Potassium Bromate

Other Classes -> Halogens, Inorganic Compounds

Carcinogens

Cosmetic ingredients (Potassium Bromate) -> CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review)

Oxidising

3.27 (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

3.27 g/cu cm at 17.5 °C

3.27 g/cm³

3.27 @25 °C

White hexagonal crystal

White crystalline powder

White crystals or granules

White or colorless, hexagonal crystals, or powder

10 to 50 mg/mL at 66 °F (NTP, 1992)

Solubility (g/100 g water): 3.1 at 0 °C; 6.9 at 20 °C; 13.1 at 40 °C; 22.2 at 60 °C; 33.9 at 80 °C; 49.7 at 100 °C

Soluble in 12.5 ppm water, 2 parts boiling water

Soluble in boiling water

Insoluble in ethanol

Sparingly soluble in ethanol; insoluble in acetone

370 °C.

When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of bromate anion and K2O.

370 °C

Danger

H271: May cause fire or explosion; strong Oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

P203, P210, P220, P264, P270, P280, P283, P301+P316, P306+P360, P318, P321, P330, P370+P378, P371+P380+P375, P405, P420, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

H271 (99.5%): May cause fire or explosion; strong Oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

P203, P210, P220, P264, P270, P280, P283, P301+P316, P306+P360, P318, P321, P330, P370+P378, P371+P380+P375, P405, P420, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Chemical: Bromic acid, potassium salt

Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity

Status: Active Update: 08-11-2010 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/12144

Bromic acid, potassium salt: HSNO Approval: HSR001336 Approved with controls

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

CAUTION: Ammonium nitrate products may explode if involved in fire or contaminated with hydrocarbons (fuels), organic matter, other contaminants or when hot molten and contained. Treat as an explosive (GUIDE 112).

Not combustible but enhances combustion of other substances. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Risk of fire and explosion on contact with combustible substances or reducing agents.

Dangerous fire risk in contact with organic materials.

It forms very flammable mixtures with combustible materials and this mixture may be explosive if the combustible material is very finely divided. The mixture can be ignited by friction. Prolonged exposure to fire or heat by the material can result in an explosion.

Mixtures with sulfur may ignite.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

· Inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death.

Ingestion may cause vomiting, diarrhea, methemoglobinemia, renal injury. [Merck Index] A skin, eye, and mucous membrane irritant; [HSDB] A skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritant; May cause effects on the kidneys and CNS after ingestion; [ICSC] An irritant that is toxic by ingestion; In poisoning cases, there was evidence of methemoglobin formation, and injury to the brain, kidneys, and liver; Loss of hearing was also reported; [AIHA] Oral LD50 = 160-500mg/kg in animal experiments; Ingestion of 2-4 ounces of 2% potassium bromate solution is life threatening in children; [Haddad, p. 1387]

The food additive potassium bromate may be safely used in the malting of barley under the following prescribed conditions: (a)(1) It is used or intended for use in the malting of barley under conditions whereby the amount of the additive present in the malt from the treatment does not exceed 75 parts per million of bromate (calculated as Br), and the treated malt is used only in the production of fermented malt beverages or distilled spirits. (2) The total residue of inorganic bromides in fermented malt beverages, resulting from the use of the treated malt plus additional residues of inorganic bromides that may be present from uses in accordance with other regulations in this chapter promulgated under sections 408 and/or 409 of the act, does not exceed 25 parts per million of bromide (calculated as Br). No tolerance is established for bromide in distilled spirits because there is evidence that inorganic bromides do not pass over in the distillation process. (b) To assure safe use of the additive, the label or labeling of the food additive shall bear, in addition to the other information required by the Act, the following: (1) The name of the additive. (2) adequate directions for use. (c) To assure safe use of the additive, the label or labeling of the treated malt shall bear, in addition to other information required by the Act, the statement, "Brewer's Malt-To be used in the production of fermented malt beverages only", or "Distiller's Malt-To be used in the production of distilled spirits only", whichever is the case.

Bromated flour conforms to the definition and standard of identity, and is subject to the requirements for label statement of ingredients, prescribed for flour by section 137.105, except that potassium bromate is added in a quantity not exceeding 50 parts to each million parts of the finished bromated flour, and is added only to flours whose baking qualities are improved by such addition.

Enriched bromated flour conforms to the definition and standard of identity, and is subject to the requirements for label statement of ingredients, prescribed for enriched flour by section 137.165, except that potassium bromate is added in a quantity not exceeding 50 parts to each million parts of the finished enriched bromated flour, and is added only to enriched flours whose baking qualities are improved by such addition.

Bromated whole wheat flour conforms to the definition and standard of identity, and is subject to the requirements for label statement of ingredients, prescribed for whole wheat flour by section 137.200, except that potassium bromate is added in a quantity not exceeding 75 parts to each million parts of finished bromated whole wheat flour.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

Use water in large amounts. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Refer for medical attention .

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

General First Aid:

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

This chemical is a combustible solid. Use water only. Do not use chemical or carbon dioxide extinguishers. Poisonous gases are produced in fire including bromine, potassium oxide, and oxygen, which increases fire hazard. If materials or contaminated reunoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local healty and fire officials and pollution control agencies. Containers may explode in fire. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for POTASSIUM BROMATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

Prior to working with this chemical you should be trained on its proper handling and storage. Potassium bromate must be stored to avoid contact with oxidizers (such as perchlorates, peroxides, premangantes, chlorates, and nitrates) and other incompatible materials listed above, since violent reactions can occur. Protect storage containers against physical damage. Avoid storage on wood floors. Where possible, automatically transfer material from drums or other storage containers to process containers. Sources of ignition such as smoking and open flames are prohibited where this chemical is handled, used, or stored. Metal containers involving the transfer of this chemical should be grounded and bonded. Wherever this chemical is used, handled, manufactured, or stored, use explosion-proof electrical equipment and fittings.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Sweep up and shovel. Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wetbrushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area of spill or leak after clean-up is complete. Keep potassium bromate out of confined space, such as sewer, because of the possiblity of an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the build-up of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations. If employees are required to clean-up spills, they must be properly trained and equipped.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Cautiously acidify a 3% soln or a suspension of the material to pH 2 with sulfuric acid. Gradually add a 52% excess of aqueous sodium bisulfite with stirring at room temp. An incr in temp indicates that a reaction is taking place. If no reaction is observed on the addition of about 10% of the sodium bisulfite soln initiate it by cautiously adding more acid. If manganese, chromium, or molybdenum is present, adjust the pH of the soln to 7 and treat with sulfide to precipitate for burial in a chemical landfill. Destroy excess sulfide and neutralize /the material/.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for POTASSIUM BROMATE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents. Personal protection: P3 filter respirator for toxic particles.

EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

Potassium bromate (KBrO3) is an oxidizing agent used as a food additive which causes kidney damage as a potent nephrotoxic agent, and the mechanism may be explained by the generation of oxygen free radicals. ... Single intraperitoneal administration of 200 mg/kg KBrO3 could induce serious kidney damage, with an increase in serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels. Five-day oral administration of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) extract at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg resulted in a reversal in serum BUN and creatinine to normal levels and decreased kidney malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and xanthine oxidase (XOD) levels. Also, bilberry extract improved oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) levels in kidney tissue, which showed that bilberry extract reduced the degree of oxidative stress and kidney damage induced by KBrO3. These findings demonstrate that the protective effect of bilberry extract is attributed to its free radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibitory effect.

... The protective effect of the antioxidants melatonin, resveratrol, vitamin E, butylated hydroxytoluene and 2-mercaptoethylamine, and the spin-trapping compound alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) against oxidative DNA damage was studied in the kidney of rats treated with the kidney-specific carcinogen potassium bromate (KBrO3). KBrO3 was given to rats previously treated with melatonin, resveratrol, PBN, vitamin E, butylated hydroxytoluene, or 2-mercaptoethylamine. Oxidative damage to kidney DNA was estimated 6 hours afterwards by measuring 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (oxo8dG) referred to deoxyguanosine (dG) by means of high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical-coulometric and ultraviolet detection. Levels of oxo8dG in the renal genomic DNA significantly increased by more than 100% after the KBrO3 treatment. This increase was completely abolished by the treatment with resveratrol and was partially prevented by melatonin, PBN and vitamin E. Resveratrol and PBN also prevented the increase in relative kidney weight induced by KBrO3. These results show that various different antioxidants and a free radical trap, working in either the water-soluble or the lipid-soluble compartments, can prevent the oxidative DNA damage induced in the kidney by the carcinogen KBrO3.

... The aim of the study was to compare protective effects of melatonin, indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), and propylthiouracil (PTU) against lipid peroxidation in the kidneys and blood serum and, additionally, in the livers and the lungs, collected from rats, pretreated with KBrO(3). Male Wistar rats were administered KBrO(3) (110 mg/kg bw, ip, on the 10th day of the experiment) and/or melatonin, or IPA (0.0645 mmol/kg bw, ip, twice daily, for 10 days), or PTU (0.025% solution in drinking water, for 10 days). The level of lipid peroxidation products-malondialdehyde + 4-hydroxyalkenals (MDA + 4-HDA)-was measured spectrophotometrically in thyroid homogenates. KBrO(3), when injected to rats, significantly increased lipid peroxidation in the kidney homogenates and blood serum, but not in the liver and the lung homogenates. Co-treatment with either melatonin or with IPA, but not with PTU, decreased KBrO(3)-induced oxidative damage to lipids in the rat kidneys and serum...

... Treatment of rats with Nymphaea alba (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) one hour before KBrO3 (125 mg/kg body weight, ip) resulted in significant decreases in xanthine oxidase (P < 0.05), lipid peroxidation, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, H202 generation, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, renal ODC activity and DNA synthesis (P < 0.001). Renal glutathione content, glutathione metabolizing enzymes and antioxidant enzymes were also recovered to significant levels (P < 0.001). These results show that Nymphaea alba acts as chemopreventive agent against KBrO3-mediated renal injury and hyperproliferative response.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for POTASSIUM BROMATE (35 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Elemental bromine also burns the skin. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant and chronic exposure produces neuronal effects. This is called bromism and can result in central reactions reaching from somnolence to coma, cachexia, exicosis, loss of reflexes or pathologic reflexes, clonic seizures, tremor, ataxia, loss of neural sensitivity, paresis, papillar edema of the eyes, abnormal speech, cerebral edema, delirium, aggressiveness, and psychoses. Bromate is also a potential carcinogen. (L625, L626, L627, L638)

LC50; Species: Eisenia fetida (Earthworm) adult, age >2 months, weight 300-400 mg; dermal (ground spray on artificial soil) 393 mg/kg soil for 14 days (1 dose per study)

LC50; Species: Eisenia fetida (Earthworm) adult, age >2 months, weight 300-400 mg; dermal (filter paper) 530 ug/sq cm for 48 hr (1 dose per study)

Public attention was aroused when mutagenicity was found in potassium bromate (KBrO3) which has been used as an oxidizing agent in baking bread. Ion chromatography was found to be very useful for analyzing bromide and bromate ions in food. The residual condition of potassium bromate added to bread in the baking process was clarified. It was found that the residual rate of bromate ions in bread was approximately 30% at the added level of 100 ug/g, but it decreased markedly when the added levels went down. At 40 ug/g no residue was detected.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

Oral (L96) ; inhalation (L96) ; dermal (L96)

Based upon the data included in this report the CIR Expert Panel concludes that Sodium Bromate and Potassium Bromate may be used in cosmetic permanent wave formulations at concentrations not to exceed 10.17%, measured as Sodium Bromate.

Safe for use in cosmetics, with qualifications

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Potassium bromate forms white hexagonal crystals. It is used as laboratory reagent, oxidizing agent, permanent-wave compounds, maturing agent in flour, dough conditioner, food additive. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Potassium bromate dust is irritating to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, but there was no evidence of any cumulative effect on the lung of workers after 18 years of exposure to levels as high as 15 mg/cu m. In children 1.5-3 years of age, ingestion of 2-4 oz (57-133 g) of a 2% solution of potassium bromate caused nausea and vomiting, usually with epigastric and/or abdominal pain; diarrhea and hematemesis occurred in some cases. Potassium bromate is possibly carcinogenic to humans. In human peripheral blood lymphocytes potassium bromate induced chromosomal aberrations. Micronucleus formation was induced by potassium bromate. Significant dose-dependent increases in the frequency of DNA single-strand breaks and alkali-labile sites were obtained after a 20-hr exposure of primary cultures of human thyroid cells to the potassium bromate. ANIMAL STUDIES: Although adverse effects are not evident in animals fed bread-based diets made from flour treated with KBrO3, the agent is carcinogenic in rats and nephrotoxic in both man and experimental animals when given orally. It has been demonstrated that KBrO3 induces renal cell tumors, mesotheliomas of the peritoneum, and follicular cell tumors of the thyroid. In addition, experiments aimed at elucidating the mode of carcinogenic action have revealed that KBrO3 is a complete carcinogen, possessing both initiating and promoting activities for rat renal tumorigenesis. However, the potential seems to be weak in mice and hamsters. In contrast to its weak mutagenic activity in microbial assays, KBrO3 showed relatively strong potential inducing chromosome aberrations both in vitro and in vivo. Glutathione and cysteine degrade KBrO3 in vitro; in turn, the KBrO3 has inhibitory effects on inducing lipid peroxidation in the rat kidney. Active oxygen radicals generated from KBrO3 were implicated in its toxic and carcinogenic effects, especially because KBrO3 produced 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in the rat kidney. KBrO(3) also induces mesotheliomas which may secrete hormones or similar substances, such as parathyroid hormone related protein, phosphatonins or melanocyte stimulating hormone. Several multigeneration studies in which rats or mice were fed bread made from flour treated with potassium bromate. However, because most potassium bromate added to flour is converted to bromide during the bread baking process it is unlikely that the animals in these studies were actually exposed to bromate. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: The order of sensitivity to the toxic effects of bromate was Daphnia magna, Moina > Scenedesmus obliquus > zebrafish > Chlorella vulgaris, luminescent bacteria.

Bromine is a powerful oxidizing agent and is able to release oxygen free radicals from the water in mucous membranes. These free radicals are also potent oxidizers and produce tissue damage. In additon, the formation of hydrobromic and bromic acids will result in secondary irritation. The bromide ion is also known to affect the central nervous system, causing bromism. This is believed to be a result of bromide ions substituting for chloride ions in the in actions of neurotransmitters and transport systems, thus affecting numerous synaptic processes. (L626, L627, A543)

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Acute toxic effects of potassium bromate, sodium bromate and potassium bromide on luminescent bacteria, water flea, green alga and zebrafish were studied using standard toxic testing methods. The results showed that the pollutants had no effect on the luminous intensity of luminescent bacteria. The 96 hr EC50. of potassium bromate on Scenedesmus obliquus was 738.18 mg/L, 48 hr EC50 on Daphnia magna and Moina was 154.01 mg/L was 161.80 mg/L, while 48 hr LC50 was 198 52 mg/L, 175.68 mg/L, and 96 hr LC50 on zebrafish was 931.4 mg /L. The 96 hr EC50 of sodium bromate on Scenedesmus obliquus was 540.26 mg/L, 48 hr EC50 Daphnia magna and Moina was 127.90 mg/L, 111.07 mg/L, while 48 hr LC50 was 161.80 mg/L, 123.47 mg/L, and 96 hr LC50 on zebrafish was 1065.6 mg/L. But the effects of potassium bromide on the above several kinds of aquatic organisms were far smaller than those of potassium bromate and sodium bromate. The toxic effects on test organisms were due to the impacts of bromate after the comparison of different pollutants, and the effects were more obvious with the increase of exposure time. The order of sensitivity to the toxic effects of bromate was Daphnia magna, Moina > Scenedesmus obliquus > zebrafish > Chlorella vulgaris, luminescent bacteria.

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Diarrhoea. Nausea. Vomiting.

Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Symptoms include lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, eye irritation with mucous secretions from the oropharyngeal and upper airways, coughing, dyspnoea, choking, wheezing, epistaxis, and headache. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant producing ataxia, slurred speech, tremor, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, dizziness, visual disturbances, unsteadiness, headaches, impaired memory and concentration, disorientation and hallucinations. This is called bromism. (L626, L627)

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=7758-01-2]

Before beginning employment and at regular times after that, for those with frequent or potentially high exposures, the following are recommended: lung function tests. If symptoms develop or overexposure is suspected, the following may be useful: Kidney function tests. Examination of the nervous system. Interview for brain damamge.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

The food additive potassium bromate may be safely used in the malting of barley under the following prescribed conditions: (a)(1) It is used or intended for use in the malting of barley under conditions whereby the amount of the additive present in the malt from the treatment does not exceed 75 parts per million of bromate (calculated as Br), and the treated malt is used only in the production of fermented malt beverages or distilled spirits. (2) The total residue of inorganic bromides in fermented malt beverages, resulting from the use of the treated malt plus additional residues of inorganic bromides that may be present from uses in accordance with other regulations in this chapter promulgated under sections 408 and/or 409 of the act, does not exceed 25 parts per million of bromide (calculated as Br). No tolerance is established for bromide in distilled spirits because there is evidence that inorganic bromides do not pass over in the distillation process. (b) To assure safe use of the additive, the label or labeling of the food additive shall bear, in addition to the other information required by the Act, the following: (1) The name of the additive. (2) adequate directions for use. (c) To assure safe use of the additive, the label or labeling of the treated malt shall bear, in addition to other information required by the Act, the statement, "Brewer's Malt-To be used in the production of fermented malt beverages only", or "Distiller's Malt-To be used in the production of distilled spirits only", whichever is the case.

Bromated flour conforms to the definition and standard of identity, and is subject to the requirements for label statement of ingredients, prescribed for flour by section 137.105, except that potassium bromate is added in a quantity not exceeding 50 parts to each million parts of the finished bromated flour, and is added only to flours whose baking qualities are improved by such addition.

Enriched bromated flour conforms to the definition and standard of identity, and is subject to the requirements for label statement of ingredients, prescribed for enriched flour by section 137.165, except that potassium bromate is added in a quantity not exceeding 50 parts to each million parts of the finished enriched bromated flour, and is added only to enriched flours whose baking qualities are improved by such addition.

Bromated whole wheat flour conforms to the definition and standard of identity, and is subject to the requirements for label statement of ingredients, prescribed for whole wheat flour by section 137.200, except that potassium bromate is added in a quantity not exceeding 75 parts to each million parts of finished bromated whole wheat flour.

Potassium bromate (KBrO3), a food additive, induces renal-cell tumors in rats. KBrO3 induced 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) formation in human leukemia cell line HL-60 as well as in its H2O2-resistant clone, HP100, suggesting no involvement of H2O2. Depletion of GSH by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) had a little inhibitory effect on KBrO3-induced 8-oxodG formation. However, the amount of 8-oxodG was still significantly higher than that in control, suggesting that intracellular Cys can affect KBrO3 to oxidize DNA, when GSH decreased. KBrO3 caused 8-oxodG in isolated DNA in the presence of GSH (tripeptide; gamma-GluCysGly), gamma-GluCys, CysGly, or Cys. Methional completely inhibited 8-oxodG formation induced by KBrO3 plus GSH, but typical hydroxyl radical scavengers, SOD and catalase, had little or no inhibitory effects. When bromine solution (BrO(-)) was used instead of BrO3(-), similar scavenger effects were observed. Experiments with 32P-labeled DNA fragments obtained from the human p53 tumor suppressor gene and the c-Ha-ras-1 protooncogene suggested that KBrO3 induced 8-oxodG formation at 5'-site guanine of GG and GGG sequences of double-stranded DNA in the presence of GSH and that treatment of formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase led to chain cleavages at the guanine residues. ESR spin-trapping studies showed that 1:2:2:1 quartet DMPO (5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide) spectrum similar to DMPO/hydroxy radical (*OH) adduct, but the signals were not inhibited by ethanol. Therefore, the signal seemed not to be due to *OH but byproduct due to oxidation of DMPO by the reactive species. The signals were suppressed by the addition of dGMP, but not by other mononucleotides, suggesting the specific reactivity with guanine. On the basis of our results and previous literature, it is speculated that reduction of KBrO3 by SH compounds in renal proximal tubular cells yields bromine oxides and bromine radicals, which are the reactive species that cause guanine oxidation, leading to renal carcinogenesis of KBrO3.

... The renal tissue levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), glutathione (GSH), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) /were examined/ following ip and oral administration of bromate. In male F344 rats examined at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after a single ip administration of 70 mg KBrO3/kg (53.9 mg BrO3-/kg), levels of 8-OH-dG, LPO, and GSH were significantly increased (p < 0.01) compared with control animal values. In orally treated rats (0, 20, 40, and 80 mg KBrO3/kg (0, 15.4, 30.8, and 61.6 mg BrO3-/kg, respectively)), levels of 8-OH-dG, GSH, and LPO were examined 48 hours postdosing. 8-OH-dG and LPO levels were significantly increased in renal tissue from the 30.8 and 61.6 mg BrO3-/kg dose groups. The 8-OH-dG adduct levels were elevated 2.2-fold (30.8 mg/kg) and 7.7-fold (61.6 mg/kg) compared with controls. The LPO level was more than three times that of the control animal levels. GSH levels were significantly elevated (p < 0.01) at a dose of 61.6 mg BrO3-/kg by 44% compared with control values. ... A possible mechanism for potassium bromate-induced DNA oxidation /was suggested/ based on the increase in LPO activity and 8-OH-dG levels. Potassium bromate may produce active oxygen either directly or indirectly via reactions with intracellular molecules. The active oxygen would induce the initiation of LPO associated with the nuclear membrane followed by amplification of lipid peroxide and intermediate radicals by chain reaction. Induced LPO activity at the nuclear membrane would be in close proximity to nuclear DNA. The reaction products, in turn, would oxidize nuclear DNA. The observed increase in GSH levels may indicate a compensatory renal tissue mechanism against the production of oxidative reactants by potassium bromate.

... One mechanism for bromate toxicity included the formation of organ-specific active oxygen species /was postulated/. This concept was supported by evidence of singlet oxygen production resulting from the addition of potassium bromate to kidney (renal cortex cells derived from proximal tubules), but not liver, homogenates. The singlet oxygen scavengers-histidine and sodium azide-inhibited the formation of active oxygen products, whereas the superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide scavengers-superoxide dismutase, catalase, dimethyl sulfoxide, and ethanol-produced no effect. The contrasting activity of the renal and liver homogenates in the production of singlet oxygen products supports the specificity of potassium bromate for renal cell damage (carcinomas) but not hepatic cell damage.

... /It was/ observed that in cell-free systems or in in vitro mammalian cell cultures the reduction of potassium bromate by glutathione (GSH) actually generates a short-lived reactive intermediate that induces 8-hydroxyguanine. The damaged DNA was not associated with cytotoxicity in the cell cultures. /These/ results ... are in contrast to earlier in vivo studies in which potassium bromate and GSH were administered together. /It was/ concluded that these differences are due to the fact that, in vivo, reduction of potassium bromate to inactive bromide occurs before bromate reaches the target tissue. The reactive intermediate responsible for the DNA damage is thought to be the bromine radical or bromine oxides, consistent with a finding that molecular bromine gives rise to the same DNA damage profile as potassium bromate.

For more Mechanism of Action (Complete) data for POTASSIUM BROMATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... The decomposition of bromate in various tissues of rats was studied. Bromate was degraded slowly in human saliva and plasma of rat. Most tissue homogenates and red blood cells degraded bromate by a mechanism which exhibited some stability to heat. The bromate degradation active component in the supernatant fraction of a liver homogenate was probably glutathione.

... The clinical course of a 2-year-old male (13 kg) with acute BrO3- poisoning /was described/. The child had ingested 1-2 ounces (30-60 mL) of a permanent wave solution containing 10-12 g BrO3-/100 mL. The child's estimated dose was 230-460 mg BrO3-/kg. Serum bromide levels peaked 12 hours after ingestion. The amount of bromide recovered from dialysate and urine was 1,850 mg, accounting for approximately 60%-70% of the bromate ingested. /Permanent wave solution containing 10-12 g BrO3-/100 mL/

Small amounts of bromine (1-2 ppm) were detected in the adipose tissue of mice, but not of rats, fed bread treated with potassium bromate in a lifetime study ... .

Bromine is mainly absorbed via inhalation, but may also enter the body through dermal contact. Bromine salts can be ingested. Due to its reactivity, bromine quickly forms bromide and may be deposited in the tissues, displacing other halogens. (L626)

Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included.

Substances used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed including ANTIOXIDANTS; FOOD PRESERVATIVES; FOOD COLORING AGENTS; FLAVORING AGENTS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; EXCIPIENTS and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are used as PHARMACEUTIC AIDS.

After mice (Theiller's original strain) received diets containing 79% bread crumbs made from flour treated with 50 or 75 mg/kg (ppm) potassium bromate, concentrations of 1 and 2 mg/kg bromine, respectively, were detected in adipose tissue ... .

... A single dose of potassium bromate (50 mg BrO3-/kg) /was admin/ intragastrically to male Wistar rats. Approximately 30% of the dose was detected in the urine after 24 hours. After rats were dosed with 100 mg BrO3-/kg, it was detected in the plasma within 15 minutes.

... No bromide or bromine was released following incubation of normal human gastric juice with potassium bromate at 38 °C for 3 days. /It was/ concluded that bromate is absorbed from the stomach unchanged.

Oral gavage administration of 100 mg KBrO3/kg to rats resulted in a peak plasma concentration 15 minutes after dosing and a peak urine concentration 1 hour after dosing. In addition, 24 hours after administration of KBrO3, bromide was significantly (p < 0.01) increased in kidney (87.4 ug/g tissue), pancreas (32.1 ug/g tissue), stomach (113.5 ug/g tissue), small intestine (62.5 ug/g tissue), red blood cells (289.0 ug/g tissue), and plasma (187.1 ug/g tissue), indicating that bromate is distributed to several body tissues ... .

... Male Wistar rats, six to eight weeks of age, were given 100 mg/kg bw potassium bromate by gavage in an aqueous solution as bromate. Animals were killed at various times after treatment, and bromate was assayed in the stomach, small intestinal contents, plasma and bladder urine. Bromate was found to be rapidly absorbed and eliminated (or degraded): 2 hr after administration, bromate was no longer detected in plasma, and 4 hr after treatment, bromate was no longer detected in bladder urine or small intestine. Twenty-four hours after administration of potassium bromate at a dose < or = 2.5 mg/kg bw, bromate was not detected in urine. At doses of 5-100 mg/kg bw, the concentrations of bromate in urine after 24 hr increased proportionally with dose ... .

CIR ingredient: Potassium Bromate

Used as a dough conditioner, oxidizing agent, permanent wave compound, food additive, packaging material, skin bleaching agent, industrial cleaner, and malting agent for barley; [HSDB]

Dressing Hair [Category: Other]

Laboratory reagent, oxidizing agent, permanent-wave compounds, maturing agent in flour, dough conditioner, food additive.

Bread- and flour-improving agent. In analytical chemistry as oxidizing agent in acid solutions.

Malting of barley.

(1977) AT LEAST 4.54X10+7 G

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#3073]

Potassium bromate is produced by passing bromine into a solution of potassium hydroxide. An industrial electrolytic process is used for large-scale production of potassium bromate ... .

BY-PRODUCT OF POTASSIUM BROMIDE PRODUCTION BY ABSORPTION OF BROMINE FROM OCEAN WATER INTO POTASSIUM CARBONATE

It is available as pure (greater than or equal to 99.5%) and reagent (greater than or equal to 99.8%) grade.

Grades: Pure; CP; FCC /Food Chemical Codex/

... Permanent hair wave neutralizing solutions ... usually contain either 2% potassium bromate or 10% sodium bromate.

Food Additives -> FOOD_ADDITIVE -> JECFA Functional Classes

Cosmetics -> Oxidising

Bromic acid, potassium salt (1:1): ACTIVE

The /Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel/ ... concluded that potassium bromate ... may be used in permanent wave formulations at concentrations not to exceed 10.17%

Food additives uses restricted as to proportions used.