2-Benzylidenheptanal

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 680(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.8X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(1). alpha-Amyl cinnamaldehyde is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 0.00431 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(1); however, alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde does volatilize in its consumer use as a perfume in soaps and detergents(3). Biodegradation is expected to be an important fate process in soil based on results of various various screening test(SRC). alpha-Amyl cinnamaldehyde, present at 100 mg/L, reached 51% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(4). Using OECD Method 301B (CO2 evolution), alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde had a 65% degradation in 28 days indicating it was readily biodegradable(3). Using OECD Method 301F (Respirometric method/SAPROMAT), alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde had a 90% degradation 28 days indicating it was readily biodegradable(3).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 680(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.8X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(2). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 6.8 and 54 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 586(SRC), from a log Kow of 4.70(5), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). alpha-Amyl cinnamaldehyde is stable to hydrolysis in water(5); the aldehyde group has a potential to oxidize to carboxylic acid in water(5). Biodegradation is expected to be an important fate process in water based on results of various various screening test(SRC). alpha-Amyl cinnamaldehyde, present at 100 mg/L, reached 51% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(6). Using OECD Method 301B (CO2 evolution), alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde had a 65% degradation in 28 days indicating it was readily biodegradable(5). Using OECD Method 301F (Respirometric method/SAPROMAT), alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde had a 90% degradation 28 days indicating it was readily biodegradable(5).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 0.00431 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7.2 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.4X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(2). Vapor-phase alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 12.6 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.2X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(2).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde can be estimated to be 680(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde is expected to have low mobility in soil.

alpha-Amyl cinnamaldehyde is a naturally occurring substance; /cinnamaldehyde/ is the predominant constituent of cassia oil and Ceylon cinnamon bark oil and is a common component of traditional foods; responsible for the spicy aroma strongly reminiscent of cinnamon spice(1).

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Sensitivity to alpha-amylcinnamic aldehyde (alpha-AcAld) is apparently uncommon, but, like allergy to alpha-amylcinnamic alcohol (alpha-AcAlc), it often accompanies allergy to the perfume in Mycolog cream. Although alpha-AcAlc is a known ingredient, alpha-AcAld is not. However, gas-liquid chromatographic analysis shows alpha-AcAld to be present. Of fourteen persons sensitive to either chemical, ten reacted to both. Of these, one man and three women were markedly sensitive, and all three women had chronic recalcitrant vulvar eczema. That condition might have been the cause as well as the result of sensitization, but reexposure to a suspected product reproduced the eruption in both persons tested. Its use with other potent sensitizers, e.g., ethylenediamine, to treat irritations and chronic eczemas in an area of high absorption may partly explain development of allergy to a relatively weak sensitizer.

AEROBIC: alpha-Amyl cinnamaldehyde, present at 100 mg/L, reached 51% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1). Using OECD Method 301B (CO2 evolution), alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde had a 65% degradation in 28 days indicating it was readily biodegradable(2). Using OECD Method 301F (Respirometric method/SAPROMAT), alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde had a 90% degradation 28 days indicating it was readily biodegradable(2).

An estimated BCF of 586 was calculated in fish for alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde(SRC), using a log Kow of 4.70(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC), provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde is estimated as 7.8X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 6.8 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 54 days(SRC). alpha-Amyl cinnamaldehyde's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). alpha-Amyl cinnamaldehyde is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 0.00431 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(1); however, alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde does volatilize in its consumer use as a perfume in soaps and detergents(3).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ 15 male and 15 female FDRL rats ... were fed diet containing 2% test substance diluted in cotton-seed oil for 12 weeks. At 90 days, autopsy was performed. Hematological and blood chemical determinations were also made. No treatment related adverse effects were noted in the parameters measured. This study demonstrates a NOAEL in rats ...to be 2% in feed.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Amyl cinnamic aldehyde (a food flavoring constituent) was fed to rats at dietary levels of 0 (control), 80, 400, 4000 ppm for 14 wk. No differences from controls were seen in the rate of body weight gain, the consumption of food and water, hematological measurements, serum analyses, urinary cell excretion or renal concentration tests. There were increases in the relative liver and kidney weights of rats fed the highest dietary level, but these were not associated with any histopathological changes. One female rat of the 2 lower dietary levels developed small mammary adenomas, which were thought to be spontaneous. The histopathological changes found were related to the presence of a mild infection rather than to treatment with amyl cinnamic aldehyde. The no untoward effect level in this study was 400 ppm (approximately 23 mg/kg/day in males and 36 mg/kg/day in females). This is 500 times the likely maximum intake in man.

/GENOTOXICITY/ /In an/ Ames reverse mutation assay ... Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, TA100, TA1537, TA98 ... /was treated with alpha-amylcinnamaldehyde at/ concentrations 2.5 to 750 ug/plate without activation and 250 ug/plate with activation (S9 fraction was prepared from the PCB-treated male Sprague-Dawley rats). No mutagenic activity was detected with any of the Salmonella strains tested with or without S9 activation. Cytotoxic concentration: 667 ug/plate with (+S9), 333 ug/plate (-S9)

/GENOTOXICITY/ /In an/ Ames bacterial reverse mutation assay ... Salmonella typhimurium TA97and TA102 ... /was treated with alpha-amylcinnamaldehyde at/ concentrations 1-1000 ug/plate. /There were/ no mutagenic effects with or without S9 activation.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for alpha-Amyl cinnamaldehyde (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 5.4X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 7.2 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde with ozone has been estimated as 2.2X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 12.6 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(1). alpha-Amyl cinnamaldehyde is stable to hydrolysis in water(2); the aldehyde group has a potential to oxidize to carboxylic acid in water(2).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde is 100 to 999; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 79,408 workers (47,945 of these were female) were potentially exposed to alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde in the US(1). Occupational exposure to alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde may occur through inhalation of vapor and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where butyric anhydride is produced or used(SRC). The general population will be exposed to alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde through its use in consumer products such as soaps, detergents and perfumes(2).

Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to report preliminary assessment information concerned with production, exposure, and use to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR 41329. Effective date: 9/30/91; Reporting date: 11/27/91.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Heptanal, 2-(phenylmethylene)- is included on this list. Effective date: 9/30/91; Sunset date: 6/30/98.