Kaliumhydroxyoctaoxodizincatdichromat(1-)

Fire Extinguishing Agents: Water (USCG, 1999)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Put clothes in sealable container. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

Extinguishant: Dry sand, dry dolomite, or dry graphite. /Basic potassium zinc chromate/

/When fire fighting wear/ self-contained breathing apparatus, with a full facepiece, operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. /Chromic acid & chromates/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Cr(VI) cmpd in waste sludge are completely removed by redn by carbon at 600 °C. /Chromium VI/

Persons not wearing protective equipment and clothing should be restricted from areas of spills until cleanup has been completed. If chromic acid or chromates are spilled, the following steps should be taken: 1. Ventilate area of spill. 2. Collect spilled material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers for reclamation or for disposal in a secured sanitary landfill. Liquid containing chromic acid or chromates should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material. /Chromic acid and chromates/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with 5% acetic acid, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 5% acetic acid to pick up any remaining material. Your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with 5% acetic acid followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D007, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Chromium/

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for chromium: Concentration process: Biological Treatment. /Chromium/

The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for chromium: Concentration process: Chemical Precipitation. /Chromium/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for ZINC POTASSIUM CHROMATE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents. Vacuum spilled material with specialist equipment. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Store and dispose of according to local regulations.

The most radical measure to be taken ... is the rationalization of the production process: replacement of batch processes by continuous ones, automation, remote control, choice of processes offering conditions of good occupational hygiene, mechanization of manual tasks and transport of the products in tightly closed vessels, and gas-tight enclosure of plant. Sources of release of gases into the air must be enclosed and equipped with exhaust systems. Air containing toxic substances must be cleaned ... . ... Piping and ventilation ductwork ... /should/ resist oxidizers. ... When production is associated with the spread of dust, it is particularly important to use water sprays for dust control. /Oxidizing substances/

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner such that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. /Chromic acid and cromates/

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced. /Chromic acid and cromates; Chromium(II) compounds (as Cr); Chromium(III) compounds/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for ZINC POTASSIUM CHROMATE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Chronic exposure to zinc causes anemia, atazia, lethargy, and decreases the level of good cholesterol in the body. It is also believed to cause pancreatic and reproductive damage. Hexavalent chromium is a known carcinogen. Chronic inhalation especially has been linked to lung cancer. Hexavalent chromium has also been know to cause reproductive and developmental defects. (A12, L49)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

Inhalation (L49) ; oral (L49) ; dermal (L49)

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Zinc potassium chromate is a green-to-yellow powder. Zinc chromates are employed primarily in priming paints used for metals, for which they provide resistance against corrosion. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: A small cohort of Norwegian male workers /were studied/ from a company which produced zinc chromate paint. They found 3 cases of bronchial carcinoma (in workers aged 41, 51, and 59) where only 0.079 was expected for the total period of observation. The authors indicated that the three cases had six to nine years of exposure to zinc chromate dust levels of approximately 0.5 to 1.5 mg Cr/cu m. Two of the three carcinomas were found in smokers. There was also one case of nasal cancer in a man with a total of 3 month of exposure. Zinc chromate spray painters and electroplaters at two large aircraft maintenance facilities were studied. The relative excess for respiratory cancer among spray painters (21 observed vs 11.4 expected) was statistically significant. Incidence of chrome dermatitis has been estimated at widely varying levels 0.1-0.6 % in aircraft workers using zinc primer paint. ANIMAL STUDIES: An increased incidence of squamous cell carcinomas of the lung in rats subjected to bronchial implants of stainless steel pellets coated with zinc potassium chromate was reported. Zinc chromates enhanced the viral transformation of Syrian hamster secondary embryo cells by simian adenovirus SA7.

Anaemia results from the excessive absorption of zinc suppressing copper and iron absorption, most likely through competitive binding of intestinal mucosal cells. Unbalanced levels of copper and zinc binding to Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase has been linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Stomach acid dissolves metallic zinc to give corrosive zinc chloride, which can cause damage to the stomach lining. Metal fume fever is thought to be an immune response to inhaled zinc. Hexavalent chromium's carcinogenic effects are caused by its metabolites, pentavalent and trivalent chromium. The DNA damage may be caused by hydroxyl radicals produced during reoxidation of pentavalent chromium by hydrogen peroxide molecules present in the cell. Trivalent chromium may also form complexes with peptides, proteins, and DNA, resulting in DNA-protein crosslinks, DNA strand breaks, DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks, chromium-DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. It has been shown to induce carcinogenesis by overstimulating cellular regulatory pathways and increasing peroxide levels by activating certain mitogen-activated protein kinases. It can also cause transcriptional repression by cross-linking histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to CYP1A1 promoter chromatin, inhibiting histone modification. Chromium may increase its own toxicity by modifying metal regulatory transcription factor 1, causing the inhibition of zinc-induced metallothionein transcription. (A12, L16, A34, A35, A36, L48, L49, A49)

Cough. Sore throat. See Effects of long-term or repeated exposure.

Redness.

Redness.

Ingestion of large doses of zinc causes stomach cramps, nausea, and vomiting. Acute inhalation of large amounts of zinc causes metal fume fever, which is characterized by chills, fever, headache, weakness, dryness of the nose and throat, chest pain, and coughing. Dermal contact with zinc results in skin irritation. Breathing hexavalent chromium can cause irritation to the lining of the nose, nose ulcers, runny nose, and breathing problems, such as asthma, cough, shortness of breath, or wheezing. Ingestion of hexavalent chromium causes irritation and ulcers in the stomach and small intestine, as well as anemia. Skin contact can cause skin ulcers. (L16, L49)

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ Several studies of workers exposed to chromium compounds have suggested an increased incidence of respiratory cancers. Lead & zinc chromates were among the chromium compounds implicated. A study was done in a pigment plant in Newark (New Jersey, USA) which utilized both of these compounds. Observed deaths from each cause were compared with expected deaths. A statistically significant relative risk of 1.6 for lung cancer was found. An increased incidence of lung cancer was also evident. Pigment workers & others exposed to chromates should be observed carefully in regard to possible risk of pancreatic & stomach cancers.

/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ ... A small cohort of Norweigian male workers /were studied/ from a company which produced zinc chromate paint. They found 3 cases of bronchial carcinoma (in workers aged 41, 51, and 59) where only 0.079 was expected for the total period of observation. The authors indicated that the three cases had six to nine years of exposure to zinc chromate dust levels of approximately 0.5 to 1.5 mg Cr/cu m. Two of the three carcinomas were found in smokers. There was also one case of nasal cancer in a man with a total of 3 month of exposure. /Zinc chromates/

/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ ... Zinc chromate spray painters and electroplaters at two large aircraft maintenance facilities /were studied/. ... The relative excess for respiratory cancer among spray painters (21 observed vs 11.4 expected) was statistically significant. /Zinc chromates/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ ... Six intratracheal injections @ six week intervals of 0.03 mL of 0.2% saline suspension of basic potassium zinc chromate /were given/ to 62 strain a mice & observed ... until death. No bronchogenic carcinomas ... found, only alveologenic adenomas in 50% of test animals & 44% in 18 control animals.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Pulmonary adenomas ... occurred in /1 of 21/ ... guinea pigs that were given 6 intratracheal instillations at 3 monthly intervals of 0.3 mL of a 1% suspension in saline of ... zinc yellow ... no pulmonary adenomas occurred in ... 18 vehicle controls ...

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ In groups of 22-34 rats that received intramuscular implantations of various chromium compounds the following incidences of implantation-site tumors (type unspecified) were observed after 27 months: zinc yellow(VI), 16/34 (22 alive at 1 year) ... none of 32 control rats given implants of sheep fat alone developed local tumors (30 alive at 1 year). It was not specified whether this compound was zinc chromate, zinc potassium chromate, or zinc yellow.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ ... Experiments /in rats/ lasting 27 months gave the following number of tumors at the site of their intrapleural implantation ... zinc yellow(VI), 22/33 (11 alive at 1 year) ... none of 34 control rats had tumors (30 alive at 1 year).

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ZINC POTASSIUM CHROMATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Zinc chromates, as Cr/

WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE CHARACTERIZATION: Under the current guidelines (1986), Cr(VI) is classified as Group A - known human carcinogen by the inhalation route of exposure. Carcinogenicity by the oral route of exposure cannot be determined and is classified as Group D. Under the proposed guidelines (1996), Cr(VI) would be characterized as a known human carcinogen by the inhalation route of exposure on the following basis. Hexavalent chromium is known to be carcinogenic in humans by the inhalation route of exposure. Results of occupational epidemiological studies of chromium-exposed workers are consistent across investigators and study populations. Dose-response relationships have been established for chromium exposure and lung cancer. Chromium-exposed workers are exposed to both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) compounds. Because only Cr(VI) has been found to be carcinogenic in animal studies, however, it was concluded that only Cr(VI) should be classified as a human carcinogen. Animal data are consistent with the human carcinogenicity data on hexavalent chromium. Hexavalent chromium compounds are carcinogenic in animal bioassays, producing the following tumor types: intramuscular injection site tumors in rats and mice, intrapleural implant site tumors for various Cr(VI) compounds in rats, intrabronchial implantation site tumors for various Cr(VI) compounds in rats and subcutaneous injection site sarcomas in rats. In vitro data are suggestive of a potential mode of action for hexavalent chromium carcinogenesis. Hexavalent chromium carcinogenesis may result from the formation of mutagenic oxidatitive DNA lesions following intracellular reduction to the trivalent form. Cr(VI) readily passes through cell membranes and is rapidly reduced intracellularly to generate reactive Cr(V) and Cr(IV) intermediates and reactive oxygen species. A number of potentially mutagenic DNA lesions are formed during the reduction of Cr(VI). Hexavalent chromium is mutagenic in bacterial assays, yeasts and V79 cells, and Cr(VI) compounds decrease the fidelity of DNA synthesis in vitro and produce unscheduled DNA synthesis as a consequence of DNA damage. Chromate has been shown to transform both primary cells and cell lines. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Occupational exposure to chromium compounds has been studied in the chromate production, chromeplating and chrome pigment, ferrochromium production, gold mining, leather tanning and chrome alloy production industries. Workers in the chromate industry are exposed to both trivalent and hexavalent compounds of chromium. Epidemiological studies of chromate production plants in Japan, Great Britain, West Germany, and the United States have revealed a correlation between occupational exposure to chromium and lung cancer, but the specific form of chromium responsible for the induction of cancer was not identified ... Studies of chrome pigment workers have consistently demonstrated an association between occupational chromium exposure (primarily Cr(VI)) and lung cancer. Several studies of the chromeplating industry have demonstrated a positive relationship between cancer and exposure to chromium compounds. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Animal data are consistent with the findings of human epidemiological studies of hexavalent chromium ... /Chromium (VI)/

D007; A solid waste containing chromium may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Chromium/

... Substances for which a Federal Register notice has been published that included consideration of the serious health effects, including cancer, from ambient air exposure to the substance. Chromium is included on this list. /Chromium/

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Chromium compounds is included on this list. /Chromium compounds/

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Zinc and compounds/

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Chromium and compounds/

(AZ) ARIZONA 5000 ug/l /Zinc/

(MN) MINNESOTA 2000 ug/l /Zinc/

(ME) MAINE 35 ug/L /Cr VI)

Maximum contaminant level goal for inorganic contaminants: Contaminant: Chromium; MCLG 0.1 mg/L. /Chromium/

EPA 5000 ug/L /Zinc/

EPA 100 ug/L /Chromium/