NICKEL SULFIDE (Ni3S2)

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest.

Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rest. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with 5% acetic acid, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 5% acetic acid to pick up any remaining material. Your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with 5% acetic acid followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": HEPA (high-efficiency particulate arrestor) filters ... can be disposed of by incineration. For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed material can be stripped off at high temp & carcinogenic wastes generated by this treatment conducted to & burned in an incinerator. ... LIQUID WASTE: ... Disposal should be carried out by incineration at temp that ... ensure complete combustion. SOLID WASTE: Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes ... should be disposed of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or their metabolites. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for TRINICKEL DISULFIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Stringent requirements for warning labels and signs ... employee instruction, work practices, sanitation, environmental monitoring, and record keeping are recommended ... where employees are exposed to nickel cmpd. /Nickel & compounds/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... clothing should be changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/ workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... operations connected with synth & purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for TRINICKEL DISULFIDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... CONCURRENT ADMIN OF MANGANESE DUST DECREASES /MUSCLE/ TUMORIGENESIS INDUCED BY IM INJECTION OF TRINICKEL DISULFIDE IN FISCHER RATS ...

IN SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS ... 10 MG TRINICKEL DISULFIDE ALONE WAS ADMIN TO ONE GROUP OF 15 FEMALE RATS, 10 MG MG TRINICKEL DISULFIDE WAS INJECTED IM, FOLLOWED BY CHRONIC DAILY SC INJECTIONS OF 0.5 MG METHANDROSTENOLONE IN SALINE. AFTER 217 DAYS SARCOMAS HAD DEVELOPED AT THE SITE OF NI3S2 INJECTION IN 5/15 OF THE RATS THAT HAD RECEIVED NI3S2 ONLY & IN 10/10 OF OF THE RATS THAT HAD RECEIVED NI3S2 PLUS STEROID.

The incidence of muscle neoplasm (mainly rhabdomyosarcomas and fibrosarcomas) in rats after iv injection of trinickel disulfide (Ni3S2) plus basic magnesium carbonate was lower than after iv injection of Ni3S2 alone or plus calcium carbonate or iv injection of trinickel trisulfide plus oral administration or sc injection of calcium acetate, magnesium acetate, or sodium acetate. Both calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate was removed from the site of iv injection within a few days. The protective effect of magnesium carbonate (im) is caused by locally elevated magnesium concn during the short initiation period of latency after the iv injection of Ni3S2.

Mixed exposure to a variety of metal compounds may increase the risk of adverse health effects. In some populations exposed to complex mixtures, increased incidence rates of cancer have been detected in epidemiologic studies. In certain nonferrous metal smelters, arsenic exposure occurs in combinaton with a number of other metals, sulfur oxides, and organic carcinogens. Epidemiological evidence indicates a positive interaction between arsenic exposure and cigarette smoking and lung cancer incidence. Studies of metal interaction in benzo(a)pyrene carcinogenesis are discussed. Laboratory animals treated with benzo(a)pyrene plus iron(III) oxide, nickel sulfide, lead oxide, magnesium oxide, or titanium oxide have shown a synergistic effect in relation to lung carcinogenesis. Oil combustion particles containing nickel and vanadium were not carcinogenic themselves but enhanced the carcinogenic activity benzo(a)pyrene in benzo(a)pyrene treated animals. Many studies show that selenium possesses anticarcinogenic activity. Zinc can inhibit or potentiate carcinogenic activity, depending on its concentration. Dietary zinc at 40 to 640 micrograms per day enhances transplanted tumor growth in experimental animals, while zinc deficiency inhibits tumor growth. Zinc has also been shown to antagonize the potentiating effects of cadmium on prostatic cancer in workers exposed to high cadmium concentrations.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for TRINICKEL DISULFIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The most common harmful health effect of nickel in humans is an allergic reaction. This usually manifests as a skin rash, although some people experience asthma attacks. Long term inhahation of nickel causes chronic bronchitis and reduced lung function, as well as damage to the naval cavity. Ingestion of excess nickel results in damage to the stomach, blood, liver, kidneys, and immune system, as well as having adverse effects on reproduction and development. (L41)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol.

Inhalation (L41) ; oral (L41) ; dermal (L41)

... Respiratory absorption with secondary gastrointestinal absorption of nickel (insoluble & soluble cmpd) is the major route of entry during occupational exposure. A significant quantity of inhaled material is swallowed following mucocillary clearance from the respiratory tract. Poor personal hygiene & work practices can contribute to gastrointestinal exposure. Percutaneous absorption is negligible, quantitatively, but is important in the pathogenesis of contact hypersensitivity. Absorption is related to the solubility of the cmpd, following the general relationships nickel carbonyl> soluble nickel cmpd> insoluble nickel cmpd. ... Long term inhalation exposure to ... nickel subsulfide caused mucosal damage & infalmmatory reaction in the respiratory tract in rats, mice & guinea pigs. ... Pulmonary fibrosis was seen in rats exposed to nickel subsulfide. In an inhalation study, nickel subsulfide induced benign & malignant pulmonary tumors in rats. ... Nickel subsulfide ... induced local mesenchymal tumors in a variety of experimental animals after im, sc, ip, intrapleural, intraocular, introsseous, intrarenal, intra-articular, intratesticular or intra-adipose admin. ... Nickel subsulfide has been shown convincingly to cause cancer after inhalation exposure. ... The number of adequate inhalation studies is very small. In studies using repeated intratracheal instillation, ... nickel subsulfide caused pulmonary tumors. ... Very high risks of lung & nasal cancer have been reported in nickel refinery workers employed in the high temperature roasting of sulfide ores, involving substantial exposure to nickel subsulfide, oxide & ... sulfate. Similar risks have been reported in processes involving exposure to soluble nickel (electrolysis, copper sulfate extraction & hydrometallurgy) often combined with some nickel oxide exposure, but with low nickel subsulfide exposure. ... Refinery dust some times contains a substantial proportion of nickel sulfate in addition to nickel sulfide. This raises the possibility that the very high cancer risk observed in workers employed in the high temperature oxidation of nickel subsulfide may be partly due to soluble nickel. In refinery areas where cancer risks were high, exposure to nickel subsulfide almost always occurred together with exposure to the oxide & ... sulfate. ... It is difficult to demonstrate from epidemiological data alone, that nickel subsulfide is carcinogenic. ...

Nickel is known to substitute for other essential elements in certain enzmes, such as calcineurin. It is genotoxic, and some nickel compounds have been shown to promote cell proliferation. Nickel has a high affinity for chromatin proteins, particularly histones and protamines. The complexing of nickel ions with heterochromatin results in a number of alterations including condensation, DNA hypermethylation, gene silencing, and inhibition of histone acetylation, which have been shown to disturb gene expression. Nickel has also been shown to alter several transcription factors, including hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, activating transcription factor, and NF-KB transcription factor. There is also evidence that nickel ions inhibit DNA repair, either by directly inhibiting DNA repair enzymes or competing with zinc ions for binding to zinc-finger DNA binding proteins, resulting in structural changes in DNA that prevent repair enzymes from binding. Nickel ions can also complex with a number of cellular ligands including amino acids, peptides, and proteins resulting in the generation of oxygen radicals, which induce base damage, DNA strand breaks, and DNA protein crosslinks. (L41, A40)

Cough. Sore throat.

Symptoms of nickel poisoning include headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, irritability, and difficulty sleeping, followed by chest pains, sweating, rapid heart beat, and a dry cough. (L42)

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=12035-72-2]

Nickel subsulfide

Respiratory

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Trinickel disulfide is included on this list.

(CA) CALIFORNIA 100 ug/L /Nickel/

(CT) CONNECTICUT 100 ug/l /Nickel/

(DE) DELAWARE 100 ug/l /Arsenic/

(FL) FLORIDA 100 ug/L /Nickel/

(WI) WISCONSIN 100 ug/L /Nickel/

(AZ) ARIZONA 150 ug/l /Nickel/

(MA) MASSACHUSETTS 100 ug/l /Nickel/

(ME) MAINE 140 ug/l /Nickel/

(MN) MINNESOTA 100 ug/l /Nickel/

Used in lithium primary batteries; [HSDB] Formed in smelting and refining of nickel ores and may be formed when nickel catalysts are used in petroleum refining; [ACGIH]

Battery Manufacturing [Category: Industry]

In lithium primary batteries

2023: 10,000,000 - <25,000,000 lb

(1972) NOT PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN USA

(1975) NOT PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN USA

DIRECT FUSION OF NICKEL WITH SULFUR

... SEPARATED FROM CRUSHED & GROUND ORE BY MAGNETIC SEPARATION & DIFFERENTIAL FLOTATION ... THEN SMELTED ... LEAVING COARSE MASS OF COPPER & NICKEL SULFIDES KNOWN AS BESSEMER MATTE. ... OR FORD PROCESS CONSISTS OF REMOVAL OF COPPER BY FUSING WITH NA2SO4; & NAHSO4; ON COOLING 2 LAYERS ARE FORMED ... LOWER CONTAINS ... NICKEL.

Services

Nickel sulfide (Ni3S2): ACTIVE