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Sodium Bromide
NaBr · BROMIDE · Natriumbromid · SODIUM BROMID · BROMIDE STANDARD · Sodium bromide (NaBr) · sodium bromide solution · Hydrobromic acid sodium salt
Identifikatoren & physikalische Daten
| CAS No. | 7647-15-6 |
|---|---|
| Summenformel | BrNa |
| Durchschnittliche Molmasse | 102,89 g/mol |
| Monoisotopische Masse | 101,90810638 g/mol |
| SMILES | [Br-].[Na+] |
| InChIKey | JHJLBTNAGRQEKS-UHFFFAOYSA-M |
| PubChem CID | 253881 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1644694 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:63004 |
| EC No. | 231-599-9 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID3034903 |
| Lokaler Name | Natriumbromid |
Chemische & physikalische Eigenschaften
| Polarare Oberfläche (TPSA) | 0 |
|---|---|
| H-Brücken-Donoren | 0 |
| H-Brücken-Akzeptoren | 1 |
| Frei drehbare Bindungen | 0 |
| Schwere Atome | 2 |
| Formalladung | 0 |
| Komplexität | 2 |
| Stoffklassen | Other Classes -> Halogens, Inorganic Compounds |
| pH | pH = 6.5-8.05.74 (430g/l, H2O, 22.5℃) |
| SpringerMaterials Properties | dielectric constant |
| Geschmack | Saline, feebly bitter taste |
| Dichte | 3.213.21 @25 °C3,203 g/cm3 |
| Color/Form | White crystals, granules, or powderWhite, cubic crystals |
| Löslichkeit | Moderately soluble in alcohol1 g dissolves in 1.1 mL water, about 16 mL alcohol, 6 mL methanolIn water, 94.6 g/100 g water at 25 °CH2O: 1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless905 g/L (20 ºC) |
| Endocrine Disruptors | Potential endocrine disrupting compound |
| Siedepunkt | 1390 °C1390 °C @760 [mm Hg] |
| Decomposition | When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /bromine and sodium oxide/. |
| Schmelzpunkt | 755 °C747 °C755 °C (lit.) |
| Food Contact Substances | FCS -> FDA Inventory of Food Contact Substances Listed in 21 CFR |
| Dampfdruck | 1 mm Hg ( 806 °C) |
| Brechungsindex | 1.6412 |
| Flammpunkt | 1390°C |
| Lagerbedingungen | Store at room temperature. |
| Aggregatzustand | Powder |
| Wichte | 3.21 |
| Farbe | White |
| Spezifische Wärmekapazität | Cp(crystal): 0.5 J/(g·K)Cp(gas): 0.35 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Merck | 14,8594 |
| BRN | 3587179 |
| Dielektrizitätskonstante | 6.3399999999999999 |
| Stabilität | Stable. Incompatible with strong acids. Hygroscopic. |
| InChI | 1S/BrH.Na/h1H/q+1/p-1 |
| InChIKey | JHJLBTNAGRQEKS-UHFFFAOYSA-M |
| SMILES | [Na+].[Br-] |
| LogP (Verteilungskoeffizient) | 0 at 25℃ |
| CAS Datenbank | 7647-15-6(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NIST chemische Informationen | Sodium bromide(7647-15-6) |
| EPA chemische Informationen | Sodium bromide (7647-15-6) |
Sicherheit & Vorschriften
| GHS-Einstufung | This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 22.6% (188 of 831) of reports.DangerH319 (11%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]P203, P261, P264+P265, P271, P280, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P337+P317, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 831 reports by companies from 17 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies. |
|---|---|
| Regulatorische Informationen | Chemical: Sodium bromide (NaBr)Sodium bromide (NaBr) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Sodium bromide (NaBr) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 12-05-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15213Sodium bromide: Non hazardous |
| Weitere Sicherheitsinformationen | IMAP assessments - Sodium bromide (NaBr): Environment tier I assessment |
| Brandpotenzial | Non-flammable |
| Gefahrenübersicht | A very mild eye irritant, based on animal studies[CHEMINFO] Mild eye and skin irritantBromine salts are CNS depressants at doses of 1 to 2 grams per day[Reference #1] May cause irritation[MSDSonline] See Bromine. |
| Special Reports | European Commission, ESISIUCLID Dataset, Sodium bromide (7647-15-6) (2000 CD-ROM edition) contains information on use, toxicology, and environmental effects of this chemical as supplied to the European Union by industry.[Available from, as of June 1, 2010: http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/]USEPA/Office of Pesticide ProgramsReregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Inorganic Halides. The RED summarizes the risk assessment conclusions and outlines any risk reduction measures necessary for the pesticide to continue to be registered in the U.S.[Available from, as of July 12, 2010: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm] |
| FIFRA-Anforderungen | Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. ... (c) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Food-processing equipment and utensils. Sodium bromide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the end-use concentration of all bromide-producing chemicals in the solution is not to exceed 200 ppm total available halogen.The Agency has determined that sodium bromide ... products, labeled and used as specified in this Reregistration Eligibility Decision document, will not pose unreasonable risks or adverse effects to humans or the environment. Although the Agency has found that all uses of sodium bromide ... are eligible for reregistration, it should be understood that the Agency may take appropriate regulatory action, and/or require the submission of additional data to support the registration of products containing sodium bromide ... if new information comes to the Agency's attention of if the data requirements for regulation (or the guidelines for generation such data) change.As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk in accordance to newer saftey standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List C, and with List C containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List D. Sodium bromide is found on List D. Case No: 4051Pesticide type: insecticide (molluscicide), fungicide, herbicide, antimicrobialCase Status: RED Approved 09/93OPP has made a decision that some/all uses of the pesticide are eligible for reregistration, as reflected in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document .Active ingredient (AI): sodium bromideAI Status: OPP has completed a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for the case/AI. |
| Hazard Classes and Categories | Eye Irrit. 2 (11%) |
| Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities | Incompatible with acids, alkaloidal and heavy metal salts.The following salts are rapidly attacked by bromine trifluoride: ... sodium bromide ... |
| CSL Reaction Information | CSL00049BROMINE + SULFURIC ACID + SODIUM BROMIDEWarning- Incorrect concentrations of sodium bromide with concentrated sulfuric acid can cause bromine gas to be releasedCorrosive,ToxicCSL00040 Bromination BROMINEUser-Reported |
| Entsorgungsverfahren | SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air qualitypotential migration in soil or watereffects on animal and plant lifeand conformance with environmental and public health regulations. |
| Allowable Tolerances | Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. ... (c) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Food-processing equipment and utensils. Sodium bromide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the end-use concentration of all bromide-producing chemicals in the solution is not to exceed 200 ppm total available halogen. |
| Protective Action Criteria (PAC) | 13 [mg/m3]140 [mg/m3]830 [mg/m3] |
| Treatment | EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration. |
| Wechselwirkungen | Four chick bioassays were conducted to quantify iodine (I) toxicity and its amelioration in young chicks. A supplemental I level from KI of 600 mg/kg depressed growth in chicks fed methionine-deficient diets but not in those fed methionine-adequate diets. An I dose level > or = 900 mg/kg was required to cause growth depression in chicks fed a methionine-adequate corn-soybean meal diet. Iodine intoxicated chicks also displayed neurological symptoms and extreme malaise, but dose levels up to 1200 mg I/kg had no effect on blood hemoglobin or hematocrit. Supplemental I levels of 1000-1500 mg/kg caused severe growth depressions that could be totally reversed by dietary addition of 50 or 100 mg/kg bromine provided as NaBr. Nuclear accidents or terrorist actions that result in I toxicity and thyroid cancer or goiter may benefit from use of NaBr as a therapeutic agent.Bromide half-life in rats ingesting 0.02-0.15 mole/L NaCl varied from 2.5 days during high NaCl intake, to 25 days during low NaCl intake. |
| Gesundheitliche Auswirkungen | Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Elemental bromine also burns the skin. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant and chronic exposure produces neuronal effects. This is called bromism and can result in central reactions reaching from somnolence to coma, cachexia, exicosis, loss of reflexes or pathologic reflexes, clonic seizures, tremor, ataxia, loss of neural sensitivity, paresis, papillar edema of the eyes, abnormal speech, cerebral edema, delirium, aggressiveness, and psychoses. (L625, L626, L627) |
| Ökotoxizitätswerte | LD50 Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) oral > 5633 mg/kg Sodium bromide 99.23%, 8 dayLD50 Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) oral > 2150 mg/kg Sodium bromide 97%, 21 dayLD50 Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail) oral > 5633 mg/kg Sodium bromide 99.23% 8 dayLD50 Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail) oral > 2250 mg/kg Sodium bromide 99.23% 14 dayFor more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Sodium bromide (30 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Unerwünschte Wirkungen | Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin |
| Expositionspfade | Oral (L626)inhalation (L626)dermal (L626) |
| Toxizitätsübersicht | Bromine is a powerful oxidizing agent and is able to release oxygen free radicals from the water in mucous membranes. These free radicals are also potent oxidizers and produce tissue damage. In additon, the formation of hydrobromic and bromic acids will result in secondary irritation. The bromide ion is also known to affect the central nervous system, causing bromism. This is believed to be a result of bromide ions substituting for chloride ions in the in actions of neurotransmitters and transport systems, thus affecting numerous synaptic processes. (L626, L627, A543) |
| Ökotoxizitätsauszüge | /BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Groups of /Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus)/ received sodium bromide at dietary concentrations of 563, 1002, 1784, 3167, and 5633 ppm for 4 days, followed by untreated feed for three days. Another group served as control. Signs of toxicity typical of intoxication with sodium bromide were seen at 3167 ppm and above and included slight to severe ataxia (increasing with external stimuli), wing droop, lethargy, ventral head curl, and loss of righting reflex. Few birds displayed signs of toxicity on day 8 of the study. There were no mortalities, and there was no effect on body weight or feed consumption when compared with controls./BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Groups of /Mallard ducks (Anas platyrhyncas)/ received sodium bromide at dietary concentrations of 563, 1002, 1784, 3167, and 5633 ppm for 4 days, followed by untreated feed for three days. Another group served as control. Signs of toxicity typical of intoxication with sodium bromide were seen at 3167 ppm and above and included slight to severe ataxia (increasing with external stimuli), wing droop, lethargy, ventral head curl, and loss of righting reflex. Few birds displayed signs of toxicity on day 8 of the study. There were no mortalities, and there was no effect on body weight or feed consumption when compared with controls./AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... The 24-hr median lethal concentration (LC50) values for these biocides with respect to 24-, 48-, and 72-hr-old Artemia, determined by static bioassays, showed the following rank order of toxicity /for 3 biocides used in disinfection of cooling towers/: tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride (THPC) < trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCIC) < and sodium bromide (NaBr). An age-dependent increase in sensitivity was seen for each compound. All three biocides reduced the phototactic response of 24-hr-old Artemia larvae in 24-hr static bioassaysthe median inhibitory concentration ratios obtained were 30 to 40 times lower than their respective 24-hr LC50 values .../AQUATIC SPECIES/ The toxicity of sodium bromide for freshwater organisms was tested using algae (Scenedesmus pannonicus), crustaceans (Daphnia magna) and fish (Poecilia reticulata and Oryzias latipes). Depending on the species tested, the acute toxicity varied from 44 to 5800 mg Br-/L (EC50 values) and the No Observed Effect Concentrations (NOEC values) in the long-term tests varied from 7.8 to 250 mg Br-/L. Bromide ion markedly impaired reproduction in both crustaceans and fish. Histologically no effects were observed in the long-term test with Oryzias, but in the reproduction test with Poecilia, hyperplasia of the thyroid, atrophy and degeneration of the musculature and regressive changes in the female reproductive tract were observed. As a criterion of water quality, 1 mg Br-/L has been proposed, on the basis of reproductive performance in the Poecilia test. The concentrations found in surface water frequently exceed this value and sometimes reach levels at which acute effects on water organisms can be expected.For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Sodium bromide (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Signs and Symptoms | Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Symptoms include lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, eye irritation with mucous secretions from the oropharyngeal and upper airways, coughing, dyspnoea, choking, wheezing, epistaxis, and headache. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant producing ataxia, slurred speech, tremor, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, dizziness, visual disturbances, unsteadiness, headaches, impaired memory and concentration, disorientation and hallucinations. This is called bromism. (L626, L627) |
| Natural Pollution Sources | /Sodium bromide/ occurs naturally in some salt deposits. |
| Human Toxicity Excerpts | /HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A total of 0, 4 and 9 mg/kg bw sodium bromide was administered orally to 45 healthy female volunteers. The experiment lasted for six menstrual cycles: only during the first three cycles was bromide administeredat the start, at the end of the administration period and at the end of the experiment a physical examination and hematological and routine clinical chemistry tests were performed. Except for nausea in relation to the intake of bromide, no adverse effects were observed. The bromide concentration in plasma rose to 3.22 +/- 0.93 mmol/kg in the 4 mg/kg group and to 7.99 +/- 1.89 in the 9 mg/kg group by the end of the administration period. Before and at the end of the experiment the thyroid hormones (T4, FT4, TBG, T3 and TSH) were analyzed. No significant differences were observed between the groups. Before, after three menstrual cycles and at the end of the experiment an EEG with a Visual Evoked Response was recorded. At the 4 and 9 mg/kg dose level in the alpha 1-band and the beta-bands significant changes were found (P < 0.1 and P < 0.05, respectively). The Visual Evoked Response showed no significant differences between the three groups. From this experiment and previous experiments a no-effect level in humans for sodium bromide of 4 mg/kg bw is proposed./HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Bromide, 1 mg/kg daily, was administered to 21 healthy volunteers (11 females not using oral contraceptives and not pregnant and 10 males, during 8 weeks or 2 full cycles to determine whether ingestion of a dose equal to the acceptable daily intake might induce effects. Special attention was paid to the endocrine system because endocrine changes were predominant in rats receiving sodium bromide (NaBr) in their diets. There was no difference between the results of a full medical history and physical examination at the start and at the end of the experiment. The results from the measured hematological, biochemical and urine analyses did not change during the experiment. In females the plasma bromide concentration rose from 0.08 +/- 0.01 mmol/L to 0.97 +/- 0.18 mmol/L and in males from 0.08 +/- 0.01 mmol /L to 0.83 +/- 0.09 mmol/L (mean +/- sd). No changes were observed in the serum concentrations of thyroxine, free thyroxine, thyroxin binding globulin, triiodothyronine, cortisol, testosterone, estradiol and progesterone. Also no changes were observed in the serum concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) before and after the administration of thyroid stimulating hormone releasing hormone (TRH) and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH)./HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Bromide excretion in the sweat after oral administration of sodium bromide was determined in 25 children with chronic and/or recurrent inflammations of the upper respiratory tract and/or dyspepsia. The results were compared with those involving the determination of serum bromide and sweat chloride levels. Increased bromide excretion in the sweat was observed in two children with mucoviscidosis ... The determination of sweat bromide concentration /was proposed/ for the differential diagnosis of mucoviscidosis./HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Bromide (as sodium bromide) was administered to 21 healthy volunteers (11 females not using oral contraceptives and not pregnant and 10 males) for 8 weeks or 2 full cycles. Special attention was paid to the endocrine system. There was no difference between the results of a full medical history and physical examination and the measured hematological, biochemical, and urine analyses at the start and at the end of the study. Plasma bromide concentration was raised from 0.08 +/- 0.01 mmol/L to 0.97 +/- 0.18 mmol/L in females and from 0.08 +/- 0.01 mmol/L to 0.83 +/- 0.09 mmol/L in males. No changes were observed in the serum concentrations of thyroxine, free thyroxine, thyroxine binding globulin, triiodothryonine, cortisol, testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, TSH, prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) before and after the administration of thyroid stimulating homrone releasing hormone (TRH) and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH).For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Sodium bromide (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Carcinogen Classification | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
| F | 3 |
| Wassergefährdungsklasse (WGK) | 1 |
| TSCA-Inventar-Status | TSCA listed |
| Zollcode | 28275100 |
| RTECS-Nr. | VZ3150000 |
| R-Sätze (R) | 36/37/38 |
| Toxizität | LD50 orally in rats: 3.5 g/kg (Smith, Hambourger) |
| Gefahrensymbole | Xi |
| Sicherheitshinweise (S) | 24/25-25-36-26-22 |
| Lagerklasse | 13 - Non Combustible Solids |
| Gefahrstoffdaten | 7647-15-6(Hazardous Substances Data) |
| Gefahrenklasse | Repr. 2STOT RE 2STOT SE 3 |
Anwendungen & Verwendung
Occurrence
Sodium bromide occurs in seawater at an average concentration of 0.008%. It also is found naturally in some salt deposits. It is used in photography for preparing light-sensitive silver bromide emulsions. The salt also is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent for water treatement in swimming pools, health spas, and hot tubs. Other uses are as a catalyst for partial oxidation of hydrocarbons, for increasing density of aqueous drillng fluids for oil wells, as an electrolyte component in sodium-halogen batteries, as a brominating agent in organic synthesis, in preparing bromide salts, and as a laboratory reagent. Sodium bromide is used in medicine as a sedative and hypnotic.
Verwenden
Sodium Bromide is a high-tonnage chemical and one of the most important of the bromide salts (NaBr2). High-purity grades are required in the formulation of silver bromide emulsions for photography. The compound, usually in combination with hypochlorites, is used as a bleach, notably for cellulosics. The production of sodium bromide simply involves the neutralization of HBr with NaOH or with sodium carbonate or bicarbonate.
Herstellung & Synthese
synthetische
Sodium bromide can be prepared by several methods. Pure salt can be made by neutralizing sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate with hydrobromic acid. The solution is evaporated for crystallization:NaOH + HBr → NaBr + H2O NaCO3 + HBr → NaBr + CO2 + H2OSodium bromide can be made by passing bromine through an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide or carbonate in the presence of a reducing agent, such as ammonia, hydrazine, activated charcoal, or Fe2+ ion. A typical method involves adding iron to bromine water to form ferrosoferric bromide, Fe[FeBr5]. This double salt is dissolved in excess water followed by addition of sodium carbonate. The product mixture is filtered and the filtrate is evaporated to crystallize sodium bromide. The overall reaction may be written as follows: 3Fe + 4Br2 + 4Na2CO3 → 8NaBr + FeCO3 + Fe2(CO3)3Another method involves adding excess bromine to a solution of sodium hydroxide. This forms sodium bromide and bromate. The product solution is evapoated to dryness. The bromate is reduced to bromide by heating with carbon: 3Br2 + 2NaOH + H2O → NaBr + NaBrO3 + 4HBr.