Berylliumchlorid

Fire Extinguishing Agents Not to Be Used: Do not use water on adjacent fires. (USCG, 1999)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention . Wear protective gloves when administering first aid.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Do not use water on adjacent fires.

Special protective equipment for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Beryllium compound, NOS/

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. /Beryllium compound, NOS/

Personal precautions: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Response to discharge: Issue warning poison, corrosive; Restrict access; Should be removed; Chemical and physical treatment.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

... Beryllium chloride ... waste should be converted into chemically inert oxides using incineration and particulate collection techniques. These oxides ... should be returned to suppliers if possible.

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Beryllium chloride (BeCl(2)) is a highly toxic substance that accumulates in different tissues after absorption. The purpose of this study was to investigate protective role of crocin against BeCl(2)-intoxication in rats. Male Wistar rats were used in this study and categorized into four groups (n=8). Group I served as normal control rats. Group II treated orally with BeCl(2) 86 mg/kg b.w. for five consecutive days. This dose was equivalent to experimental LD(50). Group III treated ip with crocin 200 mg/kg bw for seven consecutive days. Group IV received crocin for seven consecutive days before BeCl(2) administration. Blood samples and liver and brain homogenates were obtained for hematological, biochemical and RT-PCR examinations. The hematocrit value, RBCs count and hemoglobin concentration were significantly decreased in BeCl(2)-treated rats. A significant increase was observed in rat liver and brain malondialdehyde level and protein carbonyls content in BeCl(2) exposed group compared to the control group, and these values were significantly declined upon administration of crocin. Lactate dehydrogenase levels in rat liver and brain significantly increased compared to the control group and was associated with significant decrease in catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. Reduced glutathione hepatic contents of BeCl(2)-treated rats were significantly decreased. There was significant decline in mRNA expression of catalase and superoxide dismutase genes in BeCl(2)-intoxicated rats compared to the normal rats. Crocin treatment prior to BeCl(2) intake resulted in significant increase in mRNA expressions of catalase and superoxide dismutase genes near to normalcy. The hematological and biochemical parameters were restored near to normal levels. Our results suggested that, BeCl(2) induced oxidation of cellular lipids and proteins and that administration of crocin reduced BeCl(2)-induced oxidative stress combined with initiation of mRNA expression of antioxidant genes.

In group of albino random-bred rats/ ... 1 adeno- & 1 squamous-cell bronchogenic carcinoma ... in 2/16 ... that received 3 mg beryllium chloride in polyglycine with 3 mg india-ink powder. Squamous-cell bronchogenic carcinoma was found within 15 mo in 1/14 animals that received 3 mg beryllium chloride plus 3 mg 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene plus 3 mg india-ink powder in polyglycine /intratracheal, 3 times at 2-wk intervals/ ... no lung tumors were found in untreated control rats.

In mice & rats, a single ip admin of the organophosphorus complex compound dtpp (calcium-sodium salt of diethylene-triamine-pentamethyl-phosphonic acid) greatly mitigates pulmonary edema of intratracheal beryllium chloride by hastening be ion elimination.

Twenty one different metal chlorides have been tested for mutagenicity in the presence of 9-aminoacridine in strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Beryllium chloride was not mutagenic, exhibited mutagenicity when combined with 9-aminoacridine in strains TA1537 and TA2637.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Acute inhalation of a high level of beryllium can result in a pneumonia-like condition called acute beryllium disease. Chronic inhalation of beryllium can cause an inflammatory reaction in the respiratory system called chronic beryllium disease. Chronic beryllium disease may result in anorexia and weight loss, as well as right side heart enlargement and heart disease in advanced cases. Chronic exposure can also increase the risk of lung cancer. Skin contact with beryllium results in contact dermatitus. (L24, L25)

LC50; Species: Asellus intermedius (Aquatic Sowbug) juvenile; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C, pH 7.5-8.5; Concentration: 100000 ug/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) 1-2 instar larva; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C, pH 7.5-8.5; Concentration: 400 ug/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Gammarus fasciatus (Scud) juvenile; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C, pH 7.5-8.5; Concentration: 5900 ug/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead Minnow) juvenile; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C, pH 7.5-8.5; Concentration: >100000 ug/L for 96 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The substance can be absorbed into the body in hazardous amounts by inhalation of its aerosol, by ingestion and through the skin.

Inhalation (L24)

Once in the body, beryllium acts as a hapten and interacts with human leucocyte antigen (HLA) DP presenting cells in the lungs, becoming physically associated with a major histocompatability (MHC) class II molecule. This MHC class II-beryllium-peptide complex is recognized by the T lymphocyte receptor, triggering CD4+ T lymphocyte activation and proliferation. The resulting inflammatory response is a cell-mediated process orchestrated by cytokines and results in the formation of (usually pulmonary) granulomas. Beryllium's toxicity may be controlled by the iron-storage protein ferritin, which sequesters beryllium by binding it and preventing it from interacting with other enzymes. (L25, A37, A91)

/PLANTS/ Although the seeds /SRP: Lepidium sativum L. (garden cress)/ germinated with decreasing concentrations of beryllium chloride and beryllium sulfate (10-3 to 10-7 M dissolved in water) the percentage of germinating seeds was lower than in the control ... Contents of chlorophyll a and b in Be2+ treated seedlings were lower than in the control, especially chlorophyll a.

Cough. Laboured breathing. Sore throat. Shortness of breath. Symptoms may be delayed.

Redness. Pain. MAY BE ABSORBED!

Redness. Pain.

Nausea. Vomiting. Abdominal pain.

Chronic beryllium disease causes fatigue, weakness, difficulty breathing, and a persistent dry cough. (L24, L25)

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... Since introducing a patch testing series for patients with suspected sensitization to metal, /the authors/ have found 3 cases of sensitization to beryllium. Of these 3 cases, /the authors/ regard the first 2 as having relevant sensitization. Beryllium chloride (1% pet.) was positive in 3 patients and negative in 150 controls.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Isolated cases of allergic contact dermatitis, gingivitis and stomatitis caused by beryllium have been previously reported. /The authors studied/ a series of 12 patients with patch test reactions to beryllium chloride.The study was aimed at defining the clinical and patch testing characteristics in this group of patients, and determining whether some were delayed elicitation reactions or late reactions of active sensitizations by patch testing. /They/ performed a 5-year retrospective study of patients tested with a metal series, and studied a subgroup who showed reactions to beryllium chloride. A total of 1799 patients were patch tested, 62 of whom were also tested with a specific metal series; 12 of them reacted to beryllium chloride. Eight of the 12 patients showed reactions to other metals. Based on the time of positive reaction to beryllium chloride, three patterns emerged: (i) 3 patients showed positive reactions on /days/ D2-D4; (ii) 6 patients showed positive reactions between D7 and D10; and (iii) 3 patients showed positive reactions later than D10. Contact allergy to beryllium chloride may not be as unusual as the literature suggests. In order to avoid undetected contact allergies, /the authors/ recommend performing later readings, between D7 and D10, whenever patch testing is performed with beryllium chloride. Active sensitization may occur.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Produces a chronic systemic disease that primarily affects the lung but also can involve other organs such as lymph nodes, liver, bones, and kidney.

/CASE REPORTS/ Two cases of human carcinomas by beryllium aerosols were reported. In case 1, an adult male had contact with the dust, vapors, and gases of beryllium oxide and beryllium chloride for about 3 years. 3 years after employment ceased, the worker had shadows in both pulmonary x-ray midfields. /14 years later/ autopsy confirmed the presence of carcinoma in the right pulmonary upper lobe, with metastases ...

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ In a further study on the ability of different metal salts to influence the DNA synthesis of human lymphoid cells, aluminum chloride, beryllium chloride, cadmium chloride, cupric sulfate, ferric chloride, manganese chloride, palladium chloride, platinum chloride and silver nitrate, were tested regarding effect on thymocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes in children. At certain concentrations in the range of 10(-4)-10(-5)M, all tested compounds but aluminum chloride and ferric chloride, were inhibitory, the latter compounds inhibited at 4.8 X 10(-3)M. A slight stimulation mainly on the thymocytes was obtained with beryllium chloride, cadmium chloride, palladium chloride, platinum chloride and silver nitrate, at certain concentrations in the range of 10(-5)-10(-6)M, while ferric chloride gave a slight stimulation at 1.2 X 10(-3)M.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Beryllium compounds are included on this list. /Beryllium Compounds/

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1 lb or 0.454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Beryllium chloride is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Beryllium and compounds/