Sodium Hypochlorite

Fire Extinguishing Agents Not to Be Used: Amines and oxidizable material such as oxalic acid. May produce explosive chloroamines with amines.；Fire Extinguishing Agents: Chemical, CO2, foam, or water in flooding quantities. (USCG, 1999)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again. Refer for medical attention .

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Administration of oxygen may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again. Refer immediately for medical attention.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.；· Keep unauthorized personnel away.；· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.；· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.；· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.；· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.；· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.；· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.；· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

INHALATION: Sips of milk or other demulcent.；EYES: Flush with plenty of water for 15 minutes.；SKIN: Wash contaminated area with soap and water.；(USCG, 1999)

General First Aid:；· Call 911 or emergency medical service.；· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.；· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.；· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.；· If victim is not breathing:；-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.；-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).；-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.；· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.；· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.；· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.；· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.；· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.；· Keep victim calm and warm.；· Keep victim under observation.；· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.；· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.；Specific First Aid:；· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

Separated from acids. See Chemical Dangers. Cool. Keep in the dark. Well closed. Store only in original container.

Separated from combustible substances, reducing agents, acids and food and feedstuffs. See Chemical Dangers. Cool. Keep in the dark. Well closed. Store only in original container.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).；· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.；· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Hypochlorite soln (containing more than 7% available chlorine, by wt)/

Cool exposed containers with water. /Monohydrate/

Store at a temp not exceeding 20 °C away from acids in well-fitted air-tight bottles, closed with a glass stopper or suitable plastic cap. Protect from light. /Strong sodium hypochlorite soln/

Vent caps should be checked with full personal protection, and material should be stored at 15-18 °C and out of direct sunlight. ...

Solutions in water are storage hazards due to oxygen evolution.

Environmental considerations-land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete; absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder; neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) /Sodium hypochlorite soln (Hypochlorite soln containing not more than 7% available chlorine, by wt)/

Environmental considerations- water spill: Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3); if dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concn, apply activated carbon at 10 times the spilled amt; use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. /Sodium hypochlorite soln (Hypochlorite soln containing not more than 7% available chlorine, by wt)/

Environmental considerations- air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. /Sodium hypochlorite soln (Hypochlorite soln containing not more than 7% available chlorine, by wt)/

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Personal protection: filter respirator for inorganic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Ventilation. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in covered non-metallic containers as far as possible. Wash away remainder with plenty of water.

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Ventilation. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable non-metallic containers as far as possible. Then wash away with plenty of water. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents.

EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

Chlorine Bleach is a strong corrosive material. Sodium hypochlorite solutions frequently produce small amounts of chlorine gas. If inhaled, chlorine can trigger cough, substernal pain, respiratory distress, shortness of breath, and wheezing. Symptoms may be delayed. Nausea and vomiting are reflex in origin, and headache and loss of consciousness are probably due to the hypoxia caused by pulmonary edema. Dermal contact can lead to redness, pain, and redness of the exposed surface. Eye contact can lead to watering of the eyes. Ingestion can cause pulmonary edema, vomiting or coma. Exposure to the skin may cause sensitization or other allergic responses. If the eye is not irrigated immediately after it has been exposed permanent eye damage may occur. Toxicity described in animals from single low-dose (1% solution) exposures by ingestion include muscular weakness, and hypoactivity. Long-term administration of compound in drinking water of rats caused depression of the immune system. No adverse changes were observed in an eight week dermal study of a 1% solution in guinea pigs. Tests in animals demonstrate no carcinogenic activity by either the oral or dermal routes.

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as secondary toxic effect；Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.；Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol.

Serious local effects by all routes of exposure.

Dermal

Sodium hypochlorite is a strong oxidizer. Oxidation reactions are corrosive, solutions burn skin and cause eye damage, especially when used in concentrated forms. In particular, hypochorite (HOCl) is known to cause post-translational modifications to amino acids in proteins, the notable ones being cysteine and methionine oxidation. These oxidation reactions can lead to widespread protein aggregation and denaturation, leading to cell death and tissue damage. It is estimated that there are about 3300 accidents needing hospital treatment caused by sodium hypochlorite solutions each year in British homes. A recent European study indicated that sodium hypochlorite and organic chemicals (e.g., surfactants, fragrances) contained in several household cleaning products can react to generate chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Some of these VOCs are toxic and probable human carcinogens. The study showed that indoor air concentrations significantly increase (8-52 times for chloroform and 1-1170 times for carbon tetrachloride, respectively, above baseline quantities in the household) during the use of bleach containing products. Sodium Hypochlorite reacts violently with amines and ammonium salts. Solutions are reactive with common cleaning products such as toilet bowl cleaners, rust removers, vinegar, acids, organics and ammonia products to produce hazardous gases such as chlorine and other chlorinated species.

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain.

Burning sensation. Sore throat. Cough. Abdominal pain. Vomiting. Diarrhoea.

Burning sensation. Cough. Laboured breathing. Shortness of breath. Sore throat. Symptoms may be delayed.

Redness. Skin burns. Pain. Blisters.

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal.

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment.

SYMPTOMATOLOGY: 1. PAIN & INFLAMMATION OF MOUTH, PHARYNX, ESOPHAGUS, & STOMACH. EROSION OF MUCOUS MEMBRANES, CHIEFLY OF STOMACH. 2. VOMITING ... HEMORRHAGE ... 3. CIRCULATORY COLLAPSE, WITH COLD & CLAMMY SKIN, CYANOSIS, & SHALLOW RESPIRATIONS. 4. CONFUSION, DELIRIUM, COMA. 5. EDEMA OF PHARYNX, GLOTTIS & LARYNX, WITH STRIDOR & OBSTRUCTION. 6. PERFORATION OF ESOPHAGUS OR STOMACH, WITH MEDIASTINITIS OR PERITONITIS. 7. INHALATION OF HYPOCHLOROUS ACID FUMES CAUSES SEVERE RESP TRACT IRRITATION & PULMONARY EDEMA. 8. SKIN CONTACT MAY CAUSE VESICULAR ERUPTIONS AND ECZEMATOID DERMATITIS. /HYPOCHLORITE/

INGESTION OF LETHAL DOSE OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE HAD CORROSIVE EFFECT & METHEMOGLOBINEMIA WAS PRESENT.

... An 18 month old girl who swallowed a "few tablespoons" /of liquid household bleach/ and immediately coughed, choked and vomited. Gastric lavage with a weak vinegar solution was performed within 10 min. Promptly thereafter she became lethargic and was admitted to a local hospital in a state of coma. Her temp was 103.2 °F, pulse 160, respirations 88, and blood pressure unobtainable. Rales and rhonchi were audible, & clonic convulsive movements persisted until death, which occurred, in spite of vigorous treatment, 19 hr after ingestion. Postmortem exam revealed focal necrosis, hemorrhage, and superficial erosion of the gastric mucosa, but the presumptive cause of death was an acute tracheobronchitis, & obstructive atelectasis secondary to bronchial exudates. /Hypochlorite/

A 61 yr old woman was completing a hemodialysis treatment when routine cleaning of the hemodialysis machine was started. Approx 2 l of undiluted sodium hypochlorite cleaning soln was added to the dialysis bath. For less than 2 min the chlorox soaked membrane was in contact with the blood returning to the pt. This led to massive hemolysis, hyperkalemia, cyanosis, & cardiopulmonary arrest.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

IN TESTS ON RABBIT EYES, 5% SOLN WHICH HAD PH 11.1 TO 11.6 CAUSED IMMEDIATE PAIN, BUT IF WASHED OFF WITH WATER WITHIN THIRTY SECONDS, LEFT ONLY SLIGHT TRANSIENT CORNEAL EPITHELIAL HAZE & CONJUNCTIVAL EDEMA, WITH RETURN TO NORMAL WITHIN A DAY OR LESS. ... INTERESTING DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RABBIT & MONKEY EYES IN RESPONSE TO EXPOSURE TO 5.5% SOLN HAS BEEN REPORTED ... INDICATING THAT MONKEY EYE RECOVERS MUCH MORE RAPIDLY, MAYBE MORE LIKE HUMAN. ... 1 DROP OF 15% SOLN @ PH 11.2 CAUSED IMMEDIATE SEVERE PAIN ... CAUSED HEMORRHAGES FROM CONJUNCTIVA AND NOSE, PLUS RAPID ONSET OF GROUNDGLASS APPEARANCE OF CORNEAL EPITHELIUM ... FOLLOWED BY MODERATE BLUISH EDEMA OF WHOLE CORNEA, CHEMOSIS ... NEOVASCULARIZATION OF CONJUNCTIVA ... /SCARRING/ OF NICTITATING MEMBRANE ... .

UNDILUTED LIQUID BLEACH (CLOROX) INSTILLED INTO UPPER ESOPHAGUS OF RABBITS & DOGS PRODUCED NO PERMANENT ESOPHAGEAL LESIONS UNLESS LOWER END OF ESOPHAGUS WAS OCCLUDED, IN WHICH CASE HALF OF DOGS DIED FROM ESOPHAGEAL PERFORATION, MEDIASTINITIS & PLEURISY.

SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE WAS AMONG CMPD SCREENED & FOUND POSITIVE ON ACTIVATION IN SYSTEM WITH RAT LIVER MICROSOME FRACTION & S9 MIXT APPLIED TO CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATION TESTS IN VITRO.

DISCHARGES IN NW SICILY WERE STUDIED. SAFETY LIMIT OF 0.1 PPM FOR SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE WAS DETERMINED. AT 0.02 PPM RESIDUAL CHLORINE, THERE WAS 50% INHIBITION OF PHYTOPLANKTON GROWTH.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity of hypochlorite salts in experimental animals. No data were available from studies in humans on the carcinogenicity of hypochlorite salts. Overall evaluation: Hypochlorite salts are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3). /Hypochlorite salts/

Chemical: Hypochlorous acid, sodium salt

Commission Regulation (EC) No 2229/2004

Hypochlorous acid, sodium salt (1:1) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Hypochlorous acid, sodium salt (1:1) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

2008/127/EC, Reg. (EU) 2022/801, Reg. (EU) No 190/2013, Reg. (EU) No 540/2011

Status: Active Update: 13-05-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15516；Status: Cease Manufacture Update: 28-03-2018 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/23365

Sodium hypochlorite: HSNO Approval: HSR003698 Approved with controls

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Sodium hypochlorite is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA, as amended in 1988. Case No: 0029; Pesticide type: fungicide, antimicrobial (bactericide); Registration Standard Date: 02/01/86; Case Status: RED Approved 09/91; OPP has made a decision that some/all uses of the pesticide are eligible for reregistration, as reflected in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Sodium hypochlorite; AI Status: OPP has completed a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document for the case/AI.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).