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Zirconium
Zr · Zirconium powder · ZIRCONIUM METAL · ZIRCONIUM SPONGE · Zircon powder · ZIRCONIUM STANDARD SOLUTION · Zircat · un2008)
Identifikatoren & physikalische Daten
| CAS No. | 7440-67-7 |
|---|---|
| Summenformel | Zr |
| Durchschnittliche Molmasse | 91,22 g/mol |
| Monoisotopische Masse | 89,9047044 g/mol |
| SMILES | [Zr] |
| InChIKey | QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 23995 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:33342 |
| EC No. | 231-176-9 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID0049818 |
| Lokaler Name | Zirconium |
Chemische & physikalische Eigenschaften
| Polarare Oberfläche (TPSA) | 0 |
|---|---|
| H-Brücken-Donoren | 0 |
| H-Brücken-Akzeptoren | 0 |
| Frei drehbare Bindungen | 0 |
| Schwere Atome | 1 |
| Formalladung | 0 |
| Komplexität | 0 |
| Stoffklassen | Metals -> Metals, Inorganic CompoundsFlammable agents - 4th degree |
| SpringerMaterials Properties | electron density of states |
| Dichte | 6.51 (Metal) (NIOSH, 2024) - Denser than waterwill sink6.52 g/cu cmRelative density (water = 1): 6.51.01 g/mL at 25 °C |
| Color/Form | Bluish-black, amorphous powder or grayish-white lustrous metal (platelets or flakes) of hexagonal lattice below 865 °Cbody-centered cubic above 865 °CGrey-white metalSoft, malleable, ductile solid or gray to gold, amorphous powder |
| Löslichkeit | Insoluble (NIOSH, 2024)Soluble in hot concentrated acidSolubility in water: nonesoluble in hot concentrated acid solutionsSoluble in water. |
| Corrosivity | Zirconium is a very reactive metal that, in air or aqueous solution, immediately develops a surface oxide film. This stable, adherent film is the basis for zirconium's corrosion resistance. |
| Siedepunkt | 6471 °F at 760 mmHg (NIOSH, 2024)4406 °C3577 °C4377 °C(lit.) |
| Schmelzpunkt | 3375 °F (NIOSH, 2024)1854 °C1857 °C1852 °C(lit.) |
| Dampfdruck | 0 mmHg (approx) (NIOSH, 2024)Approximately 0 mm Hg |
| Physical Description | Zirconium powder wet appears as a gray amorphous sludge with not less than 25% water.Zirconium powder, dry appears as a gray amorphous powder. May ignite spontaneously and burn with explosive violence. Ignitable by static electricity. Small amounts of moisture may promote the ignition of zirconium. Continues to burn despite immersion in water and does so with greater intensity than in air. Used to make corrosion-resistant alloys, in pyrotechnics, and for many other uses.Zirconium scrap appears as a lustrous, grayish metallic solid. May ignite spontaneously and burn with explosive violence. May ignite by static electricity. Burns immersed in water and does so with greater intensity than if burned in air.Powdered or finely divided metal suspended in a flammable organic solvent. Dry powder left after the evaporation of the solvent is easily ignited. Static electricity may be sufficient to ignite the powder.Zirconium, dry, coiled wire, finished metal sheets or strips appears as a grayish-white hard lustrous metal. Specific gravity 6.4. Melting point about 3362 °F (1850 °C). Insoluble in water. Low toxicity.Hard lustrous grayish crystalline scales or gray amorphous powder. |
| Stability/Shelf Life | Stable under recommended storage conditions. |
| Selbstentzündungstemperatur | Cloud ignition temperature: 330 °C |
| Lagerbedingungen | 15-25°C |
| Aggregatzustand | wire |
| Farbe | Gray to silver |
| Wichte | 6.506 |
| pH | 0.5 (20°C in H2O) |
| Flame Color | Dull red |
| Spezifische Wärmekapazität | Cp(crystal): 0.28 J/(g·K)Cp(gas): 0.29 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Merck | 13,10226 |
| Kosmetik-Inhaltsstoffe Funktionen | ANTIPERSPIRANT |
| InChI | 1S/Zr |
| InChIKey | QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | [Zr] |
| Hardness, Brinell | 145, Converted from Vickers for 3000 kg load/10 mm ball. Annealed sample |
| Hardness, Rockwell A | 49, Converted from Vickers. annealed sample |
| Hardness, Rockwell B | 78, Converted from Vickers. Annealed sample |
| Hardness, Vickers | 150, annealed sample |
| Modulus of Elasticity | 94.5 GPa |
| Poissons Ratio | 0.34 |
| Shear Modulus | 35.3 GPa, Calculated |
| CAS Datenbank | 7440-67-7(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| EPA chemische Informationen | Zirconium (7440-67-7) |
Sicherheit & Vorschriften
| GHS-Einstufung | DangerH250: Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air [Danger Pyrophoric liquids]P210, P222, P223, P231, P231+P232, P233, P280, P302+P335+P334, P370+P378, P402+P404, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 4.7% (20 of 422) of reports.H250 (43.8%): Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air [Danger Pyrophoric liquids] |
|---|---|
| Regulatorische Informationen | Chemical: ZirconiumZirconium is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Zirconium are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 11-10-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/13595Zirconium: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standardThe New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.) |
| Weitere Sicherheitsinformationen | IMAP assessments - Zirconium: Human health tier I assessment |
| DOT-Kennzeichnung | Flammable SolidSpontaneously CombustibleFlammable Liquid |
| Brandgefahren | Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:Excerpt from ERG Guide 135 [Substances - Spontaneously Combustible]: |
| Brandpotenzial | Zirconium metal dust dispersed with uranium and uranium hydride as a cloud ignites under certain conditions.Clean zirconium plate ingnites spontaneously in oxygen of about 2 MPa (300 psi)the autoignition pressure drops as the metal thinckness decreases. |
| Gesundheitsgefahren | Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:Excerpt from ERG Guide 135 [Substances - Spontaneously Combustible]: |
| Gefahrenübersicht | Other than the skin and respiratory irritant effects of zirconium chloride, work-related diseases caused by zirconium have not been documented. [ACGIH] Zirconium compounds, both soluble and insoluble, have the following notation, Danger of sensitization of the airways and the skin. [MAK] Repeated inhalation of zirconium tetrachloride mist by dogs for 2 months at 6 mg/m3 as zirconium caused slight decreases in hemoglobin and in erythrocyte counts, with some increases in mortality over that of controlsthese effects may have been due to the liberation of hydrogen chloride. [NIOSH Guidelines for Chemical Hazards] Generally considered to be of low toxicity. Zirconium chloride (ZrCl4) can cause acute pneumonitis. No lung changes were found in 32 workers with 1-17 years of exposure to zirconium metal reactor parts. A lens grinder who mixed zirconium oxide powder and polished optical lenses developed interstitial fibrosis after a latency of 15 years. [Harber, p. 479, 487, 506] Soluble zirconium compounds include nitrates, acetates, sulfates, chlorides, bromides, iodides, and salts of Na, K, and ammoniumInsoluble zirconium compounds include hydroxides, carbonates, and phosphates[Nordberg, p. 19] |
| DOT-Nummer und Handbuch | 1358 1702008 1351932 1352009 1351358 170(powder, wet)1932 135(scrap) |
| Reaktive Gruppe | Metals, Elemental and Powder, Active |
| EG-Einstufung | Symbol: FR: 15-17S: (2)-7/8-43 |
| UN-Einstufung | UN Hazard Class: 4.2UN Pack Group: I |
| Special Reports | AnonZirconium PowderNational Safety Council (1986). This data sheet identifies the hazards related to the use, handling and storage of zirconium powder (pyrophoric) and describes safe practices for preventing accidents.USNRCBackgrounder Report of Three Mile Island Accident (February 2013) /Three Mile Island Accident/[USNRCBackgrounder Report of Three Mile Island Accident (February 2013). Available from, as of April 16, 2015: http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/3mile-isle.pdf]The National Diet of JapanFukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission[The National Diet of Japan Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission Main Report. Available from, as of April 16, 2015: http://warp.da.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/3856371/naiic.go.jp/en/]Bartter T et alZirconium-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis Annual Meeting of the American Lung Association and the American Thoracic Society, Cincinnati, Ohio 5/14-5/17 1989. Results of a symposia concerned with the health effects resulting from zirconium exposure.USEPADevelopment Document for Effluent Limitations, Guidelines, & Standards for the Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Point Source Category. Vol 9 Primary & Secondary Titanium, Primary Zirconium & HafniumGRA & I Issue 11 (1990) EPA 440/1-89/019.9 |
| Brandbekämpfung | Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:Excerpt from ERG Guide 135 [Substances - Spontaneously Combustible]: |
| Erste-Hilfe-Maßnahmen | Fresh air, rest.Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.Rinse mouth. |
| Freisetungsmaßnahmen | · CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. |
| Erste Hilfe | Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Zirconium compounds (as Zr): |
| Sichere Lagerung | See Chemical Dangers. |
| Firefighting Hazards | Zirconium metal dust is extremely flammable and can cause explosions. It burns with a brilliant flame, forming oxides and nitrides of the metal. Burning zirconium also reacts with halon and carbon dioxide fire-extinguishing agents. |
| Expositionsschutz und Persönliche Schutzausrüstung | · Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).1.0 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction (elemental)[German Research Foundation (DFG)] |
| Brandbekämpfungsverfahren | Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.Fires ... require quenching by smothering with ... pulverized mineral carbonate such as dolomite.To fight fire use special mixtures, dry chemical, salt or dry sand.If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not use waterUse dry chemical, graphite, or dry earthWhen fire is out, cover all suspected material with dry sand or earth to prevent re-ignition until material can be permanently disposed ofKeep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /Zirconium, dry, spontaneously combustible/For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for ZIRCONIUM, ELEMENTAL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Lagerbedingungen | Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities: Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Storage class (TRGS 510): Non Combustible Solids. |
| Reinigungsverfahren | Accidental release measures: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Environmental precautions: No special environmental precautions required. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.Sweep spilled substance into containersif appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder, then remove to safe place. Personal protection: P2 filter respirator for harmful particles. |
| Freisetung ohne Brand | Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:Excerpt from ERG Guide 135 [Substances - Spontaneously Combustible]: |
| Entsorgungsverfahren | Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air qualitypotential migration in air, soil or watereffects on animal, aquatic and plant lifeand conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. |
| Zielorgane | Skin, respiratory system |
| Unerwünschte Wirkungen | ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable. |
| Expositionspfade | inhalation, skin and/or eye contact |
| Toxizitätsübersicht | IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Zirconium is a grey-white metal. Zirconium, elemental is used in varying formsdust, foil and chopped machining chips. It is used as an ingredient of priming or explosive mixturesflashlight powdersas deoxidizer in metallurgyas "getter" in vacuum tubesin constructing rayon spinnerets in lamp filaments, flash bulbs, and nuclear reactors. Pure zirconium is being increasingly used as a corrosion-resistant metal in fabricating columns, pumps, pipe, valves, heat exchangers, and tanks for severe chemical environments, particularly sulfuric and hydrochloric acids, except those containing fluorides. In this capacity, it is also used in facilities producing urea, hydrogen peroxide, methyl methacrylate, or acetic acid. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: A study of 22 workers exposed to fumes during the zirconium reduction process for 1 to 5 years revealed no striking abnormalities referable to zirconium exposure. Also, 32 male hand finishers of zirconium metal reactor components who had worked for 1 to 17 years in that job showed no significant differences from the control group. Pulmonary granuloma in zirconium workers have been reportedhowever, the reports do not specify whether it was due to zirconium metal or a specific compound of zirconium. In addition, dermal granulomatous lesions, probably of allergic epithelioid origin, have been observed following the use of deodorant sticks and poison ivy lotions containing zirconiumthe latter chemical may have been used as a compound and not as the metal per se. ANIMAL STUDIES: No animal toxicity studies were found at time of review. |
| Signs and Symptoms | Redness. Pain.Skin, lung granulomasIn Animals: irritation skin, mucous membraneX-ray evidence of retention in lungs |
| Natural Pollution Sources | Because of its very high chemical activity at temperatures only slightly above normal atm temp, the element occurs only in combined states. |
| Human Toxicity Excerpts | /SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ /Causes/ pain and redness /in/ eyes./CASE REPORTS/ A study of 22 workers exposed to fumes during the zirconium reduction process for 1 to 5 years revealed no striking abnormalities referable to zirconium exposure. Also, 32 male hand finishers of zirconium metal reactor components who had worked for 1 to 17 years in that job showed no significant differences from the control group./OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Pulmonary granuloma in zirconium workers have been reportedhowever, the reports do not specify whether it was due to zirconium metal or a specific compound of zirconium. In addition, dermal granulomatous lesions, probably of allergic epithelioid origin, have been observed following the use of deodorant sticks and poison ivy lotions containing zirconiumthe latter chemical may have been used as a compound and not as the metal per se. |
| Artificial Pollution Sources | The use and production of zirconium in the aviation, aerospace, chemical and surgical instrument industries, and in nuclear reactor technology(1) may result in the release of zirconium to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).Of the many radionuclides produced in nuclear and thermonuclear explosions, the primary contributors to exposure of humans are ... Zirconium-95 ... . /Zirconium-95/ |
| Probable Routes of Human Exposure | According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 4 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in manufacturing, processing, or use of zirconium in the United States may be as low as <10 workers and as high as 999 workers per plantthe data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1). |
| Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary | Zirconium is a common element present in the earth's crust and is found in concentrations ranging from 150 to 300 mg/kg. It is not found in the elemental state but usually as oxides. Zirconium occurs in the minerals zircon, malacon, baddeleyite, zirkelite, eudialyte. It is also found frequently in the rare-earth minerals and in monazite sand. Zirconium in found in S-type stars and has been identified in the sun and meteorites. Lunar rocks were found to contain high concentrations of zirconium oxide as compared with terrestrial rocks. The use and production of zirconium metal in the aviation, aerospace, chemical and surgical instrument industries, and in nuclear reactor technology may result in the release of zirconium to the environment through various waste streams. In general, metal cations in solution are attracted to the negatively charged surfaces of soil particles. The extent of adsorption of metal ions to soils depends on the pH, the mineral content, and organic content of the soil. (SRC) |
| Antidote and Emergency Treatment | There are only a few situations in which water should not be used for skin decontamination. ... The dusts of pure... zirconium will ignite or explode when contacted by water. Thus, following exposure..., any residual metal should be removed with forceps, gauze, or towels, and stored in mineral oil.Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/ |
| RAIS Toxicity Values | 8e-05SCREEN CurrentPPRTV Current |
| F | 10 |
| Berufliche Expositionsstufe (OEB) | B |
| Arbeitsplatzgrenzwert (OEL) | TWA: 5 mg/m3, STEL: 10 mg/m3 [*Note: The REL applies to all zirconium compounds (as Zr) except Zirconium tetrachloride.] |
| Wassergefährdungsklasse (WGK) | 2 |
| Sofort lebensgefährliche Konzentration | 25 mg Zr/m3 |
| TSCA-Inventar-Status | TSCA listed |
| UN-Transportnummer | UN 2008 4.2/PG I/II/III (ZIRCONIUM POWDER, DRY) |
| Zollcode | 8109200090 |
| RTECS-Nr. | ZH7070000 |
| R-Sätze (R) | 36/38-17-15-36/37/38-20/21/22-40-34 |
| Gefahrensymbole | F,Xi,Xn,C |
| Sicherheitshinweise (S) | 26-43-7/8-36-36/37/39-35-27-16-36/37-45 |
| Gefahrenklasse | 4.2Pyr. Sol. 1Water-react 1 |
| Verpackungsgruppe | III |
| Lagerklasse | 4.2 - Pyrophoric and self-heating hazardous materials |
| Gefahrstoffdaten | 7440-67-7(Hazardous Substances Data) |
Anwendungen & Verwendung
Beschreibung
Zirconium, is a metallic element with a grayish, crystalline scale or gray amorphous powder form. It is flammable or explosive in the form of a powder or dust and as borings and shavings. The powder should be kept wet in storage. Zirconium is a suspected carcinogen, with a TLV of 5 mg/m3 of air and it is insoluble in water. The four-digit UN identification numbers depend on the form and the amount of water present. The number for zirconium, dry, as wire, sheeting, or in the form of strips is 2009. The number for zirconium, dry, as a wire, sheeting, or as strips that are thinner than 254 μm, but not thinner than 18 μm, is 2858. Dry zirconium metal powder is 2008. Wet zirconium powder is 1358. Zirconium metal in a liquid suspension is 1308. The primary uses are as a coating on nuclear fuel rods, photo flashbulbs, pyrotechnics, explosive primers, and laboratory crucibles.
Occurrence
Zirconium is not a rare element. It is found over most of Earth’s crust and is the 18th mostabundant element, but it is not found as a free metal in nature.It is found in the ores baddeleyite (also known as zirconia) and in the oxides of zircons,elpidite, and eudialyte.
Verwenden
Pure zirconium (hafnium-free) is a valuable structural material for atomic reactors because of its low nuclear cross-section and high corrosion and heat resistance. Because of hafnium's high neutron absorption characteristics, it must be removed from zirconium which is to be used in nuclear reactors; removal unnecessary for other commercial purposes. As an ingredient of priming or explosive mixtures; flashlight powders; as deoxidizer in metallurgy; as "getter" in vacuum tubes; in constructing rayon spinnerets in lamp filaments, flash bulbs.