Lutetium
Lu · LUTETIUM METAL · Gplu · LUTETIUM · Lutecium · LU006010 · Cassiopeum · 838Lutetium
Identifikatoren & physikalische Daten
| CAS No. | 13598-44-2 |
|---|---|
| Summenformel | Lu |
| Durchschnittliche Molmasse | 174,9667 g/mol |
| Monoisotopische Masse | 174,94078 g/mol |
| SMILES | [Lu] |
| InChIKey | OHSVLFRHMCKCQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 23929 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:33382 |
| EC No. | 231-103-0 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID5047746 |
| Lokaler Name | Lutetium |
Chemische & physikalische Eigenschaften
| Polarare Oberfläche (TPSA) | 0 |
|---|---|
| H-Brücken-Donoren | 0 |
| H-Brücken-Akzeptoren | 0 |
| Frei drehbare Bindungen | 0 |
| Schwere Atome | 1 |
| Formalladung | 0 |
| Komplexität | 0 |
| Stoffklassen | Metals -> Rare Earth Metals |
| SpringerMaterials Properties | electron density of states |
| Dichte | 9.84 @25 °C9.84 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.) |
| Siedepunkt | 3402 °C @760 [mm Hg]3402 °C (lit.) |
| Physical Description | Silvery white metal[Merck Index] Soft and ductile metal[Hawley] |
| Schmelzpunkt | 1663 °C (lit.) |
| Lagerbedingungen | Flammables area |
| Löslichkeit | soluble in dilute acid solutionsInsoluble in water. |
| Aggregatzustand | powder |
| Farbe | Silver-gray |
| Wichte | 9.842 |
| pH | 0.5 (20°C in H2O) |
| Spezifische Wärmekapazität | Cp(crystal): 0.15 J/(g·K)Cp(gas): 0.12 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Merck | 13,5635 |
| InChI | 1S/Lu |
| InChIKey | OHSVLFRHMCKCQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | [Lu] |
| Bulk Modulus | 47.6 GPa |
| Hardness, Vickers | 44 |
| Poissons Ratio | 0.261 |
| Shear Modulus | 27.2 GPa |
| CAS Datenbank | 7439-94-3(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| EPA chemische Informationen | Lutetium (7439-94-3) |
Sicherheit & Vorschriften
| GHS-Einstufung | This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 7.8% (4 of 51) of reports.DangerH228 (88.2%): Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]P210, P240, P241, P280, and P370+P378 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 51 reports by companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. |
|---|---|
| Gefahrenübersicht | See RARE EARTH METALS and linked occupational diseases. |
| Hazard Classes and Categories | Flam. Sol. 1 (88.2%) |
| Protective Action Criteria (PAC) | 30 [mg/m3]330 [mg/m3]2000 [mg/m3] |
| Unerwünschte Wirkungen | Fibrogenic - Inducing tissue injury and fibrosis (scarring). |
| RAIS Toxicity Values | 0.4PPRTV Current |
| EPA Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values | Lutetium5 x 10^-1 mg/kg-dayPDF DocumentInadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential2018 |
| Wassergefährdungsklasse (WGK) | 3 |
| TSCA-Inventar-Status | TSCA listed |
| UN-Transportnummer | UN 3089 4.1/PG 2 |
| R-Sätze (R) | 11-36/38 |
| Gefahrensymbole | F,Xi |
| Sicherheitshinweise (S) | 16-33-36/37/39-26 |
| Gefahrenklasse | 4.1Flam. Sol. 1 |
| Verpackungsgruppe | III |
| Lagerklasse | 4.1B - Flammable solid hazardous materials |
Anwendungen & Verwendung
Occurrence
Lutetium is the 60th most abundant element on Earth, and it ranks 15th in the abundanceof the rare-earths. It is one of the rarest of the lanthanide series. It is found in monazite sand(India, Australia, Brazil, South Africa, and Florida), which contains small amounts of all therare-earths. Lutetium is found in the concentration of about 0.0001% in monazite. It is difficultto separate it from other rare-earths by the ion-exchange process. In the pure metallicform, lutetium is difficult to prepare, which makes is very expensive.
History
In 1907, Urbain described a process by which Marignac’s ytterbium (1879) could be separated into the two elements, ytterbium (neoytterbium) and lutetium. These elements were identical with “aldebaranium” and “cassiopeium,” independently discovered by von Welsbach about the same time. Charles James of the University of New Hampshire also independently prepared the very pure oxide, lutecia, at this time. The spelling of the element was changed from lutecium to lutetium in 1949. Lutetium occurs in very small amounts in nearly all minerals containing yttrium, and is present in monazite to the extent of about 0.003%, which is a commercial source. The pure metal has been isolated only in recent years and is one of the most difficult to prepare. It can be prepared by the reduction of anhydrous LuCl3 or LuF3 by an alkali or alkaline earth metal. The metal is silvery white and relatively stable in air. While new techniques, including ion-exchange reactions, have been developed to separate the various rare-earth elements, lutetium is still the most costly of all rare earths. It is priced at about $100/g (99.9%). 176Lu occurs naturally (97.41%) with 175Lu (2.59%), which is radioactive with a very long half-life of about 4 × 1010 years. Lutetium has 50 isotopes and isomers that are now recognized. Stable lutetium nuclides, which emit pure beta radiation after thermal neutron activation, can be used as catalysts in cracking, alkylation, hydrogenation, and polymerization. Virtually no other commercial uses have been found yet for lutetium. While lutetium, like other rare-earth metals, is thought to have a low toxicity rating, it should be handled with care until more information is available.
Verwenden
Lutetium is the last member of the rare earth series. Unlike most rare earths it lacks a magnetic moment. It also has the smallest metallic radius of any rare earth. It is perhaps the least naturally abundant of the Lanthanides. It is the ideal host for x-ray phosphors because it produces the densest known white material, Lutetium Tantalate (LuTaO4). It is utilized as a dopant in matching lattice parameters of certain substrate garnet crystals, such as Indium-Gallium-Garnet (IGG) crystals due its lack of a magnetic moment.Lutetium isotopes can data the age of meteorites and are used to target tumors experimentally. Stable lutetium can be used as catalysts in petroleum cracking in refineries and can also be used in alkylation, hydrogenation, and polymerization applications.Lutetium Metal, is the hardest metal of the rare-earths, used as important additive to some specialty alloy. Stable Lutetium can be used as catalysts in petroleum cracking in refineries and can also be used in alkylation, hydrogenation, and polymerization applications. Lutetium is used as a phosphor in LED light bulbs.