Strontiumchromat

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.)

This chemical is a noncombustible solid. Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam extinguishers. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers, If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position.

The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

/When fire fighting wear/ self-contained breathing apparatus, with a full facepiece, operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. /Chromic acid & chromates/

Store in a secure poison location. ... Strontium chromate must be stored to avoid contact with strong oxidizers (such as chlorine, bromine, and fluorine), since violent reactions occur. A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemical is handled, used, or stored in compliance with OSHA Standard 1910.1045.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Environmental considerations: Land Spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.

Environmental considerations: Water Spill: Add sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3). Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3).

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after cleanup is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

Cr(VI) cmpd in waste sludge are completely removed by redn by carbon at 600 °C. /Chromium VI/

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for STRONTIUM CHROMATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D007, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Chromium/

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for chromium: Concentration process: Biological Treatment. /Chromium/

The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for chromium: Concentration process: Chemical Precipitation. /Chromium/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for STRONTIUM CHROMATE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

If material not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary.

Personnel protection: Keep upwind. ... Avoid breathing vapors or dusts. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner such that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for STRONTIUM CHROMATE (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The mean chromium level in the urine of 5 production workers working in a pigment plant making strontium chromate was as follows in nmol/mmol creatinine(1): Friday pre-shift: 227 (range 118-360), Friday post-shift 246 (range 121-413), Monday pre-shift: 224 (range 99-444). The mean chromium level in the blood of 5 production workers working in a pigment plant making strontium chromate was as follows in nmol/L(1): Friday pre-shift: 1962 (range 387-4120), Monday pre-shift: 1944 (range 570-4160)(1). Monitoring of exposure of strontium chromate to 21 workers employed in spray painting in the aeronautical industry found chromium levels of 1.38 to 17.10 ug/cu m(2); strontium concentrations in the paint-spray booth was 22.90 ug/cu m(2); control workers in paint division area had chromium levels of 0.02-0.07 ug/cu m(2) and a strontium level og 0.07 ug/cu m(2).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

Inhalation (L16) ; oral (L16) ; dermal (L16)

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Strontium chromate is a yellow powder. It is used as a corrosion inhibitor in pigments; in electrochemical processes to control sulfate concn of solns; as a colorant in polyvinyl chloride resins; and in pyrotechnics. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: If ingested, violent gastroenteritis, severe circulatory collapse and toxic nephritis may ensue. None of the results showed statistically significant differences that would suggest an excess risk for malignant neoplasms, particularly lung cancer, among workers engaged in the manufacture of chromate pigment in Japan. ANIMAL STUDIES: In groups of 22-34 rats that received intramuscular implantations of various chromium cmpd, the following incidences of implantation-site tumors (type unspecified) were observed after 27 months: strontium chromate, 15/33 (20 alive at one yr); none of 35 control rats given implants of sheep fat alone developed local tumors (30 alive at 1 year). In experiments lasting 27 mo rats gave the following number of tumors at site of intrapleural injection of strontium chromate, 17/28 (nine alive at one yr); none of 34 control rats showed tumors. In other experiment, 15 male, bred, 12-week-old rats were used. A pellet of strontium chromate were inserted into the bronchus of the rats. The rats were sacrificed 9 months after the pellet was inserted. Of the 15 rats, 1 rat had a lesion of squamous cell carcinoma, 7 rats had carcinoma in situ or dysplasia, 8 rats had squamous metaplasia, and 5 rats had goblet cell hyperplasia. Twenty-one chromium containing materials were examined for carcinogenic activity in a two year study using an intrabronchial pellet implantation system whereby pellets loaded with test material were surgically implanted into the lower left bronchus of rats. Two of these were groups receiving different samples of strontium chromate which gave 43/99 and 62/99 tumors. Strontium chromate (0-0.8 ug/plate) was mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 in the presence or absence of a metabolic activation system and at 0.1 ug/mL sister chromatid exchanges were observed in cultured Chinese hamster fibroblasts.

Hexavalent chromium's carcinogenic effects are caused by its metabolites, pentavalent and trivalent chromium. The DNA damage may be caused by hydroxyl radicals produced during reoxidation of pentavalent chromium by hydrogen peroxide molecules present in the cell. Trivalent chromium may also form complexes with peptides, proteins, and DNA, resulting in DNA-protein crosslinks, DNA strand breaks, DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks, chromium-DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. It has been shown to induce carcinogenesis by overstimulating cellular regulatory pathways and increasing peroxide levels by activating certain mitogen-activated protein kinases. It can also cause transcriptional repression by cross-linking histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to CYP1A1 promoter chromatin, inhibiting histone modification. Chromium may increase its own toxicity by modifying metal regulatory transcription factor 1, causing the inhibition of zinc-induced metallothionein transcription. (A12, L16, A34, A35, A36)

Cough. Sore throat. Wheezing.

Redness.

Redness.

Nausea. Vomiting. Abdominal pain. Diarrhoea.

Breathing hexavalent chromium can cause irritation to the lining of the nose, nose ulcers, runny nose, and breathing problems, such as asthma, cough, shortness of breath, or wheezing. Ingestion of hexavalent chromium causes irritation and ulcers in the stomach and small intestine, as well as anemia. Skin contact can cause skin ulcers. (L16)

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Strontium chromate (VdM) (CAS #7789-06-2) was tested for carcinogenicity in Porton Wistar rats (52 females/48 males) exposed for up to 2 years to 2 mg of the test compound in stainless steel mesh pellets surgically implanted in the left inferior bronchiolus. Control rats (25-50/sex/treatment group) received a similar treatment with 2 mg of cholesterol (negative control) or 2 mg of 20-methylcholanthrene (positive control) or calcium chromate (positive control). Treatment with the test compound had no adverse effects with respect to mortality rate, body weights, or incidences of non-lung tumors. The incidence of bronchial carcinomas was increased in treated rats (43%), as compared to the negative control group (0%). The authors concluded that the test compound was a strong carcinogen under these study conditions. Both groups of positive control rats had an increased incidence (25-46%) of bronchial carcinomas.

Strontium chromate (Hercules) (CAS #7789-06-2) was tested for carcinogenicity in Porton Wistar rats (52 females/48 males) exposed for up to 2 years to 2 mg of the test compound in stainless steel mesh pellets surgically implanted in the left inferior bronchiolus. Control rats (25-50/sex/treatment group) received a similar treatment with 2 mg of cholesterol (negative control) or 2 mg of 20-methylcholanthrene (positive control) or calcium chromate (positive control). Treatment with the test compound had no adverse effects with respect to mortality rate, body weights, or incidences of non-lung tumors. The incidence of bronchial carcinomas (62%) was increased in treated rats, as compared to the negative control group (0%). The authors concluded that the test compound was a strong carcinogen under these study conditions. Both groups of positive control rats had an increased incidence (25-46%) of bronchial carcinomas.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... If ingested, violent gastroenteritis, severe circulatory collapse & toxic nephritis may ensue.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Corrosive because of its oxidizing potency.

/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ In 1975, five manufacturers of chromate pigment in Japan were examined in a study of the carcinogenicity of chromates. These companies were producing lead chromate, zinc chromate, molybdate orange and/or strontium chromate. The current study covers a cohort of 666 workers involved in the manufacture of chromate pigment for at least 1 year between 1950 and 1975. The workers were followed up for 15-40 years, until 1989. Many previous reports have found an excess lung cancer risk among workers involved in the manufacture of chromate pigments and chromate chemicals. In the current study, subjects were classified on the basis of years worked, years of observation, characteristics of company, type of work engaged in for the longest period of time, and involvement in the manufacture of zinc chromate. Mortality was compared with that of all Japanese males by means of the person-year method. The route of exposure was primarily inhalation through the respiratory system. None of the results showed statistically significant differences that would suggest an excess risk for malignant neoplasms, particularly lung cancer, among workers engaged in the manufacture of chromate pigment in Japan.

/BIOMONITORING/ A method for risk assessment of occupational exposure to strontium chromate (SrCrO4) in painters employed in the aeronautical industry is described. Assessment was made of 21 male workers of the painting division, potentially exposed to SrCrO4 (exposed), and 20 male workers of the tests and warehouse divisions (controls). All participants completed a questionnaire about work tasks, lifestyle habits, hobbies and diet. Personal active sampling for the determination of Cr and Sr was performed both during paint-spraying and during other operations in the painting division area. On the same day as environmental sampling, urine samples were collected at the beginning and end of the work shift in exposed workers to determine urinary chromium (CrU), and only at the end of the shift in controls. In the second half of the shift, a blood sample was taken in 10 exposed workers and 10 controls, to determine Cr in plasma (CrP) and in red blood cells (CrRBC). During paint-spraying, Cr concentrations ranged between 1.38 and 17.10 ug/cu m, versus 0.02 to 0.07 ug/cu m in the painting division area, while the Sr concentration was 22.90 ug/cu m in the paint-spray booth versus 0.07 ug/cu m in the painting division area. CrU at the end of the work shift, CrP and CrRBC, did not show significant differences between exposed workers and controls. Moreover, in exposed workers there were no differences between CrU measured at the beginning and at the end of the work shift. This approach, consisting of simultaneous environmental and biological monitoring, suggested no absorption of chromium in the painters thanks to the efficacy of the technical, organizational and personal protection measures adopted. However, the evident exposure to high levels of SrCrO4 during paint-spraying highlights how absolutely essential it is to ensure strict compliance with all the preventive measures foreseen by the EU and national regulations for occupational exposure to carcinogens.

D007; A solid waste containing chromium may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Chromium/

... Substances for which a Federal Register notice has been published that included consideration of the serious health effects, including cancer, from ambient air exposure to the substance. Chromium is included on this list. /Chromium/

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Chromium compounds is included on this list. /Chromium compounds/

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 10 lb or 4.54 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV.D.3.b).

Strontium chromate is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Chromium and compounds/

(FL) FLORIDA 4,200 ug/L /Strontium/

(ME) MAINE 4200 ug/L /Strontium/

(ME) MAINE 35 ug/L /Cr VI)

Maximum contaminant level goal for inorganic contaminants: Contaminant: Chromium; MCLG 0.1 mg/L. /Chromium/

EPA 4000 ug/L /Strontium/