Benzoesure

About 4 (solution in water)

pH = 2.8 (Saturated soln at 25 °C)

1.87

log Kow = 1.87

1.87

1.87

Odorless or with a slight benzaldehyde odor

FAINT, PLEASANT ODOR

ALMOST TASTELESS /BENZOIC ACID USP/

BITTER TASTE

Taste detection 8.5X10+1 ppm /Media and purity not specified/

1.316 at 82.4 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.2659 g/cu cm at 15 °C

Sp gr: 1.316 at 24 °C/4 °C (solid); 1.029 at 180 °C/4 °C (liquid)

1.3 g/cm³

Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20 °C (air = 1): 1

1.316 @ 15°C

Monoclinic tablets, plates, leaflets

White scales or needle crystals

Monoclinic leaflets or needles

less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

3400

Mixtures of excess benzoic acid & water form 2 liquid phases beginning at 89.7 °C; the two phases unite at critical solution temperature of 117.2 °C; solubility in water increased by alkaline substances.

Monomer & dimer models for solubility of benzoic acid in simple binary and ternary solvents are reported.

In water, 3.5X10+3 mg/L at 25 °C

1 g dissolves in: 2.3 mL alcohol (cold), 1.5 mL alcohol (boiling), 4.5 mL chloroform, 3 mL ether, 3 mL acetone, 30 mL carbon tetrachloride,10 mL benzene, 30 mL carbon disulfide, 23 mL oil of turpentine. Also soluble in volatile and fixed oils; slightly soluble in petroleum ether

250 °F (NTP, 1992)

250 °F (121 °C) (closed cup)

121 °C c.c.

480 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

249.2

249.2 °C at 760 mm Hg

249 °C

249 °C

249 °C @760 [mm Hg]

Danger

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]；H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]；H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P302+P352, P305+P354+P338, P317, P319, P321, P332+P317, P362+P364, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.9% (28 of 3274) of reports.

Chemical: Benzoic acid

Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 (amended)

Benzoic acid is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Benzoic acid are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

04/30/EC, Reg. (EU) 2016/2016, Reg. (EU) 2017/1113, Reg. (EU) No 540/2011, Reg. (EU) No 823/2012

Status: Active Update: 30-10-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/13124

Benzoic acid: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

Behavior in Fire: Vapor from molten benzoic acid may form explosive mixture with air. Concentrated dust may form explosive mixture. (USCG, 1999)

Combustible. Finely dispersed particles form explosive mixtures in air. Risk of fire and explosion on contact with incompatible substances. See Chemical Dangers.

Slight, when exposed to heat or flame...

Benzoic acid is burned in oxygen as primary thermochemical standard to calibrate oxygen bomb calorimeters used in... determination of calorific value of liquid hydrocarbon fuels. If the benzoic acid is powdered (rather than pelleted...), very rapid combustion occurs and flame front may burn through the non-metallic... seals on valve seats and the bomb may be destroyed.

A skin and eye irritant; [ICSC] Causes non-immunological contact urticaria; [Kanerva, p. 218] Benzoic acid alkali salts cause pseudoallergic reactions; [MAK] TLV Basis: Irritation of eye and respiratory tract, and lung damage; Low level oral exposures are considered safe . . . [ACGIH] See Sodium benzoate and Potassium benzoate.

Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). Current usage results in a max level of 0.1% in food.

This substance is generally recognized as safe for use at a level not exceeding 0.1 percent in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.

Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: Benzoic acid is included in topical acne drug products.

Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: Benzoic acid is included in skin protectant drug products.

Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: Benzoic acid is included in topical antifungal drug products.

USEPA; Subst Risk Notice, 8EHQ-1177-0018 (1978).

Benzoic acid, Indian Chemical Manufacturers Association, Indian Exchange, Indian Exchange Place, Calcutta 700 001, India, 1986. CIS/88/00785

NTIS/PB85-141216, Benzoic acid. Scientific Literature Review of Benzyl Alcohol, Benzaldehyde, Benzoic Acid and Related Cmpds in Flavor Usage. NTIS Order No. PB85-141216

Residues of benzoic acid are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest. Use: preservative for formulations.

Residues of benzoic acid are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals. Use: preservative for formulations.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk in accordance to newer saftey standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List C, and with List C containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List D. Benzoic acid is found on List D. Case No: 4013; Pesticide type: Insecticide, fungicide; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Benzoic acid; AI Status: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled."

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.；SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.；INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.；INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

If material on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

Cover with soda ash or sodium bicarbonate. Mix and add water.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be contained with a flexible impermeable membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.

Environmental considerations: Water spill: If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

Personal protection: protective clothing and face shield. Sweep spilled substance into covered plastic containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Wash away remainder with plenty of water.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for benzoic acid: concentration process: biological treatment.

Incineration: Waste material can be burned in an approved incinerator with an afterburner, as a soln in a flammable solvent or as a solid packaged in paper, plastic or cardboard.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for benzoic acid: concentration process: activated carbon.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for benzoic acid: concentration process: resin adsorption.

Personal protection: protective clothing and face shield. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered plastic containers. Carefully collect remainder in covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for BENZOIC ACID (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The metabolism of the benzoates depletes glycine concentrations and can therefore alter the glycine-dependent metabolism of other compounds. /Investigators/ demonstrated that benzoic acid or sodium benzoate successfully competed with aspirin for glycine, resulting in increased concentration and persistence of salicylic acid in the body. Almost total inhibition of salicyluric acid formation in humans was achieved using either 2.7 g benzoic acid or 3.2 g sodium benzoate.

In rat liver microsomes deferoxamine was a potent inhibitor of the oxidation of the scavenging agent, benzoate. Nearly complete inhibition was observed at 33-100 uM.

Groups of 25 male and 25 female mice were given benzoic acid at a dose of 40 mg/kg bw/day, sodium bisulfite at 80 mg/kg bw/day, or a mixture of the two for 17 months. Mortality was greater in the groups receiving the mixture (62%) than in those receiving the individual substances (32%) at eight months.

Wistar rats /were administered/ 40 mg benzoic acid/kg/day and 80 mg sodium bisulphite/kg/day once daily /for/ 72 weeks. 50 rats /with/ initial body weight /of/ 100-120g /experienced/ reduced weight gain, kidney function and reaction on stress factors were altered (no further information), /and/ the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was increased.

People must absorb small amounts of copper every day because copper is essential for good health, however, high levels of copper can be harmful. Very-high doses of copper can cause damage to your liver and kidneys, and can even cause death. Copper may induce allergic responses in sensitive individuals. (L278, L279)

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern bobwhite quail) diet >5620 ppm for 8 days

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) diet >5620 ppm for 8 days

LD50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) oral via capsule >2510 mg/kg

EC50; Species: Anabaena inaequalis (Cyanobacteria); Conditions: static; Concentration: 9 mg/L for 14 days; Effect: cell multiplication inhibition

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for BENZOIC ACID (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 15(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that benzoic acid is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of benzoic acid is 4.20(3), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the compound exists as an anion and anions do not volatilize. Benzoic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 7.0X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). Mineralization half-life in Captina silt loam for benzoic acid in solution was 4.5 hr after a 30 minute lag(6) and complete degradation occurred in 1 day using a Niagra silt loam inoculum(7), suggesting that biodegradation may be an important fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 15(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that benzoic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). A pKa of 4.20(3) indicates benzoic acid will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water or moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). According to a classification scheme(4), a BCF range of <10 to 21(5) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation half-lives of 0.85 and 3.6 days using inoculum from a polluted river and a reservoir, respectively(6), suggest that biodegradation may be an important fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), benzoic acid, which has a vapor pressure of 7X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase benzoic acid is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 9 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.2X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Benzoic acid absorbs light at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Apple wine and apple essence contain 0.329 and 40 ppm of benzoic acid, respectively(1). Benzoic acid and sodium benzoate are common food additives, being used as food preservatives at a concentration of 0.1% and as antimicrobial agents in food at concentration levels of 0.29-0.00001%(1). Most berries contain about 0.05% of benzoic acid(2). Benzoic acid has been detected but not quantified in pine sprout tea(3). Benzoic acid has been detected in concentrations of 10, 50, 10, and <5 ppb in canned creamed, canned kernel, frozen kernel, and fresh kernel sweet corn, respectively(4). Benzoic acid was detected in fine particle organic matter emitted from Chinese cooking. Four representative restaurants in Guangzhou city, China: Cantonese style (fresh local ingredients, lightly seasoned, stir fry, peanut and blended oil); Hunan style (spicy and sour dishes, steamed, peanut oil); Sichuan style (sharp and spicy, sauteing, blended oil), and Dongbei style (home-cooking, pot roast, simmering, marinating, canola and peanut oil) Average benzoic acid concentrations in fine particulates were 39, 17, 30, and 20 ng/mg of POM (particulate organic matter), respectively(5).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, by ingestion and through the skin.

Oral (L277) ; inhalation (L277) ; dermal (L277)

Safe in the present practices of use and concentration. Ingredient, concentration, and use information are available in documents discoverable at https://cir-reports.cir-safety.org

Excess copper is sequestered within hepatocyte lysosomes, where it is complexed with metallothionein. Copper hepatotoxicity is believed to occur when the lysosomes become saturated and copper accumulates in the nucleus, causing nuclear damage. This damage is possibly a result of oxidative damage, including lipid peroxidation. Copper inhibits the sulfhydryl group enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, and paraoxonases, which protect the cell from free oxygen radicals. It also influences gene expression and is a co-factor for oxidative enzymes such as cytochrome C oxidase and lysyl oxidase. In addition, the oxidative stress induced by copper is thought to activate acid sphingomyelinase, which lead to the production of ceramide, an apoptotic signal, as well as cause hemolytic anemia. Copper-induced emesis results from stimulation of the vagus nerve. (L277, T49, A174, L280)

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ 0.5 mg/L of benzoic acid did not affect growth of blue-green alga, Anabaena flosaquae.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Lethal to goldfish in 7-96 hr at 200 mg/L; lethal to orange spotted sunfish in 1 hr at 550-570 mg/L. /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ EC50/LC50 values (24-96 hr) for most of the other aquatic species tested (protozoa, molluscs, crustaceans, fish, amphibians) were in the range of 100-1291 mg/L. As seen with daphnids, the pH value of the test medium influences the toxicity of benzoic acid, which proved to be more toxic at lower pH levels.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Developmental toxicity effects seen in frog (Xenopus) embryos were craniofacial defects, especially microcephaly, and abnormal gut coiling.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for BENZOIC ACID (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Sore throat. Cough.

Redness. Swelling. Itching.

Redness. Pain. Corneal damage.

Abdominal pain. Nausea. Vomiting.

Breathing high levels of copper can cause irritation of the nose and throat. Ingesting high levels of copper can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, and respiratory difficulty. (L278, L279)

Chemical: Benzoic acid

Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 (amended)

Benzoic acid is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Benzoic acid are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

04/30/EC, Reg. (EU) 2016/2016, Reg. (EU) 2017/1113, Reg. (EU) No 540/2011, Reg. (EU) No 823/2012

Status: Active Update: 30-10-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/13124

Benzoic acid: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). Current usage results in a max level of 0.1% in food.

This substance is generally recognized as safe for use at a level not exceeding 0.1 percent in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.

Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: Benzoic acid is included in topical acne drug products.

Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: Benzoic acid is included in skin protectant drug products.

Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: Benzoic acid is included in topical antifungal drug products.

Residues of benzoic acid are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest. Use: preservative for formulations.

Residues of benzoic acid are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals. Use: preservative for formulations.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk in accordance to newer saftey standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List C, and with List C containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List D. Benzoic acid is found on List D. Case No: 4013; Pesticide type: Insecticide, fungicide; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Benzoic acid; AI Status: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled."

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Benzoic acid is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 5000 lb or 2270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Benzoic acid is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.

(FL) Florida 28,000 ug/L

(ME) Maine 28,000 ug/L

(MN) Minnesota 30000 ug/L

(NH) New Hampshire 28,000 ug/L

Benzoic acid ... conjugated with glycine to give hippuric acid in ... many mammals (man, monkeys, pig, rabbit, rodents, cat, dog, ferret & hedgehog). Dog, ferret, & hedgehog also excreted ... benzoyl glucuronide ... but indian fruit bat excreted almost all dose as benzoyl glucuronide.

/Investigators/ demonstrated that biotransformation of benzoic acid to hippuric acid follows saturable or Michaelis-Menten kinetics in humans following ingestion of sodium benzoate. /Sodium Benzoate/

The availability of glycine was the rate-limiting factor in the formation of hippuric acid. When insufficient glycine was available benzoyl glucuronide was formed.

/Investigators/ reported that both lipoic acid and valproic acid reduced the clearance of benzoic acid in rats that had been "loaded" with glycine. Both acids reduced the availability of hepatic coenzyme A that is needed for the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent conjugation with glycine.

For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for BENZOIC ACID (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Benzoic acid has known human metabolites that include Benzoyl glucuronide.

8SKN0B0MIM

BENZOIC ACID

Mechanisms of Action [MoA] - Ammonium Ion Binding Activity

Established Pharmacologic Class [EPC] - Nitrogen Binding Agent

Benzoic acid is a Nitrogen Binding Agent. The mechanism of action of benzoic acid is as an Ammonium Ion Binding Activity.

ACIDUM BENZOICUM

Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues.

Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods.

After oral ingestion of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate, there is a rapid absorption (of undissociated benzoic acid) from the gastrointestinal tract in experimental animals or humans. ... 100% absorption can be assumed. In humans, the peak plasma concentration is reached within 1-2 hr.

Experiments on the distribution and elimination of (14)C-benzoate in the rat have shown no accumulation of sodium benzoate or benzoic acid in the body.

Benzoic acid and sodium benzoate are rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of mammals and conjugated with glycine in the liver. The resulting hippuric acid is excreted in the urine rapidly (75% to 100% of the dose is excreted within 6 hours; the remaining dose is excreted within 2 to 3 days).

/Investigators/ reported that 42.6% +/-16.5% of a dermally applied (14)C-Benzoic acid dose (4 ug/sq cm; in acetone) was excreted in the urine within 24 hours. When applied in petrolatum, 60.5% of the dose was absorbed.

For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for BENZOIC ACID (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

CIR ingredient: Benzoic Acid

Used as a food and drug preservative; Used as a chemical standard and intermediate; [HSDB]

No longer contained in any registered pesticide products; Cancelled by EPA; [HSDB]

For Benzoic acid (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 009101) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled."

The largest use of benzoic acid is as a chemical raw material in the production of phenol, caprolactam, glycol dibenzoates esters, and sodium and/or potassium benzoate.

(1972) 2.9X10+8 G

(1975) 8.67X10+8 G

(1972) NEGLIGIBLE

(1975) 6.04X10+7 G

(1984) 3.87X10+8 g /Summation of two report items for Benzoic Acid/

2023: 100,000,000 - <250,000,000 lb；2022: 100,000,000 - <250,000,000 lb；2021: 100,000,000 - <250,000,000 lb；2020: 100,000,000 - <250,000,000 lb

(1972) 7.06X10+10 G

(1975) 2.87X10+10 G

(1991) 2.68x10+8 lb

Benzoic acid is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).

For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for BENZOIC ACID (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Benzoic Acid. Phenol, 55%; benzoate plasticizers, 22%; sodium and potassium benzoate, 8%; benzoylchloride, 7%; alkylated resins, 3%; others, including butyl benzoate, sucrose benzoate, USP applications and exports, 5%.

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Benzoic acid. Demand: 1986: 160 million lb; 1987: 163 million lb; 1991 /projected/: 175 million lb.

The majority of the benzoic acid is utilized captively to produce phenol. The rest comes onto the market. Beverages and food applications accounted for 41% of world consumption of benzoic acid as sodium and potassium benzoate in 2006.

Liquid-Phase Oxidation of Toluene with Molecular Oxygen. ... In a typical modern process the oxidation is conducted at 165 °C and 0.9 MPa. The reaction heat is removed by external circulation of the contents of the reactor. The pressure of the liquid discharged from the reactor is reduced to atmospheric, and unreacted toluene is recovered. Benzoic acid is purified by rectification. The bottom residue is extracted to recover the cobalt catalyst. The exhaust gas is cooled to recover most of the toluene, purified, and vented.

Decarboxylation of phthalic anhydride in the presence of catalysts; chlorination of toluene to yield benzotrichloride, which is hydrolyzed to benzoic acid; oxidation of toluene; from benzoin resin.

Benzoic acid is manufactured by treating molten phthalic anhydride with steam in the presence of a zinc oxide catalyst, by the hydrolysis of benzotrichloride, or by the oxidation of toluene with nitric acid or sodium bichromate or with air in the presence of a transition metal salt catalyst.

Benzoic acid is almost exclusively manufactured by the cobalt catalyzed liquid-phase air oxidation of toluene.

The USP/FCC grade of benzoic acid is usually produced by extraction and crystallization, although distillation has also been used. In the extraction-crystallization process, toluene, water, and methanol have all been used and each is capable of producing a high quality benzoic acid product.

GRADES: Technical, CP, USP, FCC.

Industrial grade, 97.5%; Technical grade, 99.0%; United States Pharmacopeia/Food Chemicals Codex , 99.5-100.5%. /From table/

Industrial and technical grades of benzoic acid are available in molten as well as solid forms (called flakes or chips). USP/FCC grade is available in solid form either as crystals or powder.

Microl Preservative (Petro-Canada Lubricants, Inc): Active ingredients: benzoic acid 100.0%.

Lubri-Armour (Fiske Brothers Refining Company D/B/A Lubriplate Lubricants): Active ingredients: benzoic acid 100.0%.

EPA Safer Chemical Functional Use Classes -> Preservatives and Antioxidants

Safer Chemical Classes -> Green circle - The chemical has been verified to be of low concern

Food additives

Fragrance Ingredients

Food Additives -> PRESERVATIVE -> JECFA Functional Classes

Flavoring Agents -> JECFA Flavorings Index

Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting；Wholesale and Retail Trade；Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing；Transportation Equipment Manufacturing；Utilities；Other (requires additional information)；All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing；Miscellaneous Manufacturing；Food, beverage, and tobacco product manufacturing；Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable；Adhesive Manufacturing；All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing；Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing；Paint and Coating Manufacturing；Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing

Benzoic acid: ACTIVE

Limitations of benzoic acid as a model dissolution substance was studied. Results indicated that benzoic acid was non-ideal on lowering the dissolution temperature & serious deviation from classical diffusion was observed.