| GHS-Einstufung | This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 74.1% (4458 of 6013) of all reports.DangerH228 (15.5%): Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]H251 (21.2%): Self-heatingmay catch fire [Danger Self-heating substances and mixtures]P210, P235, P240, P241, P280, P370+P378, P407, P410, P413, and P420 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 6013 reports by companies from 24 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 4458 of 6013 reports by companies.There are 21 notifications provided by 1555 of 6013 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website. |
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| Regulatorische Informationen | Chemical: IronHazard Traits - Environmental toxAuthoritative List - CWA 303(d)Report - if used as a fragrance or flavor ingredientRegulation (EC) No 1935/2004 (amended)Iron is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Iron are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 14-05-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15429Iron: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard |
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| Weitere Sicherheitsinformationen | IMAP assessments - Iron: Environment tier I assessmentIMAP assessments - Iron: Human health tier I assessment |
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| DOT-Kennzeichnung | Flammable Solid |
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| Brandgefahren | Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:Flammable/combustible material. May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames. Some may burn rapidly with flare-burning effect. Powders, dusts, shavings, borings, turnings or cuttings may explode or burn with explosive violence. Substance may be transported in a molten form at a temperature that may be above its flash point. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. (ERG, 2024) |
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| Brandpotenzial | Moderate, in form of dust when exposed to heat or flame.The minimum ignition temperatures for iron dust clouds range from 470-780 °Cfor layered dust, the range is 220-520 °C. |
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| Gesundheitsgefahren | Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause environmental contamination. (ERG, 2024) |
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| Gefahrenübersicht | Fine iron powder can ignite spontaneously. Reacting with moisture in the air, it produces flammable hydrogen gas. [CHEMINFO] Occupational asthma in 3 welders confirmed by bronchoprovocation testing[Malo] See Iron salts, soluble and Iron oxide. |
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| Reaktive Gruppe | Metals, Elemental and Powder, Active |
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| Special Reports | Ions involved in oxygen transport, electron transport, nitrogen fixation and a number of other biological processes: Nielands, "Evolution of Biological Iron Binding Centers" in Struct Bonding 11, 145-170 (1972). Review of biology, pharmacology and toxicity of iron compounds: several authors, Clin Toxicol 4, 525-642 (1971).[O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 915]Study of iron and its compound by Mossbauer spectroscopy: Danon, "57Fe: metal, alloys and inorganic Compounds" in chemical applications of Mossbauer spectroscopy, VI Goldanskii, RH Herber, eds (Academic Press, NY, 1968) p 159-313.[O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 915] |
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| Reactivity Alerts | Strong Reducing AgentKnown Catalytic ActivityWater-ReactivePyrophoric |
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| Reactivity Profile | IRON, [POWDERED] is pyrophoric [Bretherick, 1979 p. 170-1]. A strong reducing agent and therefore incompatible with oxidizing agents. Burns in chlorine gas [Mellor 2, Supp. 1:380 1956]. Reacts with fluorine with incandescence [Mellor 13:314, 315, 1946-1947]. |
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| Air and Water Reactions | Highly flammable. May react with water to give off hydrogen, a flammable gas. The heat from this reaction may ignite the hydrogen. The substance is said to be pyrophoric. |
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| Brandbekämpfung | Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, sand, earth, water spray or regular foam.LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.FIRE INVOLVING METAL PIGMENTS OR PASTES (E.G. "ALUMINUM PASTE"): Aluminum Paste fires should be treated as a combustible metal fire. Use DRY sand, graphite powder, dry sodium chloride-based extinguishers or class D extinguishers. Also, see ERG Guide 170.FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzlesif this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024) |
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| Erste Hilfe | Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance. (ERG, 2024) |
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| Brandbekämpfungsverfahren | Special mixtures of dry chemical.Iron flake powder and polystyrene beads had been blended in a high-speed mixer. The mixture ignited and burned rapidly when discharged into a polythene bag. Rapid oxidation of the finely divided metal and/or static discharge may have initiated the fire. No ignition occurred when the iron powder was surface coated with stearic acid. |
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| Freisetung ohne Brand | Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch or walk through spilled material.SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover looselymove containers from spill area.LARGE SPILL: Wet down with water and dike for later disposal. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2024) |
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| Entsorgungsverfahren | SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air qualitypotential migration in soil or watereffects on animal, aquatic, and plant lifeand conformance with environmental and public health regulations. |
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| Preventive Measures | SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.All ... /iron/ preparations should be kept in child-proof bottles. /Iron preparations/ |
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| Isolation and Evacuation | Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 25 meters (75 feet) in all directions.LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directionsalso, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024) |
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| Threshold Limit Values (TLV) | 8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 5 mg/cu m /Iron oxide, respirable fraction (Fe2O3)/Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Iron oxide (Fe2O3)/A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Iron oxide (Fe2O3)/1 mg/m³ [1990] |
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| Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) | 1 mg/m³ (Construction and Maritime Industries ONLY) |
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| Protective Action Criteria (PAC) | 1.8 [mg/m3]20 [mg/m3]120 [mg/m3] |
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| Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) | 1 mg/m³ |
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| Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) | Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)Protective clothing and eye protection should be provided... |
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| Wechselwirkungen | Effects of magnesium basic carbonate (MgCarb) and metallic iron powder (Fe0) on nickel subsulfide (Ni3S2)-induced carcinogenesis were studied in kidneys of male F344 rats. The rats, 20-40/group, received injections of Ni3S2 alone (62 mumol Ni) or with equimolar doses of MgCarb or Fe0 into the renal cortex of each pole of the right kidney. Control rats were given MgCarb, Fe0, or 0.1 ml of 50% aqueous glycerol, the injection vehicle. Final incidence of renal tumors 2 years after the injection of Ni3S2 alone or mixed with Fe was 60%. However, rats given Ni3S2 + Fe0 developed renal tumors much more rapidly. In contrast, the incidence of renal tumors in rats given Ni3S2 + MgCarb was only 20% (P < 0.01 vs. Ni3S2 alone). No kidney tumors were observed in the control rats. Between weeks 4 and 32 post injection, Ni3S2 alone caused erythrocytosis. This effect was attenuated by Fe0, but not by MgCarb. |
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| Hepatotoxicity | Typical replacement doses of oral iron have not been linked convincingly to serum enzyme elevations during therapy or to idiosyncratic, acute clinically apparent liver injury. In contrast, overdoses of oral iron, whether intentional or accidental, can cause liver injury, largely as a component of iron poisoning. Iron poisoning occurs most common in toddlers (1 to 3 years old) who ingest iron tablets prescribed for adults. Toxicity occurs after ingestion of 3 grams or more of ferrous sulfate (approximately 10 tablets, or ~650 mg of elemental iron), with toxic levels being more than 60 mg/kg of elemental iron and fatal levels more than 180 mg/kg. The typical sequence of events is appearance of nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain within 1 to 3 hours of the ingestion, followed by diarrhea, weakness, irritability, lethargy and stupor. Vomitus may be blood streaked or frank hematemesis. The diarrhea is generally fluid and dark (as a result of iron rather than blood). With higher doses, this initial phase is rapidly followed by pallor, hypotension and shock. Both upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding can occur and early changes include metabolic acidosis and coagulopathy. In some instances, there is an improvement after a few hours of symptoms which can then be followed by sudden hemodynamic collapse, cardiogenic shock and severe acidosis that may be fatal. Early intervention (with gastric lavage, fluid replacement and iron chelation) appears to ameliorate the course of injury. Liver toxicity generally arises after 24 hours and may be more common in adults than children. Severe liver toxicity, with jaundice and marked aminotransferase elevations (ALT and AST greater than 25 times ULN), generally occurs only with larger overdoses and high initial serum iron levels (>1000 μg/dL). Jaundice is initially mild, while prolongation of the prothrombin time (or INR) and acidosis arise early (Case 1). The usual cause of death from iron poisoning is cardiac arrest, but deaths fromLikelihood score: A[H] (well established cause of clinically apparent acute and chronic liver injury when given in high doses). |
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| Lebensmitteluntersuchungswerte | Many foods are fortified with iron salts or elemental iron(1). |
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| Unerwünschte Wirkungen | Asthma - Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents. |
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| Expositionspfade | The efficiency of absorption depends on the salt form, the amount administered, the dosing regimen and the size of iron stores. Subjects with normal iron stores absorb 10% to 35% of an iron dose. Those who are iron deficient may absorb up to 95% of an iron dose. |
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| Toxizitätsübersicht | Iron is necessary for the production of hemoglobin. Iron-deficiency can lead to decreased production of hemoglobin and a microcytic, hypochromic anemia. |
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| Natural Pollution Sources | Earth's core is believed to consist mainly of iron.Native iron is found in Greenland, where it occurs as very small grains or nodules in basalt that erupted through beds of coalThe fourth most abundant element in the earth's crust ... rarely found in nature because iron which commonly exhibits valences of +2 and +3 combines readily with oxygen and sulfur.The element iron (Fe) is one of the most abundant on earth, but it does not occur in nature in useful metallic form. Iron ore is the term applied to a natural iron-bearing mineral in which the content of iron is sufficient to be commercially usable. Metallic iron, from which steel is derived, must be extracted from iron ore. By definition, steel is a combination of iron with a small amount of carbon(1). |
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| Human Toxicity Excerpts | /OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Oral ingestion of iron is a potentially fatal occurrence, and ingestions of over 30 mg/kg body weight should be considered for hospital admission for observation depending on clinical symptoms and findings ... ./HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Metallic iron foreign bodies in cornea...produce "rust ring" of yellow-brown staining... this is often associated with sensation of irritation, hyperemia of conjunctiva, and inflammatory cells in anterior chamber in patient./EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ A retrospective cohort mortality study was conducted... among 8,147 men and 627 women employed in a gray iron foundry for at least 6 months between 1950 and 1979. More than 1700 deaths occurred during a 35 yr period of observation. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for all causes were close to expected values, based on the U.S. general population as the standard. The mortality of nonwhite men was significantly increased for lung cancer (SMR=132) and ischemic heart disease (SMR=126). Other moderate, but non-significant, excesses were noted among nonwhite men for cancers of the stomach, pancreas, and prostate, for diabetes melitus, and for pulmonary emphysema, and among white men for cancers of the lung and stomach, gastric and duodenal ulcers, pulmonary cerebrovascular disease. The lack of a trend with time since hire and duration of foundry employment suggests that lung cancer mortality may not be associated with exposure to the foundry environment. Utilizing indirect measures of smoking, it appears that virtually all excess lung cancer deaths among whites, and at least some of the excess among nonwhites, could be explained by smoking habits. Similarly, smoking may have been responsible for the mortality excesses from emphysema, cerebrovascular diseases, and ischemic heart disease./EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ ...An increase of bronchial obstruction due to exposure in an iron foundry /was shown/. In a 100 subject sample, all working in the iron foundry were affected only by small airway obstruction. Thirty months later, 99 of these subjects were reexamined and the present airway condition determined. In 43 subjects there were abnormal results of the tests, indicating total airway obstruction after 30 months. Even in the subsample of nonsmokers, a deterioration had occurred./OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ The extent and intensity of the spread of siderosis is influenced by the site of the foreign body. Iron particles in the cornea or sclera principally have local effects. Particles in the anterior chamber may slowly rust and slowly be washed away by the flow of aqueous humor, causing siderosis only in the anterior chamber. In the lens, metallic iron causes lenticular siderosis, but may have little effect on the posterior portions of the eye. The most widespread and serious spread of iron comes from particles in the posterior part of the globe, in the vitreous humor, or in the neighborhood of the ciliary body. The larger the particle and the less encapsulated by dense tissue, the more rapid and extensive the siderosis. The rate at which siderosis develops varies greatly, but signs are usually evident within a few weeks or months. In some cases iron foreign bodies are so small or so unreactive that no significant toxic effects develops over many years. In the cornea, iron particles very rapidly produce a "rust ring" staining the immediately surrounding cornea the color of rust. This is often associated with initation and discomfort hyperemia of the conjunctiva, and inflammatory cells in the anterior chambers. ... /Iron particles/ |
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| Carcinogen Classification | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
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| Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts | /OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Rust rings...have been produced by implanting iron particles in guinea pig corneas. ...Softening of cornea about rust ring...was found to be attributable to infiltration of leukocytes about the rust ring. |
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| Evidence for Carcinogenicity | A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Iron oxide (Fe2O3)/ |
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| Probable Routes of Human Exposure | MINING & HANDLING OF IRON ORES PROVIDE EXPOSURES TO DUSTS OF SILICON DIOXIDE & IRON OXIDES. CARBON MONOXIDE IS HAZARD IN OPERATION OF BLAST FURNACES... USE OF FLUORSPAR (CAF2) IN STEELMAKING GIVES RISE TO GASES CONTAINING SILICON TETRAFLUORIDE & OTHER FLUORIDE CONTAINING SUBSTANCES... |
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| Federal Drinking Water Standards | EPA 300 ug/L |
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