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Caesiumchlorid
CSCL · CAESIUM CHLORIDE · Cesium chloride, for analysis · Cesium chloride anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri, ReagentPlus, 99.9% · Cesium chloride anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), ReagentPlus(R), 99.9% · Cesium chL · Cesiumchlorid · Caesiumchlorid
Identifikatoren & physikalische Daten
| CAS No. | 7647-17-8 |
|---|---|
| Summenformel | ClCs |
| Durchschnittliche Molmasse | 168,36 g/mol |
| Monoisotopische Masse | 167,87430458 g/mol |
| SMILES | [Cl-].[Cs+] |
| InChIKey | AIYUHDOJVYHVIT-UHFFFAOYSA-M |
| PubChem CID | 24293 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL4460016 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:63039 |
| EC No. | 231-600-2 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID3040435 |
| Lokaler Name | Caesiumchlorid |
Chemische & physikalische Eigenschaften
| Polarare Oberfläche (TPSA) | 0 |
|---|---|
| H-Brücken-Donoren | 0 |
| H-Brücken-Akzeptoren | 1 |
| Frei drehbare Bindungen | 0 |
| Schwere Atome | 2 |
| Formalladung | 0 |
| Komplexität | 2 |
| Stoffklassen | Metals -> Metals, Inorganic Compounds |
| SpringerMaterials Properties | electron density of states |
| Dichte | 3.9883.99 @25 °C3.988 g/cm3 |
| Color/Form | Colorless crystals |
| Löslichkeit | Soluble in ethanolInsoluble in acetoneVery sol in methanolIn water, 1.86 kg/liter @ 20 °C2.7 kg/liter @ 100 °C1.62 kg/liter @ 0 degH2O: 3 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless1860 g/L (20 ºC) |
| Siedepunkt | 1290 °C (sublimes)1297 °C @760 [mm Hg] |
| Schmelzpunkt | 646 °C645 °C (lit.) |
| Physical Description | Colorless crystals. [HSDB] |
| Other Experimental Properties | Deliquenscentundergoes transition to high-temperature polymorph at 4 °Cwhen heated to decomposition emits toxic fumes of Cl. |
| Dampfdichte | 5.8 (vs air) |
| Brechungsindex | 1.6418 |
| Flammpunkt | 1303°C |
| Lagerbedingungen | Store at +5°C to +30°C. |
| Aggregatzustand | beads |
| Farbe | White |
| Wichte | 3.988 |
| pH | 5.0-7.5 (25℃, 3M in H2O) |
| Geruch | Odorless |
| Spezifische Wärmekapazität | Cp(crystal): 0.31 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Merck | 14,2011 |
| Stabilität | Stable. Deliquescent. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids. Protect from moisture. |
| InChI | 1S/ClH.Cs/h1H/q+1/p-1 |
| InChIKey | AIYUHDOJVYHVIT-UHFFFAOYSA-M |
| SMILES | [Cl-].[Cs+] |
| CAS Datenbank | 7647-17-8(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NIST chemische Informationen | Cesium chloride(7647-17-8) |
| EPA chemische Informationen | Cesium chloride (CsCl) (7647-17-8) |
| Absorption | ≤0.2 at 280 in H2O at 50% |
Sicherheit & Vorschriften
| GHS-Einstufung | This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 28.4% (69 of 243) of reports.WarningH361 (50.6%): Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 243 reports by companies from 12 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies. |
|---|---|
| Regulatorische Informationen | Chemical: Cesium chloride (CsCl)Status: Active Update: 04-04-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/10582Caesium chloride: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard |
| Weitere Sicherheitsinformationen | Evaluation - Cesium salts |
| Gefahrenübersicht | Animal feeding studies: cesium is relatively nontoxicA man who ingested 34 mg/kg of cesium chloride after morning and evening meals for 36 days experienced anorexia, nausea, and diarrhea. EKG changes have been described in patients after ingestion of cesium chloride as a homeopathic remedy. [ATSDR ToxProfiles] See Cesium and Cesium, radioactive. |
| History and Incidents | /Goiania Radiation Incident/ On September 13, 1987, two scavengers found an abandoned teletherapy device in an abandoned medical clinic in Goiania, Brazil. The machine contained a radioactive 137Cs source with an activity of 1,375 Ci (0.9 TBq) in the form of powdered and soluble 137CsCl. After removing the source from its shield, they took it home and, in a crude attempt to break it apart, managed to rupture the source and spread pieces about the property. Both became ill within hours. Either 1 or 5 days later, according to various versions of the story, the device became the property of a junk dealer. This dealer noticed a luminescence emanating from the unit and used tools to cut the unit apart to gain access to the material inside. The rupture allowed the 137CsCl powder to disperse easily and be further distributed by wind suspension and rainwater runoff. Several land areas and 129 people were significantly contaminated, resulting in four deaths. The accident primarily exposed or contaminated about 80 people, who were all related, and an additional 170 were later contaminated to much lower levels. Initially, 11 individuals who had handled the source and who were the most highly contaminated were taken to the Hospital Twenty-two people were evacuated from contaminated homes and others who were in the vicinity were encouraged to /leave/ . In a prioritized manner, the contaminated victims were provided with medical care, clean clothing, nourishment and orientation, and contamination monitoringthe public was informed. Because of exaggerated claims of water contamination by the press, an additional 112,000 unaffected individuals went to /the evacuation site/ for monitoring. A total of 249 were found to be contaminated. About half had shoe and clothing contamination, that could have been picked up from walking in the stadium. Of the other 129, who were both internally and externally contaminated, 21 required intense medical treatment. Ten of these were seriously compromised, four died, and one required forearm amputation. The 137Cs contamination was spread by social contacts, the sale of contaminated material, the movement of pieces of the source, and wind and rain dispersal. Contamination was found on 7 major propertiesin 42 residences, including 22 homes of family and friends who were evacuated and 20 others where radiation levels ranged from 0.1 to 1 rem/hr (1-10 mSv/hr)and on 68 of the more than 10 million currency bills tested. The population was internally exposed by inhalation and the ingestion of fruits and vegetables, and externally exposed to the penetrating 137Cs gamma radiation, but the drinking water supply was found to be clean. Contaminated materials in the environment were removed from the various sites and loaded into containers, with liquids being immobilized in concrete. Decontamination limits for solids were set by the national standard. Anything contaminated below 74 kBq/kg was considered to be clean and unaffected by the accident. Contamination level was characterized by the contact radiation level, with values of 0.2 and 2 rem/hr (2 and 20 mSv/hr) being the respective limits for low- and medium-level contamination. An estimated 1,200 Ci (44 TBq) of 137Cs was recaptured during the decontamination effort, which left the area with no significant residual hazard.. . |
| Hazard Classes and Categories | Repr. 2 (50.6%) |
| Lagerbedingungen | Keep well closed. |
| Entsorgungsverfahren | SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air qualitypotential migration in soil or watereffects on animal, aquatic, and plant lifeand conformance with environmental and public health regulations. |
| Protective Action Criteria (PAC) | 7.8 [mg/m3]86 [mg/m3]510 [mg/m3] |
| Human Toxicity Excerpts | /CASE REPORTS/ A 47-yr-old patient presented with syncope and recurrent episodes of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. She had evidence of prolonged QT interval by ECG and had been taking cesium as a dietary supplement. Correction of the hypokalemia and discontinuation of the cesium resulted in normalization of the QT interval during follow-up with no further recurrence of ventricular arrhythmias. The use of this drug is potentially hazardous as it may induce fatal ventricular arrhythmias./SPECIAL STUDIES/ In an accident involving the stealing and breaching of a radiotherapy source in Goiania, Brazil, 39 individuals had a high level of 137Cs internal contamination. Prussian Blue was used, in doses that varied from 3-10 g d-1 for adults, to enhance the elimination of 137Cs from the body. The total internal committed doses and the effect of Prussian Blue treatment for 15 contaminated adults involved in this accident have been evaluated in this paper. Prussian Blue caused dose reductions in the range of 51-84%, with an average of 71%. This reduction was shown to be independent of the dosage of Prussian Blue. .../SPECIAL STUDIES/ In September 1987, the Goiania radiological accident involving a source of 137Cs culminated in about 140 victims who presented internal and/or external contamination and/or external exposure to radiation and/or radiation burns. Internal contamination was verified through analysis of urine and fecal samples. Internal contamination was also evaluated by measurements performed at the whole-body counter installed in Goiania in November 1987. To enhance the decorporation of 137Cs, patients were treated with the following: 1 ) Prussian Blue, oral administration, in 46 patients2 ) diuretics, oral administration, in 17 patients3 ) induced perspiration, increasing 137Cs elimination. These procedures were done under rigorous clinical evaluation and considering the data from assay of excreta and data obtained from the whole-body counter. The doses of Prussian Blue exceeded about 6.5 times the dose previously indicated in the literature. It was the first time diuretics were used in humans to treat 137Cs internal contamination. The results of these procedures are discussed. |
| Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts | /LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Cesium chloride administration causes ventricular tachyarrhythmias in dogs, with many of the features of the clinical long QT syndrome... Cesium-induced arrhythmias were suppressed by the calcium antagonist diltiazem, magnesium chloride, beta blockade (with atenolol), or vagal nerve stimulation--all interventions that can suppress calcium entry. beta-Adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol initiated ventricular arrhythmias in the presence of subarrhythmic doses of cesium. Sodium channel blockers (lidocaine and high concentrations of quinidine) also suppressed cesium-induced arrhythmias...We conclude that cesium-induced ventricular arrhythmias in this model are suppressed by agents that reduce transmembrane calcium currents as well as by high doses of sodium channel blockers./LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Several experimental models of torsades de pointes... can be classified in 2 categories: morphological models designed to reproduce the ECG features of "torsade", ... and pharmacological models designed to obtain in vivo early after depolarizations, with toxic agents such as cesium chloride... ./LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Cesium chloride has widely been used in experimental models to produce various ventricular arrhythmias. The study was designed to evaluate whether type and mechanism of these arrhythmias are dose-dependent... In 7 dogs with acute AV-block, ...three-dimensional activation patterns of ventricular arrhythmias induced by three injections of 1 mmol/kg cesium chloride at 20 minute intervals /were determined/... . Out of all arrhythmias induced, 25 ventricular extrasystoles, 31 monomorphic and 47 polymorphic ventricular tachycardias were mapped. Nonsustained ventricular tachycardias were readily inducible by a single bolus of cesium chloride, whereas sustained episodes required repetitive injections (1.45 +/- 0.61 vs. 2.61 +/- 0.57 doses, p<0.05). Polymorphic tachycardias were observed more commonly than monomorphic tachycardias (87 vs. 31). Initiation and maintenance of cesium induced arrhythmias were exclusively based on focal mechanisms originating from the subendocardium, irrespective of morphology and dosage. All monomorphic arrhythmias were caused by repetitive firing of single immobile foci located in either the right or the left ventricle. Bi- and multifocal mechanisms, however, were found to underlie the polymorphic episodes. Although there is a dose-dependence as to the sustenance of mono- or polymorphic tachycardias, this does not reflect on the three-dimensional activation pattern of cesium induced arrhythmias, which are due to mono- or multifocal activation originating from the subendocardium./LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Cesium chloride (CsCl) at several dose levels (1.25-20.0 mEq/kg ip) was administered acutely to albino mice whose behavior was compared with that in corresponding saline controls. Motor activity decreased and Straub tail occurred in a dose-related manner. Signs of autonomic disturbance, diarrhea, and salivation were seen with toxic doses.For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CESIUM CHLORIDE (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Antidote and Emergency Treatment | The FDA has determined that the 500 mg Prussian blue capsules, when manufactured under the conditions of an approved New Drug Application (NDA), can be found safe and effective for the treatment of known or suspected internal contamination with radioactive cesium, radioactive thallium, or non-radioactive thallium. Prussian blue can be used to treat contamination that may occur as a result of a routine accidental poisoning, as well as contamination associated with a terrorist event. Prussian blue works by trapping thallium and cesium in the intestine, so that they can be passed out of the body in the stool rather than be re-absorbed. If persons are exposed to radioactive cesium, radioactive thallium, or non-radioactive thallium, taking Prussian blue may reduce the risk of death and major illness from radiation or poisoning. Prussian blue should be taken as soon as possible after exposure. However, even when treatment cannot be started right away, patients should be given Prussian blue as soon as it becomes available because it is still effective even after time has elapsed since exposure. |
| Non-Human Toxicity Values | LD50 Rat ip 1.5 g/kg |
| F | 3 |
| Wassergefährdungsklasse (WGK) | 2 |
| TSCA-Inventar-Status | TSCA listed |
| UN-Transportnummer | 2923 |
| Zollcode | 28273980 |
| RTECS-Nr. | FK9625000 |
| R-Sätze (R) | 68-36/38 |
| Toxizität | LD50 i.p. in rats: 1.5 g/kg (Cochran) |
| Gefahrensymbole | Xn,Xi |
| Sicherheitshinweise (S) | 36/37-26-24/25 |
| Lagerklasse | 13 - Non Combustible Solids |
| Gefahrstoffdaten | 7647-17-8(Hazardous Substances Data) |
| Gefahrenklasse | Repr. 2 |
Anwendungen & Verwendung
Verwenden
Cesium chloride is used in radio and television vacuum tubes. It also is used in ultracentrifuge separations; x-ray fluorescent screens; as radiogrpahic contrast medium, and to prepare cesium and other cesium salts.Used for the preparation of electrically conducting glasses.Used to make solutions for the separation of RNA from DNA by density gradient centrifugation.For molecular genetic applications used in preparing nucleic acids for subsequent hybridization or cloning experiments.
Verwenden
Cesium chloride has been used in density gradient centrifugation and for fractionation of nucleic acids, ribosomal subunits, proteins, glycoproteins, and viruses. Cesium chloride can also be used as a raw material to prepare other cesium compounds, such as cesium chloride reacts with nitric acid and oxalate to prepare cesium carbonate. It can be applied to the discharge tube (positive ion provided by the filament surface) fluorescent screen and used as a contrast agent. It effectively prevents activation of caspase-3 and neuronal apoptosis in serum- and potassium-deprived cerebellar granule neurons by inactivating GSK-3β.
Herstellung & Synthese
synthetische
Cesium chloride (CsCl) is produced by the reaction of cesium metal with chlorine gas (Ca+ + Cl- → CsCl). It is also used in the beer brewing industry, to coat fluorescent screens, and to improve the taste of mineral water.