| GHS-Einstufung | This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 50% (1202 of 2404) of reports.DangerH317 (20.7%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]P233, P260, P261, P264+P265, P271, P272, P280, P284, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P321, P333+P317, P337+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 2404 reports by companies from 21 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies. |
|---|
| Regulatorische Informationen | Chemical: ChromiumChromium is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Chromium are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 19-04-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15551Chromium: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standardThe New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.) |
|---|
| Weitere Sicherheitsinformationen | IMAP assessments - Chromium: Human health tier I assessment |
|---|
| DOT-Kennzeichnung | Corrosive |
|---|
| Brandgefahren | Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:Combustible under specific conditions. |
|---|
| Brandpotenzial | ... When finely divided burns rapidly if heated in flame. |
|---|
| Gesundheitsgefahren | Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Chromium metal: |
|---|
| Gefahrenübersicht | Chromium is a naturally occurring element found in rocks, animals, plants, soil, and in volcanic dust and gases. Chromium is present in the environment in several different forms. The most common forms are chromium(0), chromium(III), and chromium(VI). No taste or odor is associated with chromium compounds. Chromium(III) occurs naturally in the environment and is an essential nutrient. Chromium(VI) and chromium(0) are generally produced by industrial processes. The metal chromium, which is the chromium(0) form, is used for making steel. Chromium(VI) and chromium(III) are used for chrome plating, dyes and pigments, leather tanning, and wood preserving.Chromium occurs in the environment primarily in two valence states, trivalent chromium (Cr III) and hexavalent chromium (Cr VI). Exposure may occur from natural or industrial sources of chromium. Chromium III is much less toxic than chromium (VI). The respiratory tract is also the major target organ for chromium (III) toxicity, similar to chromium (VI). Chromium (III) is an essential element in humans. The body can detoxify some amount of chromium (VI) to chromium (III). The respiratory tract is the major target organ for chromium (VI) toxicity, for acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) inhalation exposures. Shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing were reported from a case of acute exposure to chromium (VI), while perforations and ulcerations of the septum, bronchitis, decreased pulmonary function, pneumonia, and other respiratory effects have been noted from chronic exposure. Human studies have clearly established that inhaled chromium (VI) is a human carcinogen, resulting in an increased risk of lung cancer. Animal studies have shown chromium (VI) to cause lung tumors via inhalation exposure.Chromium metal and Cr(III) compounds are IARC 3 (not classifiable), while the hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) compounds are IARC 1 (human carcinogens)Water-soluble, Cr(VI) compounds have the skin designation. All Cr(VI) compounds are designated as RSEN and DSEN, meaning that they may cause asthma and allergic contact dermatitis. Kidney injury has been reported in workers exposed to hexavalent chromium compounds, but no quantitative exposure information is available. Reproductive studies of workers handling Cr(VI) compounds are inconclusive. The severe corrosive effects of Cr(VI) compounds can lead to ulceration of the skin (chrome holes) and mouth, rhinitis, and perforation of the nasal septum. [ACGIH] Among chromate production workers, virtually all studies showed excess risks of lung cancer, except for a few estimates of risks for US workers hired since exposures were lowered . . . [IARC Monograph 100C, p. 154] Compounds of Cr III do not cause chrome ulcerations and do not generally initiate allergic dermatitis without prior sensitization by Cr(VI) compounds. [ILO Encyclo: Chromium] . . .induction of sensitization by water-soluble Cr(III) compounds independently of Cr(VI) exposures cannot be ruled out. [ACGIH] Chromates, the most common cause of allergic contact dermatitis, are released as hexavalent chromium from chrome-plated metal tools and machine parts. [Marks, p. 117-9] Chromium is genotoxic, and animal experiments show effects on sperm motility. No available evidence of birth defects in humans. [Frazier] Chronic exposure to hexavalent chromium may cause mild to moderate liver injury. [ATSDR Case Studies # 4] Asthma reported in printer, plater, welder, and tanner (chromium and nickel)[Malo] Allergic contact dermatitis in agricultural workers, construction workers, mechanics, and printers[Marks] Can cause immunologic, occupational contact urticaria[Kanerva, p. 219] Humans are exposed to Cr III compounds in food with no known adverse effects. Cr III compounds are at least 500 times less toxic than Cr VI compounds. Organic Cr-containing complexes of toxicological importance have not been reported. [Nordberg, p. 717-8] |
|---|
| Reaktive Gruppe | Metals, Elemental and Powder, Active |
|---|
| Special Reports | ATSDRToxicological Profile for Chromium (September, 2012)[ATSDRToxicological Profile for Chromium (September, 2012)Available from, as of October, 27, 2015: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp7.pdf] |
|---|
| RCRA-Anforderungen | D007A solid waste containing chromium may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Chromium/ |
|---|
| Reactivity Alerts | Pyrophoric |
|---|
| OSHA Standards | Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 1 mg/cu m. /Chromium metal and insoluble salts, as Cr/Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 0.5 mg/cu m. /Chromium(II) compounds, as Cr/Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 0.5 mg/cu m. /Chromium(III) compounds, as Cr/Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 Acceptable Ceiling Concentration: 1 mg/10 cu m. /Chromic acid and chromates (as CrO3)/ |
|---|
| Brandbekämpfung | Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. |
|---|
| Erste-Hilfe-Maßnahmen | Fresh air, rest.Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.Rinse mouth. |
|---|
| Erste Hilfe | EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.(General first aid procedures) |
|---|
| Firefighting Hazards | Chromium oxides |
|---|
| Expositionsschutz und Persönliche Schutzausrüstung | Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Chromium(VI), water-soluble fume (applicable for manual metal arc stainless steel welding only): Total Cr in urine = 10 ug/L (increase during shift) or 25 ug/L (end of shift at end of workweek) |
|---|
| Brandbekämpfungsverfahren | Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.Respiratory protection from chromium metal and insoluble chromium salts while fighting fires: self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. /Chromium metal and insoluble chromium salts/ |
|---|
| Lagerbedingungen | Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. |
|---|
| Reinigungsverfahren | Collect spilled material in the most convenient & safe manner & deposit in sealed containers for reclamation or for disposal in a secured sanitary landfill. Liq containing chromium metal or insoluble chromium salts should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or similar material.If chromium metal or insoluble chromium salts are spilled, the following steps should be taken: 1. Remove all ignition sources where metallic chromium has been spilled. 2. Ventilate area of spill. 3. Collect spilled material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers for reclamation or for disposal in a secured sanitary landfill. Liquid containing chromium metal or insoluble chromium salts should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material. /Chromium metal and insoluble chromium salts/ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURESPersonal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.If chromium metal or insoluble chromium salts are spilled, the following steps should be taken: 1. Remove all ignition sources where metallic chromium has been spilled. 2. Ventilate area of spill. 3) Collect spilled material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers for reclamation or for disposal in a secured sanitary landfill. Liquid containing chromium metal or insoluble chromium salts should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material. /Chromium metal and insoluble chromium salts/ |
|---|
| Freisetung ohne Brand | SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, dampen the solid spill material with 5% ammonium hydroxide, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 5% ammonium hydroxide to pick up any remaining material. Your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with 5% ammonium hydroxide followed by washing with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. |
|---|
| Entsorgungsverfahren | Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D007, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Chromium/Precipitation is the preferred treatment process for removing toxic heavy metals from electroplating waters. Precipitation processes include hydroxide, lime and/or sulfide treatment. Chemical reduction is used to treat complex metals such as nickel, copper, hexavalent chromium waste, soluble lead, silver, metal containing cyanide, and mercury. Adsorption has shown potential for treating and polishing aqueous metal bearing wastes. Activated carbon, activated alumina, and iron filings are all applicable adsorbents. Alkaline chlorination and incineration are effective cyanide destruction treatments. Evaporation, ion-exchange, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and electrolytic recovery are waste reduction and recovery techniques applicable to metal bearing hazardous streams.Waste disposal method: Chromium metal or insoluble chromium salts may be disposed of in sealed containers in a secured sanitary landfill. /Chromium metal and insoluble chromium salts/Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for CHROMIUM, ELEMENTAL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
|---|
| Verschüttetes entsorgen | Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. |
|---|
| Preventive Measures | Daily washing of the inside of the nose combined with covering the nasal septum with zinc or barium ointment should be sufficient to avoid ulcerations and perforation of the septum.SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for CHROMIUM, ELEMENTAL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
|---|
| Toxikologische Informationen | CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile |
|---|
| Treatment | There is no known antidote for chromium poisoning. Exposure is usually handled with symptomatic treatment. (L16) |
|---|
| Wechselwirkungen | Humans and other organisms are exposed to multi-chemical mixtures including commonly found carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metal/loids. The joint effects of these chemicals as beyond the binary mixtures have not been well characterized. In this study, we evaluated the combined genotoxicity of mixtures of PAHs and heavy metal and metalloids containing benzo(a)pyrene (B[a]P), naphthalene (Nap), phenanthrene (Phe), pyrene (Pyr), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) using in vitro micronucleus (MN) test in HepG2 cells. The induction of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) by single and mixed PAHs was also measured. The results indicated that individual and mixed Nap, Phe and Pyr did not induce significant MN frequencies. PAHs mixture containing B[a]P and B[a]P alone caused significant but similar level of MN frequencies. The same pattern was found in their AhR induction. Individual metal and metalloids induced significant cytostasis and MN formation of which Cd was found the most potent inducer. Mixture of metal and metalloids caused higher frequency of MN suggesting a possible additive effect among metal and metalloids. In addition, binary mixture of metal/loids and B[a]P, namely As/B[a]P, Cd/B[a]P and Cr/B[a]P, increased MN formation. Mixture of Cd and B[a]P induced the highest level of MN. Exposure of cells to the mixture containing B[a]P and Cd/Cr/As at lower concentration (0.25 uM) resulted in significant MN frequency, the level of which was equal to that by Cd/B[a]P at 1.0 uM. The results of the study suggested that an additive effect may exist between PAHs and heavy metal/loids in a compound- and concentration-dependent manner. The compounds with highest potencies of genotoxicity in the mixture seem dominant as driving sources in the final combined genotoxicity of PAHs and heavy metal and metalloids.... Rats ... given 1 intratracheal intubation of 10 mg powder chromium alone or ... with ... methylcholanthrene & killed at ... intervals up to 12 wk. Squamous-cell carcinomas of lung developed ... in 7/12 rats given 5 mg methylcholanthrene+chromium 3/12 given 1 mg methylcholanthrene+chromium ... 3/7 given 5 mg methylcholanthrene ... 1/8 given 1 mg methylcholanthrene & in 0/12 given chromium alone. /No controls reported/ |
|---|
| Zielorgane | Cancer, Dermal (Skin), Gastrointestinal (Stomach and Intestines, part of the digestive system), Hematological (Blood Forming), Reproductive (Producing Children), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)Eyes, skin, respiratory system |
|---|
| Gesundheitliche Auswirkungen | Hexavalent chromium is a known carcinogen. Chronic inhalation especially has been linked to lung cancer. Hexavalent chromium has also been shown to affect reproduction and development. (A12) |
|---|
| Unerwünschte Wirkungen | Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation. |
|---|
| Expositionspfade | inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contactOral (L16)inhalation (L16)dermal (L16) |
|---|
| Toxizitätsübersicht | IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Chromium elemental (Cr) is a steel-gray, lustrous metal. It is used in maufacturing of chrome-steel or chrome-nickel-steel alloys (stainless steel), nonferrous alloys, heat resistant bricks for refractory furnaces. This helps greatly increase strength, hardness and resistance of metals to abrasion, corrosion and oxidation. It is also used for chrome plating of other metalsleather tanningas pigment and mordant and as a wood preservative. In medicine and laboratory research (51)Cr is used as a diagnostic aid. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Human exposure to Cr is increasing due to its use in Metal-on-metal (MOM) total hip arthroplasties. Metal-on-metal arthroplasty may lead to elevated blood Cr and cobalt (Co) levels. Cases of hypersensitivity to Cr and Co have been reported in such patients. Also both circulating-free-DNA and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine showed a tendency to increase in male patients. However, CoCr hip implants appear to be nongenotoxic. In electric welders exposed to Cr, a significant correlation was found between the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges and individual DNA strand breakage versus the concentration of Cr in the urine. ANIMAL STUDIES: Rats (25 total) were given 6 weekly iv injections of 0.18 mL of a 0.05% suspension of chromium powderround cell sarcomas were found in 4 rats1 rat had hemangioma2 rats had papillary adenomas of the lung, and one rat showed extensive squamous cell carcinomatous changes. Metallic Cr was assayed for the ability to induce cell transformation (anchorage-independent growth) in Syrian hamster fibroblasts. Although chromium particles were phagocytized by cells, no significant increase in the number of cell foci growing in soft agar was observed. In male rats exposed to Cr fumes generated from powders of Cr metal by plasma flame sprayer developed significant increases in the frequencies of sister chromatid exchange and of chromosomal aberrations observed in peripheral blood lymphocytes, whereas chromosomal aberration frequencies in bone-marrow cells were unchanged. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Cr was toxic to naiad mollusks at 12.4 ppm. The greatest Cr toxicity risk to plants is posed in acidic sandy soil with low organic content.Hexavalent chromium's carcinogenic effects are caused by its metabolites, pentavalent and trivalent chromium. The DNA damage may be caused by hydroxyl radicals produced during reoxidation of pentavalent chromium by hydrogen peroxide molecules present in the cell. Trivalent chromium may also form complexes with peptides, proteins, and DNA, resulting in DNA-protein crosslinks, DNA strand breaks, DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks, chromium-DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. It has been shown to induce carcinogenesis by overstimulating cellular regulatory pathways and increasing peroxide levels by activating certain mitogen-activated protein kinases. It can also cause transcriptional repression by cross-linking histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to CYP1A1 promoter chromatin, inhibiting histone modification. Chromium may increase its own toxicity by modifying metal regulatory transcription factor 1, causing the inhibition of zinc-induced metallothionein transcription. (A12, L16, A34, A35, A36) |
|---|
| Signs and Symptoms | Cough.Redness.irritation eyes, skinlung fibrosis (histologic)Breathing hexavalent chromium can cause irritation to the lining of the nose, nose ulcers, runny nose, and breathing problems, such as asthma, cough, shortness of breath, or wheezing. Ingestion of hexavalent chromium causes irritation and ulcers in the stomach and small intestine, as well as anemia. Skin contact can cause skin ulcers. (L16) |
|---|
| Ongoing Test Status | The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=7440-47-3] |
|---|
| Medical Surveillance | Tannery workers are at potential exposure to detrimental agents rendering them vulnerable to respiratory and dermal problems. Thus by performing pulmonary functions among leather tannery workers, we can decipher the effect of chromium and leather dust on lung functions and also the decline of respiratory functions with increasing years of exposure to leather dust. Pulmonary functions were assessed for 130 tannery workers and compared with the 130 unexposed office workers. Pulmonary function measurements namely FVC, FEV1, FEF25-75% and PEFR were measured using portable data logging Spirometer (KOKO Spirometer). The observed pulmonary functions of Tannery-workers in this study showed a reduction in FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio, FEF25-75 and PEFR in relation to their predicted values and also compared to the unexposed. Smokers showed a decline in pulmonary functions compared to the nonsmokers because smoking acts as an additional risk factor in the development of respiratory illnesses. It is worthy to mention that the pulmonary function values correlate negatively with the duration of exposure to leather dust. So this study could provide base line information based upon which legal implementation of preventive measures could be undertaken. |
|---|
| Natural Pollution Sources | Chromium is found in nature only in the combined state and not as the element. ... |
|---|
| Luftstandards | ... Substances for which a Federal Register notice has been published that included consideration of the serious health effects, including cancer, from ambient air exposure to the substance. Chromium is included on this list. /Chromium/Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Chromium compounds is included on this list. /Chromium compounds/ |
|---|
| CERCLA-Meldepflichtmengen | Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 5000 lb or 2270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b). ... No reporting of releases of this hazardous substance is required if the diameter of the pieces of the solid metal released is larger than 100 micrometers (0.004 inches). |
|---|
| Clean Water Act Anforderungen | Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Chromium and compounds/ |
|---|
| State Drinking Water Standards | (CA) CALIFORNIA 50 ug/L(CA) CALIFORNIA 10 ug/L /Hexavalent Chromium/ |
|---|
| Landesrichtlinien für Trinkwasser | (AZ) ARIZONA 120 ug/L(MN) MINNESOTA 100 ug/L |
|---|
| Federal Drinking Water Standards | Maximum contaminant level for inorganic contaminants: Contaminant: ChromiumMCL 0.1 mg/L. /Chromium/EPA 100 ug/L |
|---|
| Bundesrichtlinien für Trinkwasser | Maximum contaminant level goal for inorganic contaminants: Contaminant: ChromiumMCLG 0.1 mg/L. /Chromium/EPA 100 ug/L |
|---|
