Sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate (SNS) is a cosmetic ingredient. HUMAN STUDIES: The skin irritation potential of SNS on human skin was weak. 1% SNS was not a dermal sensitizing agent in human subjects. ANIMAL STUDIES: In the eye irritation test, one out of three rabbits exposed to SNS showed irreversible ocular damage. When tested on rabbit skin, SNS was mild irritant when applied undiluted, but the 2% and 20% dilutions were not irritating. SNS did not induce delayed contact hypersensitivity in guinea pigs. SNS was negative in an Ames assay using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535, TA 1537, and TA 1538.

EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of November 16, 2017: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Sodium naphthalenesulfonate (SNS) /was applied/ at concentrations of 2% and 0.2% (w/w in distilled water) with a Finn chamber and an occlusive patch to 40 healthy subjects. Distilled water was the control. The 25 male subjects ranged in age between 20 and 25 years and the 15 female subjects were between 21 and 28 years of age. The Finn chamber was removed 48 hr after application and the site graded 3, 24, and 48 hr thereafter. Grading was done on a -, +/-, +, ++, +++ scale. Apparent erythema (+) was observed in one subject and slight erythema (+/-) in 3 to 4 subjects exposed to 2% SNS. Erythema with edema (++) was observed in 1 subject, apparent erythema in 2 others, and slight erythema in 5 to 9 subjects exposed to 0.2% SNS. Distilled water produced apparent erythema in 1 to 2 subjects, and slight erythema in 6 to 11 subjects. The authors concluded that the reactions to both concentrations of SNS was not substantially different from distilled water and that the skin irritation potential of SNS is considered to be weak.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ .... A 21-day cumulative irritation and sensitization study using 50 subjects /was conducted/. There were initially 52 subjects, but 2 dropped out of the study for personal reasons. Occlusive patches containing 0.2 mL of a 1% sodium naphthalenesulfonate (SNS) solution (w/v in distilled water) were applied to the back. The patch locations were randomized from subject to subject. Each patch was removed after 24 hr. The skin was graded 30 min later and a fresh patch of the test material applied to the same site. This procedure was repeated for 21 consecutive applications as the induction phase. After approximately 2 weeks, the subjects were challenged at the same site and at a remote, previously untreated site under occlusive patches for 24 hr. All sites were graded 24, 48, and 72 hr after removal of the challenge patch. A 0.5% solution (w/v in distilled water) of sodium lauryl sulfate was used as a positive control and a commercial baby oil product was the negative control in both the induction and challenge phase. The authors reported slight erythema in one individual on 3 successive early induction days, but no reactions on any other induction days. No positive findings were seen in the other 49 subjects at any time during the induction phase, leading the authors to conclude that 1% SNS is not a primary or cumulative skin irritant. One individual had a slight erythema at the remote, previously untreated site at the 24-hr reading, but not at 48 or 72 hr. No other subjects had a positive reaction at either the original site or the remote site. The authors concluded that 1% SNS is not a dermal sensitizing agent under the study conditions.

ANAEROBIC: 2-Naphthelenesulfonate was one of the 247 compounds monitored during long-term/long-distance bank infiltration treatment (the Rodenhuis RBF site) on the Lek River, situated between Rotterdam and Utrecht, The Netherlands. Wells were located adjacent to the river with samples being analyzed from 1999-2013. The test site was characterized as an anoxic environment. 2-Naphthelenesulfonate was tested for but not detected in the bank filtrate samples. A first-order degradation half-life of <469 days was reported(1). 2-Naphthalenesulfonate, present at 30 mg-C/L, was completely biodegraded in 7 days using an anaerobic bioreactor sewage inoculum at 100 mg-C/L incubated at 37 °C(2). /2-Naphthalene sulfonate/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The absorption of SNS was measured in porcine skin ... The authors concluded that only small amounts of SNS were lost from the donor fluid by penetration through or absorption into porcine skin. Of the 339 ug applied, only around 5 ug was noncovalently bound to the skin and only approximately 1% of the applied material appeared in the receptor fluid.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The ocular irritation potential of undiluted sodium naphthalenesulfonate (SNS) was tested in three New Zealand white rabbits ... One drop of local anesthetic was instilled into both eyes at 3-min intervals over a period of 15-min before treatment. A volume of 0.1 mL (approximately 64 mg) of SNS was placed into the conjunctival sac of the right eye. For the conjunctivae, redness, chemosis, and discharge were determined and for the cornea, degree of opacity and area of opacity were determined. Any damage to the iris was noted. Assessments were made at 1, 24, 48, and 72 hr. Additional observations were made on days 5 and 7 to assess the reversibility of any ocular effects. Areas of diffuse corneal opacity were noted in all treated eyes at 1 and 24 hr, which lessened at 48 and 72 hr. Areas of translucent corneal opacity persisted in one treated eye at the day 5 observation. Sloughing of the cornea was noted in one treated eye at day 5, but the other two animals' eyes returned to normal at day 7. The authors concluded that SNS was at least a moderate irritant to the rabbit eye. Because one rabbit showed irreversible ocular damage, the test material was viewed as corrosive to the eye.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ A ... study was conducted ... using 2% sodium naphthalenesulfonate (SNS) in polyethylene glycol 400. A single instillation of a 2% (w/v) dilution to the conjunctival sac nonanesthetized, nonirrigated right eye of three rabbits ... Observations were made at 1, 24, 48, and 72 hr after exposure. Minimal conjunctival irritation was observed at 1 hr, but did not persist, and treated eyes appeared normal at 24 hr. The authors concluded that 2% SNS was a minimal irritant to the rabbit eye.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Sodium naphthalenesulfonate (SNS) /was/ tested using three female Japanese albino rabbits. The test material (0.5 g) was applied to abraded and intact skin at clipped sites on the animals' backs and a closed patch applied. After 24 hr, the closed patch was removed, and the skin reactions were scored at 3, 24, and 48 hr thereafter. Three abraded and three intact sites received SNS at a concentration of 100%, 20%, and 2% (these latter concentrations were diluted with petroleum jelly) ... In only one animal, at the 3-hr reading, was a grade 1 erythema seen with the undiluted material. No positive erythema or edema scores were seen with the other animals exposed to undiluted SNS, or with any animal exposed to the 2% or 20% dilution in petroleum jelly, and to the petroleum jelly alone. The authors concluded that SNS may be considered a mild irritant when applied undiluted, but that the 2% and 20% dilutions are not irritating.

According to the 2016 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 1 reporting facility withheld the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of 2-naphthalenesulfonate(1). /2-Naphthalenesulfonate/

GROUNDWATER: 2-Naphthalenesulfonate was detected in 7 samples from the Bormida River, Cengio, Italy, sampled 1992-1993 in the vicinity of an aromatic sulfonate and dye chemical plant. The plant ceased production in 1992. A concentration of 558,000 ug/L was reported in a sample polluted by landfills located inside a chemical industrial area and collected on March 20, 1992(1). The compound was present at a range of <70 to 43,000 ng/L in groundwaters (sampled February, May, August 1996 and February 1997) beneath a landfill at a former gravel pit, a second landfill that contained industrial and municipal solid wastes, a landfill containing demolition wastes and an aged multi-component landfill. Leachate(sampled in May, August 1996, February 1997) concentrations ranged from <3.2 to 1188 ug/L. The sites are unspecified(2). /2-Naphthalenesulfonate/

SURFACE WATER: 2-Naphthalenesulfonate was detected in 7 samples from the Bormida River, Cengio, Italy, sampled 1992-1993. Concentrations in the vicinity of an aromatic sulfonate and dye chemical plant were as follows (site 2 is 72 km from site 1). The plant ceased production in 1992(1). /2-Naphthalenesulfonate/[Table#8447]

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Organic acids and related compounds/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist respirations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Activated charcoal is not effective ... . Do not attempt to neutralize because of exothermic reaction. Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Organic acids and related compounds/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Early intubation, at the first sign of upper airway obstruction, may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Organic acids and related compounds/