastoffeEU Flavoring substances
Color/FormColorless liquidColorless mobile liquidClear to light yellow liquid
LöslichkeitIn water, 7.57 mg/L at 25 °CMiscible with alcoholMiscible with alcohol, ether.Chloroform: Slightly Soluble<1 g/100mL
Flammpunkt115 °F (USCG, 1999)45 °C113 °F (45 °C) (Close cup)119 °F
Schmelzpunkt-84--104 °C
Siedepunkt170-180 °C (lit.)
Dampfdichte4.7 (vs air)
Dampfdruck<3 mm Hg ( 14.4 °C)
Brechungsindexn20/D 1.473(lit.)
LagerbedingungenStore below +30°C.
AggregatzustandLiquid
FarbeClear colorless to pale yellow
GeruchPleasant, pine-likelemon-like.
Biologische Quellesynthetic
Geruchsartcitrus
Geruchsschwelle0.038ppm
Explosionsgrenze0.7-6.1%, 150°F
Spezifische WärmekapazitätCp(liquid): 1.83 J/(g·K), at 25℃
Merck14,5493
BRN3587825
Henry-Konstante4.7×10-4 mol/(m3Pa) at 25℃, Plyasunov and Shock (2000)
Dielektrizitätskonstante2.3(20℃)
StabilitätStable. Flammable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
Kosmetik-Inhaltsstoffe FunktionenPERFUMINGSOLVENTDEODORANT
InChI1S/C10H16/c1-8(2)10-6-4-9(3)5-7-10/h4,10H,1,5-7H2,2-3H3
InChIKeyAJSJXSBFZDIRIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILESCC(=C)C1CCC(C)=CC1
LogP (Verteilungskoeffizient)4.57
CAS Datenbank138-86-3(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST chemische InformationenLimonene(138-86-3)
EPA chemische InformationenLimonene (138-86-3)

Sicherheit & Vorschriften

GHS-EinstufungWarningH226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P321, P332+P317, P333+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)
Regulatorische InformationenChemical: Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-Hazard Traits - Fragrance AllergenCommission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 (Repealed by Com. Implementing Reg. (EU) No 872/2012)Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)- is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)- are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Cease Manufacture Update: 15-04-2018 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/24067Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-: HSNO Approval: HSR001142 Approved with controls
Weitere SicherheitsinformationenPEC / SN / Other assessments - Limonene: Health and Environment
DOT-KennzeichnungFlammable Liquid
BrandgefahrenBehavior in Fire: Containers may explode. (USCG, 1999)· HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
BrandpotenzialFlammable when exposed to heat or flame.
GesundheitsgefahrenLiquid irritates eyesprolonged contact with skin causes irritation. Ingestion causes irritation of gastrointestinal tract. (USCG, 1999)CAUTION: Petroleum crude oil (UN1267) may contain TOXIC hydrogen sulphide gas.
GefahrenübersichtSkin and eye irritantA skin sensitizer[HSDB] Danger of skin sensitization[MAK] An irritantMay cause skin sensitization[MSDSonline] The racemic mixture of d-limonene and l-limonene is called dipentene (138-86-3).[Kanerva, p. 1789] See l-Limonene and d-Limonene.

Anwendungen & Verwendung

Beschreibung

D-limonene, which is a volatile oil, constitutes approximately 98% of orange peel oil by weight and has moderately good knockdown activity against ectoparasites of companion animals. The insecticidal activity of both d-limonene and linalool is enhanced when synergized by piperonyl butoxide. Apart from toxicoses reported in cats (65), d-limonene generally has a high margin of safety.

Occurrence

It has been reported found in more than 300 essential oils in amounts ranging from 90 to 95% (lemon, orange, mandarin) to as low as 1% (palmarosa); the most widespread form is the d-limonene, followed by the racemic form and then l-limo nene. Also reported found in ginger, nutmeg, pepper, mace, hop oil, coriander seed, calamus, dill herb, caraway seed and rosemary.

Verwenden

d-Limonene is a flavoring agent that is a liquid, colorless with a pleasant odor resembling mild citrus. It is miscible in alcohol, most fixed oils, and mineral oil; soluble in glycerin; and insoluble in water and propylene glycol. It is obtained from citrus oil. It is also termed d-p-mentha-1,8,diene and cinene.

Herstellung & Synthese

synthetische

d-Limonene may be obtained by steam distillation of citrus peels and pulp resulting from the production of juice and cold pressed oils, or from deterpenation of citrus oils; it is sometimes redistilled.

DOT-Nummer und Handbuch2052 128
FDA-AnforderungenSynthetic flavoring substances and adjuvants /for human consumption/ that are generally recognized as safe for their intended use, within the meaning of section 409 of the Act. Limonene (d-, l-, and dl-) is included on this list.Synthetic flavoring substances and adjuvants /for animal drugs, feeds, and related products/ that are generally recognized as safe for their intended use, within the meaning of section 409 of the Act. Limonene (d-, l-, and dl-) is included on this list.
Reaktive GruppeHydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated
Special ReportsUSEPA/Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic SubstancesReregistration Eligibility Decision Document (RED) - Limonene, EPA 738-R-94-034 (September 1994). The RED summarizes the risk assessment conclusions and outlines any risk reduction measures necessary for the pesticide to continue to be registered in the U.S.[Available from, as of June 3, 2015: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm]
FIFRA-AnforderungenBased on the reviews of the generic data for the active ingredients Limonene, the Agency has sufficient information on the health effects of Limonene and on its potential for causing adverse effects in fish and wildlife and the environment. Therefore, the Agency concludes that products containing Limonene for all uses are eligible for reregistration. The Agency has determined that limonene products, labeled and used as specified in this Reregistration Eligibility Decision, will not pose unreasonable risks or adverse effects to humans or the environment.As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk in accordance to newer safety standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List C, and with List C containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List D. Limonene is found on List C. Case No: 3083Pesticide type: insecticide, rodenticideCase Status: RED Approved 09/94OPP has made a decision that some/all uses of the pesticide are eligible for reregistration, as reflected in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.Active ingredient (AI): limoneneData Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 09/30/92, 09/08/94AI Status: OPP has completed a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for the case/AI.
BrandbekämpfungExcerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:
Freisetungsmaßnahmen· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.
Erste HilfeINHALATION: remove victim from contaminated areaadminister artificial respiration if necessarycall physician.General First Aid:
Expositionsschutz und Persönliche Schutzausrüstung· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
LagerbedingungenStore in a flammable liquid storage area or approved cabinet away from ignition sources and corrosive and reacting materials. ... Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well ventilated area away from heat and incompatible materials.Safe Storage of Pesticides. Always store pesticides in their original containers, complete with labels that list ingredients, directions for use, and first aid steps in case of accidental poisoning. Never store pesticides in cabinets with or near food, animal feed, or medical supplies. Do not store pesticides in places where flooding is possible or in places where they might spill or leak into wells, drains, ground water, or surface water.
ReinigungsverfahrenIf a spill occurs, clean it up promptly. Don't wash it away. Instead, sprinkle the spill with sawdust, vermiculite, or kitty litter. Sweep it into a plastic garbage bag, and dispose of it as directed on the pesticide product label.After Applying a Pesticide, Indoors or Outdoors. To remove pesticide residues, use a bucket to rinse tools or equipment three times, including any containers or utensils that you used when mixing the pesticide. Then pour the rinsewater into the pesticide sprayer and reuse the solution by applying it according to the pesticide product label directions. After applying any pesticide wash your hands and any other parts of your body that may have come in contact with the pesticide..To prevent tracking pesticides inside, remove or rinse your boots or shoes before entering your home. Wash any clothes that have been exposed to a lot of pesticide separately from your regular wash.
Freisetung ohne BrandExcerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:
EntsorgungsverfahrenSRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air qualitypotential migration in air, soil or watereffects on animal, aquatic and plant lifeand conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber.Safe Disposal of Pesticides. The best way to dispose of small amounts of excess pesticides is to use them - apply them - according to the directions on the label. If you cannot use them, ask your neighbors whether they have a similar pest control problem and can use them. If all of the remaining pesticide cannot be properly used, check with your local solid waste management authority, environmental agency, or health department to find out whether your community has a household hazardous waste collection program or a similar program for getting rid of unwanted, leftover pesticides. These authorities can also inform you of any local requirements for pesticide waste disposal.Safe Disposal of Pesticides. An empty pesticide container can be as hazardous as a full one because of residues left inside. Never reuse such a container. When empty, a pesticide container should be rinsed carefully three times and the rinsewater thoroughly drained back onto the sprayer or the container previously used to mix the pesticide. Use the rinsewater as a pesticide, following label directions. Replace the cap or closure securely. Dispose of the container according to label instructions. Do not puncture or burn a pressurized container like an aerosol - it could explode. Do cut or puncture other empty pesticide containers made of metal or plastic to prevent someone from reusing them. Wrap the empty container and put it in the trash after you have rinsed it.
Preventive MeasuresSRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.Wear the items of protective clothing the label requires: for example, non-absorbent gloves (not leather or fabric), rubber footwear (not canvas or leather), a hat, goggles, or a dust-mist filter. If no specific clothing is listed, gloves, long-sleeved shirts and long pants, and closed shoes are recommended. You can buy protective clothing and equipment at hardware stores or building supply stores.Indoor Applications. If the label directions permit, leave all windows open and fans operating after the application is completed. If the pesticide product is only effective in an unventilated (sealed) room or house, do not stay there. Put all pets outdoors, and take yourself any your family away from treated areas for at least the length of time prescribed on the label. Apply most surface sprays only to limited areas such as cracksdon't treat entire floors, walls, or ceilings. Don't let pesticides get on any surfaces that are used for food preparation. Wash any surfaces that may have pesticide residue before placing food on them.Indoor Applications. When using total release foggers to control pests, use no more than the amount needed and to keep foggers away from ignition sources (ovens, stoves, air conditioners, space heaters, and water heaters, for example). Foggers should not be used in small, enclosed places such as closets and cabinets or under tables and counters.Outdoor Applications. Never apply pesticides outdoors on a windy day (winds higher than 10 mph). Position yourself so that a light breeze does not blow pesticide spray or dust into your face.
Isolation and EvacuationExcerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:Immediate precautionary measure
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)Solvent-resistant glovessafety glasses or face shieldself- contained breathing apparatus for high vapor concentrations. (USCG, 1999)Wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of skin contact.
Emergency Response Planning GuidelinesCAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.
KörperbelastungLimonene has been identified in the expired air of a selected urban population of normal, healthy, non-smoking volunteers(1). Limonene was qualitatively detected in 8 of 8 samples of mother's milk obtained from residents of urban centers in PA, NJ, and LA(2).
WechselwirkungenInhalation of ozone (O3), a highly toxic environmental pollutant, produces airway inflammation and exacerbates asthma. However, in indoor air, O3 reacts with terpenes (cyclic alkenes), leading to formation of airway irritating pollutants. The aim of the study was to examine whether inhalation of the reaction products of O3 and the terpene, limonene, as well as limonene and low-level O3 by themselves, induced allergic sensitization (formation of specific immunoglobulin [Ig] E) and airway inflammation in a subchronic mouse inhalation model in combination with the model allergen ovalbumin (OVA). BALB/cJ mice were exposed exclusively by inhalation for 5 d/wk for 2 wk and thereafter once weekly for 12 wk. Exposures were low-dose OVA in combination with O3, limonene, or limonene/O3 reaction products. OVA alone and OVA + Al(OH)3 served as control groups. Subsequently, all groups were exposed to a high-dose OVA solution on three consecutive days. Serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were collected 24 hr later. Limonene by itself did not promote neither OVA-specific IgE nor leukocyte inflammation. Low-level O3 promoted eosinophilic airway inflammation, but not OVA-specific IgE formation. The reaction products of limonene/O3 promoted allergic (OVA-specific IgE) sensitization, but lung inflammation, which is a characteristic of allergic asthma, was not observed. In conclusion, the study does not support an allergic inflammatory effect attributed to O3-initiated limonene reaction products in the indoor environment.Epidemiological investigations suggest a link between exposure to indoor air chemicals and adverse health effects. Consumer products contain reactive chemicals which can form secondary pollutants which may contribute to these effects. The reaction of limonene and ozone is a well characterized example of this type of indoor air chemistry. The studies described here characterize an in vitro model using an epithelial cell line (A549) or differentiated epithelial tissue (MucilAir). The model is used to investigate adverse effects following exposure to combinations of limonene and ozone. In A549 cells, exposure to both the parent compounds and reaction products resulted in alterations in inflammatory cytokine production. A one hour exposure to limonene+ozone resulted in decreased proliferation when compared to cells exposed to limonene alone. Repeated dose exposures of limonene or limonene+ozone were conducted on MucilAir tissue. No change in proliferation was observed but increases in cytokine production were observed for both the parent compounds and reaction products. Factors such as exposure duration, chemical concentration, and sampling time point were identified to influence result outcome. These findings suggest that exposure to reaction products may produce more severe effects compared to the parent compound.Rauscher murine leukemiavirus infected F344 rat embryo cells were not transformed treated with subeffective doses of 3-methylcholanthrene. These cells treated with limonene showed carcinogenic transformation.Mouse mammary glands respond to carcinogen stimulus to form mammary lesions in organ culture. In this study it was determined whether the effective chemopreventive agents are active against initiation or the promotion phase of lesion development. Mammary glands were subjected to 24 hr exposure to 2 mg/ml dimethylbenz(a)anthracene followed by a 5 day exposure to 7,12-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate. This treatment protocol allows the study of initiation and promotion aspects of lesion development. Chemopreventive agents effective when present prior to the carcinogen were considered as anti-initiators, whereas agents effective when present after the dimethylbenz[a]anthracene treatment along with 7,12-tetradecanoyl pherbol-13-acetate were considered as anti-promoters. Within the chemopreventive agents evaluated limonene was an anti-initiator.For more Interactions (Complete) data for LIMONENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
ÖkotoxizitätswerteLD50Species: Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail) age 16 weeksoral >2000 mg/kgLC50Species: Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail) age 10 daydietary >5620 ppm for 8 daysSpecies: Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail) age 14 daysdietary >5000 ppm for 8 daysSpecies: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) age 14 daysFor more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for LIMONENE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
UmweltverhaltenTERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1,100 determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that limonene is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to occur based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.032 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its extrapolated vapor pressure, 1.55 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 7.57 mg/L(4). Volatilization from dry soil surfaces may occur given the vapor pressure of this compound(3). Limonene is reported to undergo biodegradation under aerobic conditions, but is resistant to biodegradation under anaerobic conditions(5). Terpene acclimated inocula prepared from soil obtained from a coniferous forest and hardwood forest in North Carolina degraded limonene with a half-life of approximately 9-20 hours at 23 °C following a lag period of 15-23 hours(6).AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1,100 determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that limonene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.032 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its extrapolated vapor pressure, 1.55 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 7.57 mg/L(5). Volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 5 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 660(SRC), from a log Kow of 4.57(7), and a regression derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). Limonene is reported to undergo biodegradation under aerobic conditions (73% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks in Japanese MITI test(8)), but is resistant to biodegradation under anaerobic conditions(9).ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), limonene, which has an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.55 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase limonene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals, nitrate radicals and ozone(SRC). The half-life for the reaction with hydroxyl radicals is estimated to be 2.6 hours(SRC) from its rate constant of 1.49X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The half-life for the reaction with ozone is estimated to be 0.5 hours(SRC) from its rate constant of 6.5X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec(4). The calculated nighttime lifetime for the reaction of limonene with nitrate radicals is 9 minutes(5). Limonene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(6) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).
LebensmitteluntersuchungswerteLimonene (unspecified isomer) has been identified as a volatile component of fried chicken(1), chickpea seed (Cicer arietinum)(2), orange juice essence(3), mangos(4), roasted filberts (Corylus avellana)(5), Beaufort (Gruyere) cheese manufactured in the area of the French Alps(6) and Udaho Russet Burbank baked potatoes(7). It has been detected in a headspace analysis of intact, tree ripened nectarines, but not in an analysis of the blended fruit(8). Limonene was present at 0.62 and 0.21 nL/L in emissions from cereal silage and high-moisture ground corn, respectively, on farms sampled in California's San Joaquin Valley(9).
Unerwünschte WirkungenNeurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome
Milk ConcentrationsEXPERIMENTAL: Limonene was qualitatively detected in 8 of 8 samples of mother's milk obtained from residents of urban centers in PA, NJ, and LA(1). Limonene was detected not quantified in fish oil-enriched milk for up to 14 days storage at 2 °C(2).
ToxizitätsübersichtIDENTIFICATION AND USE: Limonene is a colorless liquid. It is not registered for current pesticide use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. Limonene is used as a solvent in degreasing metals prior to industrial painting, for cleaning in the electronic and printing industries, and in paint as a solvent. Limonene is also used as a flavor and fragrance additive in food, household cleaning products and perfumes. It is also used as gallstone solubilizer. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Limonene is a skin irritant in humans. The oxidized forms of limonene are known to cause allergic contact dermatitis. Limonene liquid has been reported to irritate eyes, ingestion causes irritation of GI tract. Albuminuria and hematuria are probable if ingested in sufficient quantity. It is also associated with mouth and throat irritation, shortness of breath, and impaired lung function. ANIMAL STUDIES: Limonene is a skin irritant in experimental animals. The critical organ in animals (except for male rats) following oral or ip administration is the liver. Exposure to limonene affects the amount and activity of different liver enzymes, liver weight, cholesterol levels and bile flow. These changes have been noted in mice, rats and dogs. Limonene and its epoxides were not mutagenic when tested at concentrations of 0.3-3333 ug/plate in in vitro assays using different strains of Salmonella typhimurium, in the presence or absence of metabolic activation. When incubated with Syrian hamster embryo cells up to 100 ug/mL or 3 mM, limonene did not induce statistically significant cell transformation. There is no evidence that limonene was teratogenic or produced embryotoxic effects in the absence of maternal toxicity. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Terrestrial organisms are most likely exposed to limonene via the air. The few studies of terrestrial species (i.e. insects) using vapor exposure revealed effects of limonene at ppm levels. In the aquatic environment, limonene exhibits high acute toxicity to fish and Daphnia.
Average Daily IntakeThe intake of limonene in food varies due to differing diet patterns. Based on daily US consumption of limonene per capita, the intake of limonene from food for the general population was estimated to be 0.27 mg/kg body weight per day(1). The intake of limonene from indoor and outdoor air for the general population is estimated to be 10 and 0.1 ug/kg body weight per day, respectively(1). The average exposure range of residents in Flemish homes for the elderly was 5.58-29.92 ppm/min corresponding to an uptake rate of 27 mL/min, sampled from 2007 through 2009 (2).
Ökotoxizitätsauszüge/AQUATIC SPECIES/ In the aquatic environment, limonene shows high acute toxicity to fish and Daphnia. Limonene concentrations in surface waters are generally much lower than experimentally determined acute toxicity levels, and therefore it is likely that limonene poses a low risk for acute toxic effects on aquatic organisms./OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ Terrestrial organisms are most likely exposed to limonene via the air. The few studies on terrestrial species (i.e. insects) using vapor exposure revealed effects of limonene at parts per million levels.
Plant ConcentrationsThe flux of combined limonene and beta-phellandrene from a red pine (Pinus densiflora) forest in Japan was measured from May-November 2000(1). The largest values observed were in June with an average flux rate of 1.1 nmol/sq m-sec(1). The measured average emission rate of alpha-pinene and limonene in eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp) was reported as 3.25 ug/g-hour(2). Limonene emission concentrations were 18, 10, 9, 17 nmol/sq m-min from Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E globulus, E grandis and E viminalis, respectively, in southern Australia(3). Estimated limonene emissions were 40.7, 98.9, 173.9, and 41.5 ug/sq m-hr for broadleaf trees, needle leaf trees, shrubs and bushes, and grasses and crops, respectively, for the United States were between July 2001 and January 2002(4).Limonene concentrations in plants(1).
Ongoing Test StatusEPA has released the first beta version (version 0.5) of the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The beta version of the iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assaysClick on the "Chemical Explorer" button on the tool bar to see the data./[USEPAICSS Dashboard ApplicationAvailable from, as of April 22, 2015: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]
F8-10-23
Wassergefährdungsklasse (WGK)2
TSCA-Inventar-StatusTSCA listed
UN-TransportnummerUN 2052
Zollcode29021990
RTECS-Nr.OS8350000
R-Sätze (R)10-38-43-50/53
ToxizitätLD50 orally in Rabbit: 5300 mg/kg
GefahrensymboleXi,N
Sicherheitshinweise (S)24-37-60-61
Gefahrenklasse3Aquatic Acute 1Aquatic Chronic 1Flam. Liq. 3Skin Irrit. 2Skin Sens. 1
VerpackungsgruppeIII
Lagerklasse3 - Flammable liquids
Gefahrstoffdaten138-86-3(Hazardous Substances Data)
Selbstentzündungstemperatur458 °F