Carbofuran (ISO)

log Kow = 2.32

2.32

2.32

Odorless

Slightly phenolic.

1.18 at 68 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.180 g/cu cm

1.2 g/cm³

1.18

1.180 @ 20°C

1.18

White, crystalline solid

White or grayish, crystalline solid [Note: May be dissolved in a liquid carrier].

Colorless crystals

0.07 % at 77 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

In water, 351 mg/L at 25 °C

In dichloromethane >200, isopropanol 20-50, toluene 10-20 (all in g/L, 20 °C)

Unstable in alkaline media. Stable in acidic and neutral media.

Highly soluble in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone, acetonitrile, methylene chloride, cyclohexanone, benzene, xylene

150 g/kg acetone, 140 g/kg acetonitrile, 120 g/kg dichloromethane, 90 g/kg cyclohexanone, 40 g/kg benzene

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides/.

Decomposes at 150 °C

150 °C

302 to 307 °F (EPA, 1998)

153.2 °C

Melting point = 153-154 °C (pure); 150-152 °C (technical)

150 - 152 °C

153 °C

304 °F

2e-05 mmHg at 91.4 °F (EPA, 1998)

0.00000054 [mmHg]

0.072 mPa /5.4X10-7 mm Hg/ at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 33 °C: 0.0027

(77 °F): 0.000003 mmHg

0.00002 [mm Hg] @33 °C

Carbofuran is an odorless white crystalline solid. Contact with skin may burn skin and eyes. When exposed to heat or flames it may emit toxic oxides of nitrogen. It is toxic by inhalation, skin contact, and/ or ingestion. It is used as a pesticide.

Odorless, white or grayish, crystalline solid. [insecticide] [Note: May be dissolved in a liquid carrier.]; [NIOSH]

Solid

COLOURLESS CRYSTALS.

Odorless, white or grayish, crystalline solid.

Odorless, white or grayish, crystalline solid. [insecticide] [Note: May be dissolved in a liquid carrier.]

1678；1702；1686.7；1705.2；1708.4；1718.3；1714.9；1710；1693.5；1691.3

1735；1740；1713；1742；1743；1733.8；1727.2；1737.5；1729；1741.2；1735.9；1727.4

Danger

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]；H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]；H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]；H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P284, P301+P316, P304+P340, P316, P320, P321, P330, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

Hazard Traits - Developmental Toxicity; Neurotoxicity; Reproductive Toxicity；Authoritative List - CA MCLs; CWA 303(d)；Report - if used as a fragrance or flavor ingredient

Commission Regulation (EC) No 451/2000

2007/416

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

May release nitrogen oxides. Containers may explode in heat of fire. Avoid alkalies. Stable under neutral or acid conditions. (EPA, 1998)

Not combustible. Liquid formulations containing organic solvents may be flammable. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Risk of fire and explosion if formulations contain flammable/explosive solvents.

Classified as highly toxic or moderately toxic depending on the formulation, it may be used only by certified applicators. [EXTOXNET] Allergic contact dermatitis in pesticide handlers is most likely due to maneb, carbofuran, carbaryl, captan, folpet, or captafol. [Marks, p. 312] See CARBAMATE INSECTICIDES.

USEPA/OPPTS; Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Carbofuran. List (A), Case No. 0101. EOA-738-R-06-031 44pp. (August 2006)[Available from, as of July 28, 2008: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/REDs/carbofuran_ired.pdf]

California State Dept Food and Agriculture. Pesticide Use Report Annual (1984)

P127; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when carbofuran, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to federal and/or state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any container or inner liner used to hold this waste or any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5(e)).

Stay at maximum distance.；Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. Dike fire control water for later disposal, do not scatter the material. (EPA, 1998)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Carbofuran Exposure: Acute exposure to carbofuran usually leads to a cholinergic crisis. Signs and symptoms may include increased salivation, lacrimation (tearing), and spontaneous defecation and urination. Pinpoint pupils, along with blurred vision, tremor, muscle twitching, convulsions, mental confusion, and coma may also occur. Gastrointestinal effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Bradycardia (slow heart rate) occurs frequently. Muscle coordination may be diminished. Dyspnea (shortness of breath) may lead to respiratory collapse.；Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to carbofuran may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.；Inhalation Exposure:；1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to carbofuran.；2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.；3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.；4. RUSH to a health care facility.；Dermal/Eye Exposure:；1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to carbofuran.；2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.；3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.；4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.；5. Wash exposed skin areas three times with soap and water.；6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.；7. RUSH to a health care facility.；Ingestion Exposure:；1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.；2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.；3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of carbofuran is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step；4. Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Ingestion of carbofuran may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

(General first aid procedures)；Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.；Skin: Soap flush immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.；Breathing: Fresh air；Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells = 70% of individual's baseline; Butylcholinesterase activity in serum or plasma = 60% of individual's baseline; Sample at end of shift; [TLVs and BEIs]

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Use foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Carbofuran (Carbamate pesticides, liquid, toxic)/

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /Carbofuran (Carbamate pesticides, solid, toxic)/

Treatment techniques which may be effective in removing carbofuran from drinking water: include adsorption on granular activated carbon (GAC) or powdered activated carbon (PAC), reverse osmosis (RO), and oxidation by ozone, or ozone/ultraviolet.

Spillage of carbofuran and its formulations should be removed by washing with 5% sodium hydroxide solution and then rinsing with large quantities of water.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ /Carbofuran (Carbamate pesticides, liquid, toxic); Carbofuran (Carbamate pesticides, solid, toxic)/

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. /Carbofuran (Carbamate pesticides, liquid, toxic); Carbofuran (Carbamate pesticides, solid, toxic)/

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for CARBOFURAN (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:；Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. For solids, prevent dust cloud and avoid inhalation of dust. (ERG, 2024)

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P127, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Mix carbofuran with excess calcium oxide (CaO) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sand or other adsorbent in a pit or trench at least 0.5 m deep in a clay soil. NaOH or sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) can also be added to the mixture to help speed the reactions when CaO is used as the main alkali. The amt of CaO or Na2CO3 to use depends on the amt of pesticide to be disposed of and, to some extent, the concentration of active ingredient in the pesticide and the actual chemical nature of the active ingredient. A practical guideline, in the absence of specific directions, is to use an approx volume or weight of alkali from one-half of to the same as that of the pesticide. For dilute formulations, such as a 1% soln or dust, the amount of CaO or Na2CO3 can be reduced by one-half. For very concentrated pesticides (over 80% active ingredient) the amount of calcium oxide or sodium carbonate can be doubled, but the concentrate should be mixed first with water (or soapy water) before reaction with the alkali. For safety, a preliminary test should be made in which very small amt of the pesticide and alkali are mixed and observed briefly to make sure it does not react too vigorously. Sizable quantities of pesticides can be disposed of in several smaller batches, rather than all at once, for added safety. Recommendable methods: Alkaline hydrolysis & incineration. Peer-review: Use 10 parts by vol of 8% wt/vol soln of sodium ethoxide in 50% ethanol water solvent per part of carbofuran pesticide formulation. Leave for one hr. Incinerate product which contains heterocyclics plus methylamine. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

Hydrolysis: A decontaminant soln of sodium hydroxide in 50% aqueous ethanol is recommended to achieve sufficient carbofuran dissolution. T 0.999 (99.9% degradation time) was calculated with N=3 (3:1 hydroxide-carbofuran stoichiometry). For the 300 g/l flowable formulation T 0.999 was calculated as less than 1 min with 20:1 (vol/vol) 1 N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or 10:1 (vol/vol) 2 N NaOH. Additional time is suggested for granular formulations to allow the carbofuran to desorb. The 10%, 5%, and 2% formulations can also be detoxified with 1 N NaOH in 50% aqueous ethanol. Bags should be thoroughly emptied and burned. Empty containers should be drained thoroughly and triple rinsed with the aqueous ethanolic alkaline decontaminant or water, if the rinsate could be used for dilution.

Personal protection: self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. /Carbofuran (Carbamate pesticide, liquid, toxic)/

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. /Carbofuran (Carbamate pesticides, solid, toxic)/

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. /Carbofuran (Carbamate pesticides, liquid, toxic)/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for CARBOFURAN (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Carbofuran was detected in maternal serum samples at 0.007 to 17.63 ng/g and in corresponding cord serum at 0.007 to 13.97 ng/g(1). Carbofuran was not detected (detection limit 0.2 ng/cu m) in 65 personal air samples that were collected over a 48 hour period from the mother during the 32nd week of pregnancy, mothers reside in New York City, NY(2).

If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally.

... Male Sprague-Dawley rats acutely intoxicated with the carbamate insecticide carbofuran (1.5 mg/kg, sc) developed hypercholinergic signs within 5-7 min of exposure, with maximal severity characterized by seizures within 30-60 min, lasting for about 2 h. At the time of peak severity, compared with controls, AChE was maximally inhibited (by 82-90%), radical oxygen species (ROS) markers (F(2)-isoprostanes, F(2)-IsoPs; and F(4)-neuroprostanes, F(4)-NeuroPs) were elevated 2- to 3-fold, and the radical nitrogen species (RNS) marker citrulline was elevated 4- to 8-fold in discrete brain regions (cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus). In addition, levels of high-energy phosphates (HEPs) were significantly reduced (ATP, by 43-56%; and phosphocreatine, by 37-48%). Values of total adenine nucleotides and total creatine compounds declined markedly (by 41-56% and 35-45%, respectively), while energy charge potential remained unchanged. Quantitative morphometric analysis of pyramidal neurons of the hippocampal CA1 region revealed significant decreases in dendritic lengths (by 64%) and spine density (by 60%). Pretreatment with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist memantine (18 mg/kg, sc), in combination with atropine sulfate (16 mg/kg, sc), significantly attenuated carbofuran-induced changes in AChE activity and levels of F(2)-IsoPs and F(4)-NeuroPs, declines in HEPs, as well as the alterations in morphology of hippocampal neurons. MEM and ATS pretreatment also protected rats from carbofuran-induced hypercholinergic behavioral activity, including seizures. These findings support the involvement of ROS and RNS in seizure-induced neuronal injury and suggest that memantine by preventing carbofuran-induced neuronal hyperactivity blocks pathways associated with oxidative damage in neurons.

... /In male Sprague-Dawley rats/ pretreatment with memantine alone or in combination with atropine significantly protected carboxylesterase activity from inhibition caused by carbofuran. A single sc dose of memantine HCl (18 mg/kg) and atropine sulfate (16 mg/kg) 60 and 15 min, respectively, prior to carbofuran admin completely prevented the expected gross toxic signs and significantly attenuated carbofuran induced inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity. When given therapeutically, this combined treatment completely reversed clinical evidence of carbofuran toxicity within 15 min and also markedly reduced acetylcholinesterase inactivation. Memantine or atropine when given alone was less effective compared to their combined admin; memantine primarily protected nicotinic receptor associated effects while atropine protected primarily muscarinic receptor associated effects.

Pretreatment of rats with the nonspecific esterase inhibitor tetraisopropylpyrophosphoramide (isoOMPA) (1 mg/kg subcutaneously) 1 hour before administration of carbofuran (0.5 mg/kg subcutaneously) potentiated carbofuran toxicity by more than threefold. Neither tetraisopropylpyrophosphoramide nor carbofuran produced any gross toxic signs at these dosages. Rat receiving combined treatment, however, showed severe hypercholinergic signs (salivation, tremors, muscle fasciculations, and convulsions) within 5 to 10 min after carbofuran administration. The severity was comparatively greater than that observed with an acute dose of carbofuran (1.5 mg/kg subcutaneously). Rats pretreated with tetraisopropylpyrophosphoramide died within 10 to 15 min after the acute dose of carbofuran (1.5 mg/kg). Each drug when given alone (1.0 mg/kg tetraisopropylpyrophosphoramide, 0.5 mg/kg carbofuran) caused a significant (p < .01) inhibition of carboxylesterase activity in brain structures, skeletal muscle, liver, and plasma, whereas acetylcholinesterase activity remained significantly (p > .01) unchanged. Maximal carboxylesterase inactivation in plasma following either drug was <14% remaining activity. Tetraisopropylpyrophosphoramide pretreatment markedly potentiated carbofuran's anticholinesterase activity both in neuronal and in nonneuronal tissues.

The toxicity of chlordane (C), malathion (M) and furadan (F) was determined separately and in different combinations to a test fish, Notopterus notopterus ... /which/ provided a simple, sensitive and quantitative index of synergism, antagonism and additivity. Of the twelve combinations, (C+F)/M was found to be most synergistic while (M+F)/C was antagonistic and (F+C)/M combination was additive in nature.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for CARBOFURAN (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Nervous；Reproductive

central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, blood cholinesterase

Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Chronically high (>10 years) exposure leads to neuropsychological consequences including disturbances in perception and visuo-motor processing (A15321).

LD50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) female, 3-4 months old; oral (through glass tubing to crop) 0.397 mg/kg (95% confidence limit: 0.315-0.500 mg/kg) /Technical grade sample purity, 98.8%/

LD50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) female, 12 months old, active egg-laying condition; oral (through glass tubing to crop) 0.510 mg/kg (95% confidence limit: 0.410-0.635 mg/kg) /Technical grade sample purity, 98.8%/

LD50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) male, 12 months old, active breeding condition or had gonads in early stage of regression; oral (through glass tubing to crop) 0.480 mg/kg (95% confidence limit, 0.381-0.604 mg/kg) /Technical grade sample purity, 98.8%/

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) 10 days old; oral (5-day diet ad libitum) 190 ppm (95% confidence limit 156-230 ppm) /Technical grade, 99%/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for CARBOFURAN (93 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 7.3-123(2-5), indicate that carbofuran is expected to have very high to high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of carbofuran from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.5X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 5.4X10-7 mm Hg(6), and water solubility, 351 mg/L(6). Carbofuran is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(6). The rate of degradation of carbofuran in soil is greatly increased by pretreatment with carbofuran; 90% and 3% remaining after one day in untreated and treated soils, respectively(7); in Italian soils complete degradation was observed 30 and 15 days after treatment with carbofuran in un-treated and treated soils, respectively(8). In the soil, carbofuran was metabolized into the insecticide compounds, 3-hydroxycarbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran, and into the non-insecticide carbofuran phenol and 3-ketocarbofuran phenol(9).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: No appreciable degradation of carbofuran occurred in Kari soil (pH 4.8; organic matter 11.8%) until 30 days after flooding, but at the end of 40 days, more than 81% of carbofuran degraded followed by steady increase in recovery of nonextractable soil bound residues(1). Degradation products were carbofuran phenol (major) and 3-hydroxycarbofuran(1). After incorporation into soils, 95% carbofuran disappearance varied from 145 to 434 days as a function of temperature, moisture, and soil pH; disappearance followed first-order kinetics(2). In 4 soils with known insecticidal use, the technical carbofuran had a calculated half-life of 11-13 days (pH 6.5) and the granular formulation had a half-life of 60-75 days (pH 6.5)(3). Time of disappearance of carbofuran from the soil at 3.1 to 5.6 kg/hectare was 145 to 434 days(3).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 7.3-123(2-5), indicate that carbofuran is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(6) based upon a calculated Henry's Law constant of 4.5X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 5.4X10-7 mm Hg(7), and water solubility, 351 mg/L(7). According to a classification scheme(8), a BCF of 117 in Tilapia nilotica which were exposed over a 30-day period(9), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC), provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). Bioconcentration in other aquatic organisms is not expected to be an important fate process for this compound(10-12). The aqueous hydrolysis half-life at 27 °C was found to be 5.1 weeks at pH 7.0 and 1.2 hours at pH 10(13). In pond water, a biodegradation half-life of 2 days was reported for early rice and 5-6 days for late rice treated with carbofuran(14). Carbofuran dissipation from paddy water was rapid with an estimated dissipation time for 50% initial concentration (DT50) of 3 days and a DT95 of 13 days; dissipation was due to both hydrolysis and biodegradation(15). The half-lives for degradation of carbofuran in river, lake, and seawater from Greece following irradiation with sunlight were approximately 2, 6, and 12 hours, respectively; it was not reported whether the degradation was due to direct photolysis, indirect photooxidation or other processes(16).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), carbofuran, which has a vapor pressure of 5.4X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase carbofuran is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.6X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase carbofuran may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Carbofuran strongly absorbs light at wavelengths between 295 and 305 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The ten-year accumulated frequency of carbofuran found in 234 ready-to-eat foods was 0.0251 ug/g (detected 6 times in 3 different foods)(1). In a pesticide residue survey of 81 varieties of produce (80% domestic, 20% import) studied 1989 to 1991, carbofuran was detected in 1 of 147 cucumbers (detection limit 0.4 ppm); carbofuran was not detected in apples, broccoli, cabbage, carrots, celery grapefruit, grapes, greens, lemons, lettuce, limes, melons, mushrooms, nectarines, onions, oranges, peaches, pears, peppers, plums, potatoes, radishes, spinach, squash, strawberries, tomatoes, or turnips(2). Carbofuran was identified, not quantified, in adult foods (potato) during an FDA survey from 1978-1982(3) and in adult foods from 1982-1986(4). Carbofuran was detected during the 1992(5) and 1994(6) FDA regulatory and incidence/level monitoring of pesticide residues from 16,428 and 11,348 domestic and imported agricultural commodity samples. Carbofuran was detected in 7 of 13,980 foods grown in the US sampled in six states (California, Florida, Massachusetts, New York, Virginia, Wisconsin) in the fiscal year 1988 and in 1 of 13,085 foods in 10 states (California, Florida, Massachusetts, New York, Virginia, Wisconsin, Michigan, North Carolina, Indiana, Oregon)(7).

Carbofuran was detected in 1 of 86 samples (detection limit 10 ppb) of Ontario, Canada-grown vegetables sampled in 1980-1985; the positive sample (1 of 9 tomato samples tested) contained 60 ppb of carbofuran; carbofuran was not detected in asparagus, cauliflower, cucumber, and potatoes(1). Carbofuran was detected in 1 of 843 fresh apples at 2.0 ppm, in 2 of 210 fresh carrots at 0.05-0.50 ppm, in 1 of 239 fresh cucumbers at 0.05 ppm, in 1 of 1044 fresh potato at 0.10 ppm and in 1 of 431 fresh strawberries at 0.05 ppm, carbofuran was not detected in fresh (beans, beet, blueberry, cabbage, corn, cranberry, grape, lettuce, melon, mushroom, parsnip, peach, pear, pepper, rhubarb, rutabaga, tomato), canned (asparagus, bean, corn, mushroom, pea, tomato), juice (fruit, grape, prune, tomato, vegetable cocktail), or processed foods (ketchup, tomato paste, potato fries), all domestic to Canada(2). Carbofuran was detected in 2 of 173 agricultural commodities at 10.3 and 12.4 ng/g(3). Carbofuran was not detected (detection limit 5 ug/kg) in 155 potato samples from 21 farmers markets in Edmonton and 73 potato samples from 13 farmers markets in Calgary, Alberta, Canada; samples were collected over a 17 week period in 2007(4). Carbofuran residues in the kernel of Trapa fruit ranged from 0.56-2.82 ug/g; corresponding values for peels ranged from 0.34-1.71 ug/g(5). The flour prepared from Trapa kernel contained 0.21-0.35 ug/g carbofuran; samples were collected Oct to Dec 1991 from Uttar Pradesh, India(5). Carbofuran was detected in brown rice grains grown in Korea at an average concentration of 0.17 ppm(6). The compound was detected in cucumber (0.34-1.23 ug/g); snake cucumber (0.33-0.61 ug/g); water melon (0.45-1.49 ug/g); white gourd melon (0.21-0.30 ug/g); pumpkin (0.22-1.20 ug/g); bottle gourd (0.16-0.90 ug/g); and ribbed gourd (0.18-0.20) mean concentrations as a result of sampling of 1 kg each of summer fruits and vegetables from growing regions near the river Ganja at Kanpur, I

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Inhalation (L793) ; oral (L793); dermal (L793)

WHEN EXPOSED TO FURADAN, THE DAIRY COW EXCRETED 12, 1.0, & 2.6% OF THE CARBONYL-(14)C LABEL IN URINE, FECES, & MILK, RESPECTIVELY. RING-(14)C WAS EXCRETED TO THE EXTENT OF 83, 2.9, & 0.5%, RESPECTIVELY. IN THE URINE 7 METABOLITES WERE IDENTIFIED: 3-HYDROXY FURADAN (5%); 2,3-DIHYDRO-2,2-DIMETHYL-7-BENZOFURANYL SULFATE (38%) & GLUCURONIDE (7%); 2,3-DIHYDRO-2,2-DIMETHYL-3-OXO-7-BENZOFURANYL SULFATE (9%) & GLUCURONIDE (1%); 2,3-DIHYDRO-2,2-DIMETHYL-3-HYDROXY-7-BENZOFURANYL SULFATE (3%) & GLUCURONIDE (12.5%).

Carbofuran is an N-methyl carbamate (NMC) pesticide. Like other pesticides in this class, the primary toxic effect seen following carbofuran exposure is neurotoxicity resulting from inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). AChE breaks down acetylcholine (ACh), a compound that assists in transmitting signals through the nervous system. Carbofuran inhibits the AChE activity in the body. When AChE is inhibited at nerve endings, the inhibition prevents the ACh from being degraded and results in prolonged stimulation of nerves and muscles. Physical signs and symptoms of carbofuran poisoning include headache, nausea, dizziness, blurred vision, excessive perspiration, salivation, lacrimation (tearing), vomiting, diarrhea, aching muscles, and a general feeling of severe malaise. Uncontrollable muscle twitching and bradycardia (abnormally slow heart rate) can occur. Severe poisoning can lead to convulsions, coma, pulmonary edema, muscle paralysis, and death by asphyxiation. Carbofuran poisoning also may cause various psychological, neurological and cognitive effects, including confusion, anxiety, depression, irritability, mood swings, difficulty concentrating, short-term memory loss, persistent fatigue, and blurred vision. The most sensitive and appropriate effect associated with the use of carbofuran is its toxicity following acute exposure. Acute exposure is defined as an exposure of short duration, usually characterized as lasting no longer than a day. EPA classifies carbofuran as Toxicity Category I, the most toxic category, based on its potency by the oral and inhalation exposure routes. The lethal potencies of chemicals are usually described in terms of the "dose" given orally or the "concentration" in air that is estimated to cause the death of 50 percent of the animals exposed (abbreviated as LD50 or LC50). Carbofuran has an oral LD50 of 7.8-6.0 mg/kg, and an inhalation LC50 of 0.08 mg/L .... The lethal dose and lethal concentration levels for the oral a

Carbofuran is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. Carbamates form unstable complexes with chlolinesterases by carbamoylation of the active sites of the enzymes. This inhibition is reversible. A cholinesterase inhibitor suppresses the action of acetylcholine esterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholine esterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses. Headache, salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea are often prominent at higher levels of exposure. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop.

Hazard Traits - Developmental Toxicity; Neurotoxicity; Reproductive Toxicity；Authoritative List - CA MCLs; CWA 303(d)；Report - if used as a fragrance or flavor ingredient

Commission Regulation (EC) No 451/2000

2007/416

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

P127; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when carbofuran, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to federal and/or state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any container or inner liner used to hold this waste or any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5(e)).

Tolerances are established for the combined residues of the insecticide carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl-N-methylcarbamate), its carbamate metabolite 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-7-benzofuranyl-N-methylcarbamate, and its phenolic metabolites 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranol, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-3,-oxo-7-benzofuranol and 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-3,7-benzofurandiol in or on the following raw agricultural commodities:[Table#3226]

Tolerances with regional registration, as defined in section180.1(n), are established for the combined residues of the insecticide carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl-N-methylcarbamate), its carbamate metabolite 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-7-benzofuranyl-N-methylcarbamate, and its phenolic metabolites 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranol, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-7-benzofuranol, and 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-3,7-benzofurandiol in or on the following raw agricultural commodity:[Table#3227]

EPA is revoking all tolerances for carbofuran. The Agency has determined that the risk from aggregate exposure from the use of carbofuran does not meet the safety standard of section 408(b)(2) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA). ... The revocations of the tolerances for all commodities will become effective December 31, 2009.

EPA is proposing to revoke all tolerances for carbofuran. The Agency has determined that the risk from aggregate exposure from the use of carbofuran does not meet the safety standard of section 408(b)(2) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA). EPA is specifically soliciting comment on whether there is an interest in retaining any individual tolerance, or group of tolerances, and whether information exists to demonstrate that such tolerance(s) meet(s) the FFDCA section 408(b)(2) safety standard.

For more FIFRA Requirements (Complete) data for CARBOFURAN (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 10 lb or 4.54 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Carbofuran is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 10 or 10,000 lbs. Extremely hazardous substances that are solids are subject to either of two threshold planning quantities ... The lower quantity applies only if the solid exists in powdered form and has a particle size less than 100 microns; or is handled in solution or in molten form; or meets the criteria for a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rating of 2, 3 or 4 for reactivity. If the solid does not meet any of these criteria, it is subject to the upper ... threshold planning quantity ... .

Carbofuran is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.

(AZ) Arizona 36 ug/L

(ME) Maine 35 ug/L

Maximum contaminant levels (MCL) for synthetic organic contaminants apply to community water systems and non-transient, non-community water systems: Carbofuran, MCL 0.04 mg/L.

EPA 40 ug/L

Maximum contaminant level goals for organic contaminants: Carbofuran, 0.04 mg/L.

EPA 40 ug/L

The influence of carbofuran metabolism on acetylcholinesterase inhibition was defined after low dose (50 ug/kg iv and oral) carbonyl-(14)C carbofuran exposures to male Sprague-Dawley rats. ... Carbofuran absorption (peak plasma levels less than 7 min), distribution, & elimination (half life= 29 + or - 5 min) occurred rapidly. 3-Hydroxycarbofuran a significant oxidative metabolite of carbofuran with anticholinesterase activity, was rapidly formed and subject to enterohepatic circulation (plasma T1/2 = 64 + / - 5 min). ...

Carbofuran is primarily metabolized into three phenolic carbamate metabolites and into 3-hydroxy carbofuran. The trio of phenolic metabolites is not deemed to be of toxicological significance.

Male swiss mice were administered orally a soln of labeled furadan in propylene glycol. Urine was collected and chromatographed. In addition to (14)C-carbon dioxide, 3-hydroxy furadan (major component) and 3-keto furadan were identified. After acid hydrolysis of the aqueous portion of ether extracted urine, the 3-keto-furadan phenol, furadan phenol, 3-hydroxy furadan & 2 unidentified compounds were found.

In ... studies with laboratory rats, after oral admin of labeled furadan in tween 20, metabolites were identified. Analyses also indicated the presence of conjugates & 3 unidentified compounds. Found & identified were: 3-hydroxy-N-hydroxymethyl furadan & its conjugate; N-hydroxymethyl furadan; 3-hydroxy furadan & its conjugate; 3-keto furadan; 3-hydroxy furadan phenol as a conjugate; 3-keto furadan phenol & its conjugate; & furadan phenol & its conjugate.

When exposed to furadan, the dairy cow excreted 12, 1.0, & 2.6% of the carbonyl-(14)C label in urine, feces, & milk, respectively. Ring-(14)C was excreted to the extent of 83, 2.9, & 0.5%, respectively. In the urine 7 metabolites were identified: 3-hydroxy furadan (5%); 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl sulfate (38%) & glucuronide (7%); 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-7-benzofuranyl sulfate (9%) & glucuronide (1%); 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-7-benzofuranyl sulfate (3%) & glucuronide (12.5%).

For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for CARBOFURAN (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Carbofuran has known human metabolites that include e-hydroxy-carbofuran.；Carbofuran is a known human metabolite of Carbosulfan.

Substances used in the treatment or control of nematode infestations. They are used also in veterinary practice.

Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system.

Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.

It is/ poorly absorbed from skin ...

EXCRETION OF (14)C CARBOFURAN ... AND ITS (14)C ALFALFA RESIDUES HAVE BEEN STUDIED IN DAIRY COW. ABOUT 3% WAS EXCRETED IN MILK IN 4 DAYS, MAINLY IN 48 HR.

In rats, 87% of the radioactivity from carbonyl (14)C labelled carbofuran (peroral) is eliminated within 48 hours, 45% as CO2 in expired air, 38% in urine and 4% in feces. When ring-labelled carbofuran is fed to cows and rats, nearly all of the (14)C is eliminated in urine (92% in 32 hours), none is exhaled and less than 3% is found in feces. In milk cows, less than 3% is found in milk following per oral and fistula administration.

Used to kill insects, mites, and nematodes on field or forest crops; [EXTOXNET]

EPA banned all granular formulations in 1994. [EXTOXNET]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For carbofuran (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 090601) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Carbofuran is a restricted use pesticide and is not registered for residential or other non-occupational uses.

Insecticide, nematicide. /For use against/ aphids, beetles, chinch bug, corn rootworm, grasshoppers, leafhoppers, lygus bugs, nematodes, sugarcane borer, thrips, weevils and wireworms in alfalfa, corn, cotton, cucurbits, potatoes, soybeans, sugarcane, sunflowers and tobacco.

(1972) 2.72X10+9 G

7-Benzofuranol, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-, methylcarbamate is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule.[Table#3232]

Production volume for non-confidential chemicals reported under the 2006 Inventory Update Rule. Chemical: 7-Benzofuranol, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-, 7-(N-methylcarbamate). Aggregated National Production Volume: 1 to < 10 million pounds.

For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for CARBOFURAN (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

About 82% as an insecticide on corn; about 15% as an insecticide on alfalfa; and the balance on tobacco and other field crops (1974)

Applied to Alfalfa, 47.1%; Rice, 42.2%; Turf, 6.7%; Grapes, 2.4% Remainder on other grains, fruits and vegetables, and non-food crops (1984) /California use, calculated from table/

/As of 2006/ The estimate for total domestic use (annual average) of carbofuran /was/ nearly 1 million pounds of active ingredient for the liquid formulation, with the majority of use occurring on the following crops: corn, alfalfa, and potatoes. Under the existing terms and conditions of the registration, sale of the granular formulation is limited to 2,500 pounds active ingredient per year, and use is limited to pine seedlings, cucurbits, bananas (in Hawaii only), and spinach grown for seed.

(1984) 9.35X10+7 g /California use, calculated from table/

Carbofuran use in US agriculture = 7156X1000 lbs AI/yr in 1989.

o-Nitrophenol + methallyl chloride + methyl isocyanate (dehydrochlorination/nitro reduction/diazotisation/hydration/isocyanate addition)

Carbofuran can also be obtained from 7-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran in diethyl ether in the presence of methyl isocyanate and triethylamine at room temperature.

Carbofuran is prepared by the Claisen rearrangement and cyclization of 2-methallyloxy-1-nitrobenzene to 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-nitrobenzofuran. Reduction of the nitro compound gives the corresponding aniline, which is diazotized and concentrated by boiling to form the phenol. Reaction with methyl isocyanate gives carbofuran.

Preparation and use as insecticide: Netherlands patent 6407316 (1964 to Bayer), ... Netherlands patent 6500340; W. G. Scharpf, United States of America patent 3474170; United States of America patent 3474171 (1965, 1969, 1969 all to FMC); E. F. Orwoll, United States of America patent 3356690 (1967 to FMC).

Granule, flowable, wettable powder, flowable concentrate for seed treatments.

The granular (G) and flowable concentrate (FlC) are the carbofuran formulation classes registered for use on food/feed crops.

Niagara Furadan 75 Base (FMC Corp. Agricultural Products Group): Active ingredients: carbofuan 75.0%.

Furadan 85 DB (FMC Corp. Agricultural Products Group): Active ingredients: carbofuan 85.0%.

Carbofuran Technical (FMC Corp. Agricultural Products Group): Active ingredients: carbofuan 95.0%.

Nematicides, Transformation products, Acaricides, Insecticides

Environmental transformation -> Pesticides (parent, predecessor)；Environmental transformation -> Pesticide transformation products (metabolite, successor)

INSECTICIDES

7-Benzofuranol, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-, 7-(N-methylcarbamate): ACTIVE

Restricted use pesticide ... all uses of carbofuran are ineligible for reregistration

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies carbofuran (technical grade) as Class IB: highly hazardous; Main Use: insecticide.

Types and methods of applications: Aerial and ground application as a granular or spray.

/Carbofuran/ is toxic to the carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis, by direct contact (0.1% w/v technical insecticide solution yielded 84% mortality).

For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for CARBOFURAN (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.