3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-pyridin-sulfat (2:1),(S)-

Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Dike fire control water; do not scatter the material.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink, but NOT if convulsions occur. Refer immediately for medical attention.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

Signs and Symptoms of Nicotine Sulfate Exposure: Acute exposure to nicotine sulfate may produce the following signs and symptoms: irritation of the nose, throat, eyes, and skin, nausea, salivation, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, cold sweat, headache, dizziness, disturbed hearing and vision, mental confusion, marked weakness, faintness and prostration, paralysis, lowered blood pressure, difficult breathing, and weak, rapid, and irregular pulse. Death may occur from respiratory depression or from shock.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

General First Aid:

General First Aid:

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

Wear positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material.

If material is on fire or involved in a fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

To clean up, do not touch spilled material; stop leak if possible. Use water spray to reduce vapors.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P075, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.

A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

A) Dissolve in such combustible solvent as alcohols, benzene, etc. Spray the soln into a furnace with afterburner and scrubber. B) Pour into a mixture of sand and soda ash (9:1). After mixing, put into a paper carton stuffed full with packing paper to serve as fuel. Burn in a furnace with effluent gas scrubbing. Recommendable method: Incineration.

Personal protection: complete protective clothing and particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT wash away into sewer. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.

If material is not on fire and not involved in a fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers.

Avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from burning material. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material.

Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for NICOTINE SULFATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Immediate precautionary measure

Immediate precautionary measure

Nicotine sulfate injected subcutaneously at 2.5 mg/kg depressed the motor activity of mice and lengthened their stay on the hot plate. Adiphenine hydrochloride at 25 mg/kg antagonized the nicotine sulfate action, while morphine hydrochloride at 20 mg/kg or chlorpromazine hydrochloride at 2.5 mg/kg enhanced it. In golden hamsters, large doses of nicotine sulfate 8-16 mg/kg sc produced an inconsistent taming, while the effect of chlorpromazine hydrochloride at 5 mg/kg was more pronounced. Nicotine sulfate rapidly potentiated the chlorpromazine HCl taming.

LD50 Anas platyrhychos (Mallard, female, 4 months old) oral 587 mg/kg (95% Confidence limits: 397-869 mg/kg)

LD50 Phasianus colchicus (Pheasant, female, 3-4 mongth old) oral 1200-2000 mg/kg

LD50 Coturnix (Quail, male, 2 month old) oral 530 mg/kg (95% confidence limits: 385-735 mg/kg)

LD50 Pigeon (male) oral >2000 mg/kg

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for NICOTINE SULFATE (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Levels as low as 6.0 mg/kg produced some symptoms in mallards. Mortalities in most species occurred as soon as 6 min or as late as 2 days following treatment.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Proadifen HC1 (SKF-525A), a hepatic microsomal enzyme inhibitor, was evaluated as a synergist for eight chemicals that produced temporary immobilization (TI) at sublethal levels in birds. Probit analysis showed that Proadifen HC1 administered orally and concurrently at 100 mg/kg to quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) with four of the test chemicals (alpha-chloralose, chlordiazepoxide, nicotine sulfate and phencyclidine) significantly lowered (p = 0.05) the estimated median lethal (LD50) and/or temporary immobilization response (TI50). Proadifen HC1 reduced ... the LD50 dose for nicotine sulfate 4.10-fold and the TI50 2.98-fold... . ...These data show that the LD50 and/or TI50 of temporary immobilizing agents for birds can be affected by the use of a synergist such as Proadifen HCL, and indicate that synergism between bird control chemicals or pesticides and drugs could be used to improve efficacy, lower application rates and reduce environmental contamination.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Acute symptoms: wing shivers or fasciculation, ataxia, excessive swallowing and chewing motions, masseter tenseness, mild ... /CNS depression/ strong whole-body tremors, miosis, terminal wing-beat convulsions or opisthotonos.

Cough.

Redness.

Burning sensation. Confusion. Nausea. Vomiting. Excessive salivation. Diarrhoea. Sweating. Dizziness. Convulsions. Drowsiness. Respiratory arrest.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Patients with dermatitis caused by agricultural pesticides were tested at Saku General Hospital. Patch tests carried out on vegetable farmers from Nagano Prefecture revealed that 10-28% of the farmers were sensitive to nicotine sulfate.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptoms /of nicotine sulfate exposure/ include acute intoxication, skin injuries, and respiratory damage.

/CASE REPORTS/ ...Although rare, acute ingestions of large amounts of nicotine can produce rapid and dramatic toxicity. /Investigators/ present a case of an ingestion of a nicotine sulfate solution by a 15-year-old boy resulting in hypoxia and irreversible encephalopathy. The diagnosis of acute nicotine toxicity potentially could be delayed due to the fact that nicotine and cotinine are so commonly found on drug screens that they are considered "normal variants."

/CASE REPORTS/ A patient developed nicotine poisoning after cutaneous application of nicotine sulfate. Measurement of nicotine and metabolite levels in the blood demonstrated prolonged absorption of nicotine despite vigorous skin decontamination. This suggests that the skin may be a reservoir for slow release of nicotine into the circulation. Despite extraordinarily high levels of nicotine, the patient had full resolution of signs and symptoms of intoxication, indicating rapid and profound development of tolerance.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ In December 2002, approximately 250 lbs. of ground beef was adulterated with nicotine sulfate by a supermarket employee and subsequently sold to the public. Soon afterward, reports of illness associated with ground beef purchased at a single store were identified. Authorities suspected the ground beef was tainted with Black Leaf 40, a banned pesticide containing approximately 40% nicotine as nicotine sulfate. ... Analysis revealed that the raw tainted beef contained about 350 mg/kg nicotine free base, a potentially lethal dose of nicotine per serving for an adult. Additionally, we found elevated sulfate levels in the samples that tested positive for nicotine, providing evidence that nicotine sulfate was the probable adulterant.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Nicotine sulfate is slightly less toxic /than nicotine/, lethal dose for 18-month-old lambs estimated as 0.2 to 0.3 g. ... Toxic dose for adult sheep is 0.7 to 1 g. ... /Investigators/ found that 1 g doses were needed to produce poisoning in bulls & heifers of from 1 yr to 18 mo of age.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ To investigate effects of systemic nicotine on mucus secretion from tracheal submucosal glands we anesthetized 13 ferrets (5 male, 8 female; average weight 1138 +/- 469 g, mean +/- SD) with pentobarbital (initial dose, 62 +/- 26, total dose, 90 +/- 26 mg/kg), cannulated the jugular vein for iv application of infusions and drugs and cannulated the femoral artery for determination of blood pressure, heart rate, blood cells, and blood gases. /Investigators/ opened the thorax, cannulated the trachea 1 cm above the carina and ventilated the lungs through the lower airways with a Harvard respirator. ... An electromagnetic flow probe /was placed/ around the ascending aorta for measurement of cardiac output. ... Transpulmonary pressure /was measured/ as tracheal pressure with a strain gauge transducer. /Investigators/ created an isolated segment of trachea between the larynx and the tracheal cannula. ... The segment /was perfused/ with medium M-199 containing 30 uCi/mL Na(2)35SO4 (35S) and /was/ injected /with/ 100 uCi 35S intravenously. After 90 min ... the radioactive solution /was drained/ from the luminal side and replaced it with nonradioactive medium which /was/ collected at 5-min intervals for determination of nondialyzable radioactivity. At 25 min nicotine sulfate (5 x 10(-7)-10(-5) M/kg) /was injected/ and /investigators/ continued to collect the perfusate every 5 min. Systemic nicotine had profound effects on circulatory and ventilatory variables and on gland secretion. Initial hypertension was followed by bradycardia and a fall in blood pressure and cardiac output.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Rats were given daily injections of nicotine sulfate in doses ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 mg/kg. The behavioral effect of these injections was measured as locomotor activity in photocell cages. Repeated administration of the same dose to each rat resulted in an enhancement of the stimulant effect of nicotine. This enhanced behavioral effect was quite pronounced within 5 days of repeated injection. Tissue from the cerebral cortex of these rats, exposed to nicotine for 5 days, was assayed for binding of [3H]acetylcholine to nicotinic receptors. These relatively small doses of nicotine resulted in 18-26% increases in cortical nicotinic receptors, compared to saline-treated rats. Rats exposed to 0.2 mg/kg of nicotine for 5 days and then given saline for 7 days still showed an enhanced behavioral response to nicotine on the eighth day after exposure, and nicotinic binding in the cortex was still elevated. However, 21 days after exposure to nicotine both the behavioral response to nicotine and the binding values had returned to the same values as those of saline-treated rats. These data imply that increased binding of [3H]acetylcholine to nicotinic sites and the enhanced behavioral effect of nicotine are functionally linked.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Nicotine and Related Compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Aggressive airway management may be needed. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Nicotine and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in respiratory distress. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Nicotine and Related Compounds/

Emergency and supportive measures: Maintain an open airway and assist ventilation if necessary. Administer supplemental oxygen. Treat seizures, coma, hypotension, hypertension, and arrhythmias if they occur. observe for at least 4-6 hours to rule out delayed toxicity, especially after skin exposure. For ingestion of intact gum tablets or transdermal patches, observe for a longer period (up to 12-24 hours). /Nicotine/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for NICOTINE SULFATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LD50 Rabbit dermal 50 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit sc 20 mg/kg

LD50 Rat dermal 285 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 8.55 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for NICOTINE SULFATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

P075; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when nicotine and salts, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to federal and/or state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any container or inner liner used to hold this waste or any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5(e)). /Nicotine and salts/

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk in accordance to newer saftey standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List C, and with List C containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List D. Nicotine and derivatives are found on List B. Case No: 2460; Pesticide type: insecticide, rodenticide (repellent); Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Nicotine sulfate; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 03/27/91; AI Status: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled."

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b). /Nicotine and salts/

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Nicotine sulfate is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 100 or 10,000 lbs. Extremely hazardous substances that are solids are subject to either of two threshold planning quantities ... The lower quantity applies only if the solid exists in powdered form and has a particle size less than 100 microns; or is handled in solution or in molten form; or meets the criteria for a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rating of 2, 3 or 4 for reactivity. If the solid does not meet any of these criteria, it is subject to the upper ... threshold planning quantity ... .