Dialifos (ISO)

Acaricides, Insecticides

Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved

Pesticides -> Organophosphate Insecticides

Pesticide (Dialifos) -> USDA PDB

log Kow = 4.69

4.69

White crystalline solid; also reported as oil

COLORLESS

Sol in aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers, esters, ketones

Very soluble in cyclohexanone; slightly soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols

In acetone 760, isophorone 400, chloroform 620, xylene 570, diethyl ether 500, ethanol <10, hexane <10 (all in g/kg at 20 °C)

Soluble in common organic solvents

In water, 0.18 mg/L at 25 °C

153 to 156 °F solid; 144 to 147 °F recrystallized from toluene and hexane (EPA, 1998)

67-69 °C /solid/; 62-64 °C when recrystallized from toluene and hexane

MP: 167-169 °C

68 °C

0.001 mmHg at 95 °F (EPA, 1998)

0.00000006 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure = 133 mPa (35 °C)

6.2X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C

0.000000062 [mm Hg] @25 °C

Dialifor is a white crystalline solid, also reported as a colorless oil, colorless. Used as an insecticide and acaricide (kills beetles, ticks, mites, etc.). (EPA, 1998)

White solid; May also be liquid; [HSDB] Colorless solid; [MSDSonline] Pure: White solid; Isolated technical: Brown solid; Commercial technical: Brown liquid; [INCHEM JMPR]

Danger

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

P262, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P316, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

P262, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P316, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

2002/2076

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

A cholinesterase inhibitor; [Hawley] A mild skin and eye irritant; In an exposure of 120 vineyard workers, symptoms included dizziness, weakness, headache, blurred vision, and tightness in the chest; Most plasma and red cell values were depressed more than 60%. All fully recovered, although 85 received medical attention and three were hospitalized; [HSDB] Some evidence of reproductive effects in feeding study with hamsters; [RTECS] No adverse gross or histopathological observations in three generation oral study with rats; No teratogenic effects observed in two studies with rabbits and one with macaques; No evidence of mutagenicity; No clinical observations of neurotoxicity in study with birds; Mildly irritating to skin and eyes of rabbits; Effects in high-dose feeding studies with rodents include cholinesterase inhibition and some evidence of liver necrosis; No significant effects observed in gross, histopathological, or tumor frequency in long term feeding studies with rats; [INCHEM JMPR] The average of two baseline respective cholinesterase activity determinations three days apart, with no exposures to enzyme inhibiting pesticides for at least 30 days, is recommended for each worker prior to exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors because of large inter-individual differences in published baseline values. To be established at least once a year. Removal from workplace exposures is recommended until the cholinesterase activity returns to within 20% of baseline. [TLVs and BEIs]

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Dialifor is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA, as amended in 1988. Case No: 0010; Pesticide type: insecticide (acaricide); Registration Standard Date: 02/27/85; Case Status: No products containing the pesticide are actively registered ... The case /is characterized/ as "cancelled." Under FIFRA, pesticide producers may voluntarily cancel their registered products. EPA also may cancel pesticide registrations if registrants fail to pay required fees or make/meet certain reregistration commitments, or if EPA reaches findings of unreasonable adverse effects.; Active ingredient (AI): Dialifor; AI Status: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled."

Releases nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and phosphorus oxides when heated. Readily hydrolyzed by concentrated alkali. Avoid alkali. [EPA, 1998]. Organophosphates, such as DIALIFOR, are susceptible to formation of highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas in the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Partial oxidation by oxidizing agents may result in the release of toxic phosphorus oxides.

Dialifos

Severe marine pollutant

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Dialifor is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 100 or 10,000 lbs. Extremely hazardous substances that are solids are subject to either of two threshold planning quantities ... The lower quantity applies only if the solid exists in powdered form and has a particle size less than 100 microns; or is handled in solution or in molten form; or meets the criteria for a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rating of 2, 3 or 4 for reactivity. If the solid does not meet any of these criteria, it is subject to the upper ... threshold planning quantity ... .

Acute Tox. 1 (100%)

Hazardous to the aquatic environment (acute) - category 1

Acute toxicity (Oral) - Category 2

Acute Tox. 2 *

(Non-Specific -- Organophosphorus Pesticide, Solid, n.o.s.) Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Move container from fire area if you can do it without risk. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells = 70% of individual's baseline; Butylcholinesterase activity in serum or plasma = 60% of individual's baseline; Sample at end of shift; [TLVs and BEIs]

This material may not burn but does ignite readily. For small fires, use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. For large fires, use water spray, fog, or foam. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Move container from fire area if you can do it without risk. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter material. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Poisonous gases are produced in fire including nitrogen oxides, phosphorus oxides, and sulfur oxides. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. Containers may explode in fire. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. If employees are expected to fight fires, they must be trained and equipped in OSHA 1910.156.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, nos/

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical. /Organophosphorus pestices, solid, nos/

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until clean-up is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations. If employees are required to clean-up spills, they must be properly trained and equipped. OSHA 1910.120(q) may be applicable.

(Non-Specific -- Organophosphorus Pesticide, Solid, n.o.s.) Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site. Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if you can do it without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Alkaline hydrolysis... . In accordance with 40CFR165 recommendations for the disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. Must be disposed of properly by following package label directions or be contacting your state regional office.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, nos/

Personnel protection: Keep upwind. Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, nos/

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. /Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, nos/

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from burning material. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material. Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. If contact with the material anticipated, wear appropriate protective clothing. /Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, nos/

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

0.45 [mg/m3]

5.0 [mg/m3]

39 [mg/m3]

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)

Wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of skin contact. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. Wear dust-proof chemical goggles and face shield unless full face-piece respiratory protection is worn. Employees should wash immediately with soap when skin is wet or contaminated. Provide emergency showers and eyewash.

Protective clothing, including gloves, should be worn.

LC50 Salmo gairdneri (Rainbow trout) 0.55-1.08 mg/L/24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LD50 (Apis mellifera) Honeybee 0.034-0.038 mg/bee

LD50 Mallard duck oral 940 mg/kg

LC50 Goldfish 1.80-8.30 mg/L/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for DIALIFOR (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 8,500(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 4.69(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that dialifor is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of dialifor from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.8X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 6.2X10-8 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 0.18 mg/L(4). Aqueous hydrolysis half-lives of 1.8 hr at 37.5 °C and pH 7.4, 14 hr at 20 °C and pH 7.4, and 15 days at 20 °C and pH 6.1(5), indicate that hydrolysis may be an important fate process of dialifor in moist soil(SRC); however this process may be attenuated by adsorption. Dialifor is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Biodegradation data for dialifor were not available(SRC, 2007).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Dialifor was reported to have a half-life of 11.9 days at 23.9 °C on foliage in grape fields(1). Dialifor exhibited half-lives of 140 and 150 days when applied to a moist clay loam at pH 6.2, 20 °C, and respective concns of 1 and 0.1 ppm(2).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 8,500(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 4.69(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that dialifor is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.8X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 6.2X10-8 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 0.18 mg/L(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 820(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). However, dialifor undergoes rapid hydrolysis. Aqueous hydrolysis half-lives of 1.8 hr at 37.5 °C and pH 7.4, 14 hr at 20 °C and pH 7.4, and 15 days at 20 °C and pH 6.1(7), indicate that hydrolysis will be the primary fate process of dialifor in water. Biodegradation data for dialifor were not available(SRC, 2007).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), dialifor, which has a vapor pressure of 6.2X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase dialifor is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.5 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.5X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase dialifor may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Dialifor does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(4).

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Human volunteers were given Torak as corn oil soln or gelatin capsules: single daily doses of 0, 10, 0.03 or 0.1 mg/kg or three divided doses totaling 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03 or 0.95 mg/kg/day. Plasma cholinesterase & tributyrinase were inhibited @ 0.05 mg/kg or more, but diethylsuccinase was not inhibited at any dosage.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptomatology: 1. Nausea ... Vomiting, Abdominal Cramps, Diarrhea, Excessive Salivation ... 2. Headache, Giddiness, Vertigo & Weakness. 3. Rhinorrhea & Sensation of Tightness in Chest Are Common in Inhalation Exposure. 4. Blurring or Dimness of Vision, Miosis ... Tearing, Ciliary Muscle Spasm, Loss of Accommodation & Ocular Pain ... Mydriasis ... Sometimes Seen ... Probably Due to Sympatho-adrenal Discharge. 5. Loss of Muscle Coordination, Slurring of Speech, Fasciculations & Twitching of Muscles (Particularly of Tongue & Eyelids), & Generalized Profound Weakness. 6. Mental Confusion, Disorientation & Drowsiness. /Parathion/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptomatology: 7. Difficulty in Breathing, Excessive Secretion of Saliva & of Resp Tract Mucus, Oronasal Frothing, Cyanosis, Pulmonary Rales & Rhonchi & Hypertension, (Presumably Due to Asphyxia). 8. Random Jerky Movements, Incontinence, Convulsions, & Coma. 9. Death Primarily Due to Resp Arrest Arising from Failure of Resp Center, Paralysis of Resp Muscles, Intense Bronchoconstriction or All Three. /Parathion/

/SURVEILLANCE/ Among a crew of 120 grape pickers (110 men and 10 women), 15 became sick one day, 100 additional workers became sick the next day, and three more became sick the 3rd day. Some were only dizzy or mildly weak. Others also had headaches, blurred vision, and tightness in the chest. Most plasma and red cell values were depressed more than 60%. Eighty-five of the workers received medical attention. Most were treated with atropine and some with 2-PAM. Three workers were hospitalized. Recovery was uneventful. The vineyard had been treated with dialifos and a less toxic compound, phosalone. On the basis of measurements made soon after the illnesses, it was concluded that the leaf residues of dialifos and of its oxon that caused poisoning were 100 and 2 ppm, respectively. Because of some evidence that the insecticide had been applied recently and in view of the relatively small proportion of oxon in the residues, this may have been an example of simple reentry poisoning.

An estimated BCF of 820 was calculated for dialifor(SRC), using a log Kow of 4.69(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC), but dialifor's rapid hydrolysis(4) probably prevents bioconcentration, especially under basic conditions(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for dialifor is estimated as 1.8X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 6.2X10-8 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 0.18 mg/L(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that dialifor is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Dialifor's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Dialifor is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ LD50 values were determined /in/ ...adult male and female Sherman rats. ... /When/ tested by the oral route ... dialifor /was/ ... more toxic to females than to males ...

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ Dialifos is a phthalimide derivative and hence an analog of thalidomide. It was in-this context that the possible teratogenic effect of dialifos was studied in hamsters. However, the relevance of the study is obscure because most investigations, including the one under discussion, have found that thalidomide is not teratogenic in this species. Be that as it may, dialifos was administered by stomach tube on day 7 or 8 or repeatedly on days 6 to 8 or 6 to 10 at total dosages ranging from 100 to 500 mg/kg. The LD50 for dams receiving single doses was 200 mg/kg. Mortality among the fetuses of surviving dams ranged from 20 to 100%, and the average weight of the fetuses ranged from 0.5 to 1.8 g at different dosage levels, compared to 2.3 g in the controls. In different groups, anomalies were found in 0 to 100% of the young, some of which were already dead when they were removed from the uteri; this effect corresponded poorly with dosage. There were five instances of limb defects, five instances of short or curved tail, one umbilical hernia and one ectopic heart.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Acute toxicosis (most common occurrence) is due to irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (ACH-E) wherever acetylcholine (ACH) functions as transmitter substance. ... lethal amt of organophosphates cause death by combination of effects of muscarinic, nicotinic, & central cholinergic overstimulation &/or receptor paralysis. ... hypotension, bradycardia, bronchoconstriction & bronchial fluid accum, inability of tonically rigid (or flaccid-paralytic) resp muscles to work properly, cyanosis, & central resp depression are manifested. Animal dies of asphyxia. /Organophosphate Pesticides/

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Lethal amounts of organophosphates cause death by combination of effects of muscarinic, nicotinic, and central cholinergic overstimulation and/or receptor paralysis/ Organophosphate Pesticides/

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of dialifor with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.5X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2.5 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). At room temperature and pH 8, dialifor is hydrolyzed 50 percent in 2.5 hours(2). Aqueous hydrolysis half-lives at pH 7.4 were experimentally determined to be 1.8 and 14 hr at 37.5 and 20 °C, respectively(3). At pH 6.1 and 20 °C the half-life of dialifor in water was determined to be 15 days(3). Dialifor does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(4).

Occupational exposure and general population exposure should be low or non-existent since dialifor is no longer produced or used in the US (Spring, 1998). In the past, dialifor was applied directly to various crops as an insecticide and acaricide and exposure to this compound was primarily by inhalation and dermal contact in the field where it was applied. (SRC)

Workers were exposed to approximately 5.6-9.87 ppm dialifor in dislodgeable residues from foliage of 3 grape fields in Madera, CA on September 28, 1976(1).

IN VINEYARD TREATED WITH DIALIFOR @ 2.2 KG/ACRE IN 113.5 L OF WATER, INITIAL DISLODGEABLE RESIDUES WERE AS HIGH AS 2.3 MUG/SQ CM. AT LEAST 65 DAYS ARE REQUIRED BEFORE A POSSIBLY SAFE LEVEL OF LESS THAN O.66 MUG/SQ CM IS REACHED. A REPORT WAS MADE TO THE CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ON SEPTEMBER 8-10, 1976 THAT 118 OF 120 FIELD WORKERS HAD BECOME ILL HARVESTING GRAPES IN VINEYARD, WHICH HAD BEEN TREATED WITH TORAK AND ZOLONE.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Dialifor is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA, as amended in 1988. Case No: 0010; Pesticide type: insecticide (acaricide); Registration Standard Date: 02/27/85; Case Status: No products containing the pesticide are actively registered ... The case /is characterized/ as "cancelled." Under FIFRA, pesticide producers may voluntarily cancel their registered products. EPA also may cancel pesticide registrations if registrants fail to pay required fees or make/meet certain reregistration commitments, or if EPA reaches findings of unreasonable adverse effects.; Active ingredient (AI): Dialifor; AI Status: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled."

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Dialifor is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 100 or 10,000 lbs. Extremely hazardous substances that are solids are subject to either of two threshold planning quantities ... The lower quantity applies only if the solid exists in powdered form and has a particle size less than 100 microns; or is handled in solution or in molten form; or meets the criteria for a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rating of 2, 3 or 4 for reactivity. If the solid does not meet any of these criteria, it is subject to the upper ... threshold planning quantity ... .

OPs /including dialifor/ exert their neurotoxicity by binding to and phosphorylating the enzyme acetylcholinesterase in both the central (brain) and peripheral nervous systems... .. There are laboratory animal data on OPs for cholinesterase activity in plasma, red blood cell (RBC) and brain, as well as behavioral or functional neurological effects in submitted guideline studies. Measures of acetylcholinesterase inhibition in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are very limited for the OP pesticides. As a matter of /EPA/ science policy, blood cholinesterase data (plasma and RBC) are considered appropriate surrogate measures of potential effects on PNS acetylcholinesterase activity and of potential effects on the central nervous system (CNS) when brain cholinesterase data are lacking...

Torak ... was almost completely metabolized when admin to dairy cow in feed (5 ppm) for 4 days. 3% of unchanged ... recovered from feces. ... urinary diethyl phosphorothionate accounted for 33% of the dose; only traces of diethyl phosphate were detected. Incubation ... with beef-liver prepn ... yielded diethyl phosphorothionate ... .

... /Torak/ was unchanged after 8 hr in presence of fresh rumen fluid ... .

First metabolic step is ... oxidation to the thiophosphate.

Torak ... was almost completely metabolized when admin to dairy cow in feed (5 ppm) for 4 days. 3% of unchanged /Torak/ recovered from feces, but none was found in urine or milk. /Torak/

In mammals, following oral administration, dialifos is rapidly eliminated, principally in the urine, as the o-phthalic acid salt.

Used as acaricide and insecticide for fruits, nuts, potatoes, vegetables, cotton, and other crops; [HSDB]

Cancelled--no longer registered as a pesticide for use in the US; [HSDB]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For dialifor (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 102501) there are 0 label matches. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled."

/DIALIFOS/ IS A NON-SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDE AND ACARICIDE EFFECTIVE IN CONTROLLING MANY INSECTS AND MITES ON APPLES, CITRUS, GRAPES, NUT TREES, OILSEED RAPE, POTATOES AND VEGETABLES

'TORAK'; EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE (240 AND 480 G TECHNICAL PRODUCT/L).

Dialifos is available in formulations of 24-72% emulsifiable concentrate.