Ferric Ferrocyanide

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc. /Iron salts soluble, as Fe)/

Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. /Iron salts (soluble, as Fe)/

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. /Iron salts (soluble, as Fe)/

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. /Iron salts (soluble, as Fe)/

Antidotes to cyanide poisoning include hydroxocobalamin and sodium nitrite, which release the cyanide from the cytochrome system, and rhodanase, which is an enzyme occurring naturally in mammals that combines serum cyanide with thiosulfate, producing comparatively harmless thiocyanate. Oxygen therapy can also be administered. (L97)

Food effect studies were not identified in the literature. In animal studies, Prussian blue was not significantly absorbed. Prussian blue's affinity for cesium and thallium is greater than its affinity for nutritional elements. Food is not expected to appreciably interfere with prussian blue's ability to rapidly eliminate cesium and thallium.

Prussian blue insoluble binds cesium and thallium isotopes in the gastrointestinal tract after these isotopes are ingested or excreted in the bile by the liver thereby reducing gastrointestinal reabsorption (enterohepatic circulation). In studies of rats, pigs, and dogs that were internally contaminated with cesium and thallium, the presence of the insoluble complexes in the gastrointestinal lumen, changed the primary elimination route from the kidney to the feces and increased the rate of elimination of these two contaminants.

Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. (L96, L97)

Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L97)

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Two human male volunteers (age not given) ingested 3 g /prussian blue/ (PB) daily; although the duration of PB ingestion is not clearly stated, the data presented suggest that the period was 20 days. The biological half-life of previously administered (137)Cs was reduced by 60-70% and no side-effects were noted except for "slight obstipation". ... There was no change in the (40)K content of the body.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Based on reported adverse events and mechanism of action, possible overdose symptoms may include obstipation, obstruction, or severe decrease in electrolytes.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Results of skin tolerance testing and eye testing in rabbits were negative.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Prussian blue at concentrations of 0.25 and 2.5 g/L /was administered/ in the drinking water of male Sprague-Dawley rats for 60 days. This gave prussian blue intakes of approximately 23 mg and 226 mg/kg bw/day for the concns of 0.25 and 2.5 g/L, respectively. No toxic effects of prussian blue ingestion were observed.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Studies carried out on the effects of prussian blue on cesium metabolism in the rat also included considerations of any toxic effects. It was shown that ferric cyanoferrate (Fe4(Fe(CN)6)3) prevented the tissue uptake of orally administered 137-Cs, enhanced its clearance from the body and also had no toxic side effects. In these studies, doses of 100 mg prussian blue/day for 3 days or 100 mg Prussian blue/day for 11 days were administered by gastric intubation.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ No toxic side effects were observed when 2% ferric hexacyanoferrate was provided in the drinking water of rats for 12 wks.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for FERRIC HEXACYANOFERRATE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

14C-Labeled ferric hexacyanoferrate was added to microcosms containing soil fine suspensions from gaswork sites where soils were slightly contaminated with iron-complexed cyanides and aerated 82 days. Ferric hexacyanoferrate degradation proceeded at 1-18% in both aerated and sterile runs, indicating that the compound is susceptible to abiotic degradation. If oxygen is present, degradation products are carbon dioxide and nitrate.

Used as a pigment in printing inks, paints, alkyd resin enamels, linoleum, leather, carbon papers, typewriter ribbons, rubbers, plastics, artists' colors, cosmetics (eye shadow), and paper dyeing; Also used in fertilizer, baked enamel finishes, hydrogen sulfide scavengers, and antidotes for radiocesium and thallium poisoning; [HSBD]

Pulp and Paper Processing [Category: Industry]

Enameling [Category: Hobbies]

Ferric hexacyanoferrate ... also known as insoluble Prussian blue (PB), is the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) of Radiogardase which is the first approved drug product (DP) for treatment of thallium and radiocesium poisoning.

MEDICATION (VET)

MEDICATION

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#6737]

Production volume for non-confidential chemicals reported under the 2006 Inventory Update Rule. Chemical: Ferric hexacyanoferrate. Aggregated National Production Volume: <500,000 lbs.

Iron blue pigments are produced by the precipitation of complex iron(II) cyanides by iron(II) salts in aqueous solution. /Iron blue pigments/

In the first step, a white precipitate (Berlin white), is produced by the reaction of sodium, potassium, or ammonium ferrocyanide with ferrous sulfate ... The precipitate is digested with hot sulfuric and following digestion, is oxidized with sodium chlorate or sodium bichromate to iron blue ... After oxidation, the iron blue is filtered, washed, dried, and packaged. /Cyanide iron blues/

A pigment prepared by precipitating ferrous ferrocyanide from a solution of ferrocyanide and ferrous sulfate.

Oral: Capsules, Ferric hexacyanoferrate (Prussian blue insoluble), 500 mg in one capsule; Radiogardase, Heyl Chem.-pharm. Fabrik GmbH & Co. KG

Information on 1 consumer products that contain Prussian blue in the following categories is provided:

Information on 45 consumer products that contain Ferric ferrocyanide in the following categories is provided:

Ferrate(4-), hexakis(cyano-.kappa.C)-, iron(3+) (3:4), (OC-6-11)-: ACTIVE

The first modern synthetic pigment, made in 1704.

Ferric Ferrocyanide and Ferric Ammonium Ferrocyanide are listed as CI 77510 the Cosmetics Directive of the European Union (Annex IV, Part I) and may be used in all cosmetics and personal care products and must be free from cyanide ions. When used in cosmetic products in the European Union, these ingredients must be called CI 77510. Ferric Ferrocyanide and Ferric Ammonium Ferrocyanide are inorganic pigments that contain iron very tightly bound to cyanide. The cyanide is so tightly bound to the iron that it is not released into products that contain these pigments.

EINECS No. 237-875-5

A pigment prepared by precipitating ferrous ferrocyanide from a solution of ferrocyanide and ferrous sulfate. Subsequent oxidation produces a complex ferriferrocyanide whose shade and pigment properties are dependent upon oxidizing agent, reactant concentrations, pH, temperature, size of batch, and other conditions of manufacture.