Diethyl Ether

log Kow= 0.89

0.89 (calculated)

Sweetish, pungent odor

Ethereal odor

0.714 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.7134 at 20 °C/4 °C

Density (at 20 °C): 0.7 g/cm³

Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20 °C (air = 1): 1.9

0.71

0.7138 @ 20°C

Colorless, volatile, mobile liquid

Colorless liquid [Note: A gas above 94 degees F].

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

Miscible with lower aliphatic alcohols, benzene, chloroform, petroleum ether, fat solvents, many oils; sol in concn hydrochloric acid

Sol in acetone; very sol in ethanol

Sol in solvent naphtha, benzene, oils

Miscible with most organic solvents

In water, 6.04X10+4 mg/L at 25 °C

-49 °F (NTP, 1992)

-45 °C

-45 °C, -49 °F (CLOSED CUP)

-45 °C c.c.

-49 °F

-49 °F

94.3 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

34.6 °C at 760 mm Hg; 17.9 °C at 400 mm Hg; 2.2 °C at 200 mm Hg

35 °C

94 °F

34.5 °C @760 [mm Hg]

94 °F

-177.3 °F (NTP, 1992)

-116.3 °C (stable crystals); -123.3 °C (metastable crystals)

-116 °C

-177 °F

-116.2 °C

-177 °F

2.6 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

2.55 (Air = 1.0)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.6

2.6

Danger

H224: Extremely flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]；H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]；H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P319, P330, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 1.9% (12 of 636) of reports.

Chemical: Ethane, 1,1'-oxybis-

List II Chemical: A chemical, other than a List I chemical, specified by regulation that, in addition to legitimate uses, is used in manufacturing a controlled substance in violation of the Act. (21 eCFR 1310.02)

Ethane, 1,1'-oxybis- is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Ethane, 1,1'-oxybis- are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 17-10-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/14887

Diethyl ether: HSNO Approval: HSR001124 Approved with controls

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Behavior in Fire: Vapor is heavier than air and may travel considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back. Decomposes violently when heated. (USCG, 1999)

· HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.；CAUTION: Ethanol (UN1170) can burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)；· Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.；· Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.；· Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).；· Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.；· Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.；· Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.；· Containers may explode when heated.；· Many liquids will float on water.

· HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.；CAUTION: Ethanol (UN1170) can burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)；· Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.；· Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.；· Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).；· Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.；· Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.；· Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.；· Containers may explode when heated.；· Many liquids will float on water.

Extremely flammable. Vapour/air mixtures are explosive. Risk of fire and explosion on contact with oxidants or incompatible substances. See Chemical Dangers.

When shaken under absolutely dry conditions ether can generate enough static electricity to start a fire.

A very dangerous fire and explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame.

Only electrical equipment of explosion-proof type (group C classification) is permitted to be operated in ether areas. Ether should not be stored near powerful oxidizers or in areas of high fire hazard. /Ethers/

Vapor inhalation may cause headache, nausea, vomiting, and loss of consciousness. Contact with eyes will be irritating. Skin contact from clothing wet with the chemical may cause burns. (USCG, 1999)

· Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.；· Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.；· Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation, especially when in closed or confined areas.；· Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause environmental contamination.

· Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.；· Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.；· Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation, especially when in closed or confined areas.；· Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause environmental contamination.

Abnormal liver function tests has been reported in patients anesthetized with ethyl ether. Abuse of ether by workers, ether jags, has been reported. [ACGIH] Ethyl ether is in the list of Some volatile substances which may be abused by inhalation published on the web site of the U.N. International Drug Control Programme, indicating its potential to cause narcosis in workers. [Reference #1] An eye and respiratory tract irritant; [ICSC]

1155 127

1155 127

1155 127

NIOSH; NEG and NIOSH Basis for an Occupational Health Standard for Ethyl Ether. Published in Arbete och Halsa 30 (2002) and available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pdfs/93-103a.pdf as of October 31, 2007.

European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, Diethyl Ether (CAS # 60-29-7) p.44 Available from the Database Query page at: http://ecb.jrc.it/esis/esis.php as of September 24, 2007.

U117; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when diethyl ether, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

F003; When diethyl ether is a spent solvent, it is classified as a hazardous waste from a nonspecific source (F003), as stated in 40 CFR 261.31, and must be managed according to State and/or Federal hazardous waste regulations.

Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to report preliminary assessment information concerned with production, exposure, and use to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR 41329. Effective date 1/26/1994; Reporting date 3/28/94.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Diethyl ether is included on this list. Effective date 1/26/1994; Sunset date 6/30/1998.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 127 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible)]:；CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: For fire involving UN1170, UN1987 or UN3475, alcohol-resistant foam should be used. CAUTION: Ethanol (UN1170) can burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.).；SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.；LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.；FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use alcohol-resistant foam, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Do NOT induce vomiting. Rinse mouth. Give nothing to drink. Refer for medical attention .

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.；· Keep unauthorized personnel away.；· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.；· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.；· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.；· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.；· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.；· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.；· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.；· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.；· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.；Large Spill；· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.；· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.；· Keep unauthorized personnel away.；· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.；· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.；· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.；· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.；· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.；· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.；· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.；· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.；· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.；Large Spill；· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.；· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.；SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.；INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.；INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:；· Call 911 or emergency medical service.；· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.；· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.；· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.；· If victim is not breathing:；-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.；-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).；-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.；· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.；· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.；· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.；· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.；· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.；· Keep victim calm and warm.；· Keep victim under observation.；· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.；· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.；Specific First Aid:；· Wash skin with soap and water.

General First Aid:；· Call 911 or emergency medical service.；· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.；· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.；· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.；· If victim is not breathing:；-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.；-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).；-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.；· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.；· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.；· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.；· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.；· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.；· Keep victim calm and warm.；· Keep victim under observation.；· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.；· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.；Specific First Aid:；· Wash skin with soap and water.

(General first aid procedures)；Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.；Skin: Water wash promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly wash the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with water. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.；Breathing: Respiratory support；Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).；· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).；· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

400.0 [ppm]

Water may be ineffective ... But water should be used to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Use water spray dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

Separate from oxidizing materials. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area. Avoid sunlight.

Floors of storage rooms should be conductive ... to ground out any possible static charge of individuals working in the room.

Ethers should not be stored near powerful oxidizers or in areas of high fire hazard. They should be kept cool and the containers electrically grounded to avoid sparks. /Ethers/

Spills and leakage: Absorb with paper. Evaporate completely all spilt surface. Dispose by burning the paper after complete ventilation of vapor.

1. Remove all ignition sources. 2. Ventilate area of spill or leak. 3. For small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in a safe place (such as a fume hood). Allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors to completely clear the hood ductwork. Burn the paper in a suitable location away from combustible materials. Large quantities can be reclaimed or collected and atomized in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. Ethyl ether should not be allowed to enter a confined space, such as sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion.

A two-well injection withdrawal experiment was conducted at a hazardous waste disposal site near Ottawa, Canada to assess the feasibility of aquifer restoration by means of a purge well network. The six day test involved injecting tracer labeled clean water into one well while withdrawing contaminated water from a well located 5 m away. Samples taken from multilevel sampling points located along flow lines between the two wells were analyzed to determine the concentrations of tracers and of volatile contaminants. Tracer breakthrough data were fitted to an approximate analytic solution to determine average linear velocities and dispersivities. The concentration histories obtained for 3 volatile organic contaminants (including diethyl ether) deviate significantly from that predicted using local equilibrium based transport models. Comparison with results of a one dimensional, kinetics based transport model indicates qualitative agreement between observed transport behavior and that expected for solutes affected by a first order reversible sorption process for which the rate constants are small relative to the groundwater velocity in the induced flow field.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 127 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible)]:；ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.；LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U117, F003, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Diethyl ether is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. If concentrated waste contains no peroxides, discharge liquid at a controlled rate near a pilot flame. If concentrated waste contains peroxides, perforation of a container of the waste from a safe distance is followed by open burning.

A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperture range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time 0.1 to 2 seconds. Also, a good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. Also, a good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

This compound should be susceptible to removal from waste water by air stripping.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for DIETHYL ETHER (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Remove all ignition sources. Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

The disposition of diflunisal (DF) at 10 mg/kg iv was investigated over 4 hr in bile-exteriorized male rats continuously anaesthetized with ... diethyl ether inhalation (as required) ... and compared to that obtained in conscious rats. 2. Diethyl ether decreased the plasma clearance of DF to about 30% of control values, by inhibition of both glucuronidation and sulfation of DF. ...

... Appears to increase the neuromuscular blockade caused by antibiotics such as neomycin, streptomycin, polymyxin, and kanamycin.

... In Guinea pigs ... the sleep induced by barbiturates of ether was prolonged by chlordiazepoxide.

... Ether ... sleeping times are prolonged by imipramine but considerably less than by phenothiazine neuroleptics.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for DIETHYL ETHER (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50 Poecilia reticulata (guppy) 2134 mg/L for 14 days; semistatic, 22 °C

LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow, age 29 days) 2560 mg/L/96 hr; flow-through, 24.8 °C, pH 7.76, dissolved oxygen 7.1 mg/L, hardness 45.1 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 41.5 mg/L CaCO3

EC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow, age 29 days) 2260 mg/L/96 hr; flow-through, 24.8 °C, pH 7.76, dissolved oxygen 7.1 mg/L, hardness 45.1 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 41.5 mg/L CaCO3; Effect: Affected fish lost schooling behavior and swam in a corkscrew/spiral pattern near the tank surface. They were underreactive to external stimuli, had increased respiration, were darkly colored, and lost equilibrium prior to death.

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Conditions: freshwater, static, pH 8.0; Concentration: 165 mg/L for 24 hr; Effect: behavior, equilibrium

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for DIETHYL ETHER (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 73(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.89(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that diethyl ether is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of diethyl ether from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.23X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(4). The potential for volatilization of diethyl ether from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon an extrapolated vapor pressure of 538 mm Hg(5). Biodegradation of diethyl ether in soil is expected to be a slow process(SRC), based upon its slow biodegradation in an aqueous screening study(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 73(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.89(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that diethyl ether is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Diethyl ether is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3) based on a Henry's Law constant of 1.23X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.1 hours and 3.6 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), BCFs ranging from 0.9 to 9.1 in carp(6) suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation of diethyl ether in water is expected to be a slow process(SRC), based upon its slow biodegradation in an aqueous screening study(6).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), diethyl ether, which has an extrapolated vapor pressure of 538 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase diethyl ether is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and nitrate radicals(SRC); half-lives for these reactions in air are estimated to be 1.2 and 5.8 days, respectively(3,4). Direct photolysis is not expected to be an important removal process since aliphatic ethers do not absorb light in the environmental spectrum(5).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (T36) ; inhalation (T36)

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The study measured the acute toxicity of Ethane, 1,1'-oxybis- to 2-3 month old guppies /(Poecilia reticulate)/ under static-renewal conditions for 14 days. The test substance was tested at several concentrations in a series with a 1.8-factor geometric progression. Stock solutions were prepared using a solvent (acetone or propanol-2) and diluted with standard water (hardness of 25 mg/L as CaCO3). Each test vessel contained approximately 1 L of test solution and eight guppies. Test solutions were renewed daily. Guppies were fed a commercial fish food 0.5 h before each renewal. The temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration during the test were maintained at 22 + or - 1 °C and 5 mg/L, respectively. The guppies were considered to be dead when gill movements ceased and no reaction occurred when fish were touched with a glass bar. LC50 = 2134 mg/L/14 days.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... Immobility and abnormal behavior (e.g., erratic swimming) were recorded at 24 hours. ... The definitive test was based on a total of 20 daphnids /(Daphnia magna)/ per concentration tested (i.e., 10 daphnids per replicate, in each of 2 replicates) exposed to each test concentration, as well as a control (100% dilution water). Dilution water: Dilution water for culturing was tap water. Dilution water for testing was a chemically and physically defined standardized culture medium ("artificial fresh water"). Measured water chemistry parameters: Parameters determined at the end of the test: pH (target: pH: 8.0 + or - 0.2); dissolved oxygen (target: 2 mg/L); temperature (constant 20 °C in incubator) ... The 24-hour EC50 was ... 165 mg/L/96 hr; immobility. ...

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Flow-through exposures /of Ethane, 1,1'-oxybis-/ were made /to Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow)/ with a continuous flow modified mini-diluter. /Alkalinity 41.5 mg/L; DO 7.1 mg/L; pH 7.76; Temperature 24.8 °C; water hardness 45.1/ ... Observations of fish behavior and toxic signs were made at 2-8, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. ... LC50 = 2560 mg/L/96 hr; mortality. EC50 = 2260 mg/L/96 hr; behavior. ... Fish exposed to DEE lost schooling behavior and swam in a cork-screw/spiral pattern near the tank surface. They were under reactive to external stimuli, had increased respiration, were darkly colored and lost equilibrium prior to death. ...

/PLANTS/ Toxicity to terrestrial plants /was studied using/ ...Mimosa pudica, Oxalis stricta, and Marsillia macropus. Inhibition of opening/closing movements /was observed at 330-510 mg/L. ...Effects were reversible after end of exposure within a few hours.

Chemical: Ethane, 1,1'-oxybis-

List II Chemical: A chemical, other than a List I chemical, specified by regulation that, in addition to legitimate uses, is used in manufacturing a controlled substance in violation of the Act. (21 eCFR 1310.02)

Ethane, 1,1'-oxybis- is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Ethane, 1,1'-oxybis- are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 17-10-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/14887

Diethyl ether: HSNO Approval: HSR001124 Approved with controls

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

U117; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when diethyl ether, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

F003; When diethyl ether is a spent solvent, it is classified as a hazardous waste from a nonspecific source (F003), as stated in 40 CFR 261.31, and must be managed according to State and/or Federal hazardous waste regulations.

Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to report preliminary assessment information concerned with production, exposure, and use to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR 41329. Effective date 1/26/1994; Reporting date 3/28/94.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Diethyl ether is included on this list. Effective date 1/26/1994; Sunset date 6/30/1998.

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Ethyl ether is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Ethyl ether

1

10000

Flammable chemical that can be released at a facility.

(FL) FLORIDA 750 ug/l

(MN) MINNESOTA 1000 ug/l

(NH) NEW HAMPSHIRE 1,400 ug/l

N - Nervous system；N01 - Anesthetics；N01A - Anesthetics, general；N01AA - Ethers；N01AA01 - Diethyl ether

QN - Nervous system；QN01 - Anesthetics；QN01A - Anesthetics, general；QN01AA - Ethers；QN01AA01 - Diethyl ether

The mechanism of action by which .... ethyl ether produce/s/ reversible loss of consciousness is still unclear. Anesthesia can be produced by a wide variety of chemical agents, ranging from inert rare gases to steriodal molecules. This apparent lack of specificity, together with the observation that general anesthesia can be reversed by high pressure, poses a unique pharmacological problem. Most theories concern interaction of anesthetics with either membrane lipids or hydrophobic regions of specificic membrane-bound proteins. One hypothesis is that the anesthetic changes the function of an ion channel protein by modifying the conformation of the protein. Some investigators suggest that the GABA receptor may be the ion channel protein that is affected by inhalation of anesthetic agents... The most appropriate concept for the mechanism of general anesthesia /may be/ a the heterogenous site of anesthetic action, including both lipid and protein membrane components linked with neuronal function.

In chronically catheterized rats, diethyl ether increased plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations indicating that this drug stimulates both neurosympathetic and adrenomedullary functions. These effects appear to be centrally mediated, since ganglionic blockade or spinal transection completely counteracted the diethyl ether induced increases in plasma calcium levels.

Hippocampal EEG signals derived from chronically implanted electrodes in the freely moving rat were recorded before and after administration of centrally acting drugs, and analyzed by power and coherence spectra. Diethyl ether induced a low frequency (3-6 c/s) theta power and coherence peak in the immobile rat, which was sensitive to atropine or scopolamine. The residue spectrum, defined as the EEG spectrum with the theta harmonics removed, was sensitive to centrally acting drugs. Diethyl ether suppressed fast waves of 50-100 c/s, and some conditions, enhanced 15-50 c/s waves.

The plasma beta-endorphin responses to ether and handling stress were examined in animals of various ages. At each age studied there was a significant, stress-induced elevation of plasma beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity levels were higher in animals 3,7, and 14 days of age than in adults.

Cortical action potential activity is suppressed by ether anesthesia and is not affected when sensory fibers in the sciatic nerve are stimulated. Consequently, ether blocks sensory pathways to the cortex; the blockade occurs even before cortical activity is entirely suspended. In contrast, pentobarbital suppresses activity in the cortex without blocking the sensory path to it during sciatic nerve stimulation.

It has been estimated that about 8-10% of absorbed ethyl ether is metabolized in the body whereas the remainder is excreted unchanged through the lungs. Ethyl ether is metabolized to ethanol and acetaldehyde by the inducible hepatic microsomal enzyme system, a cytochrome P450-containing monooxygenase system. Ethanol and acetaldehyde are rapidly oxidized to acetate, and the acetate subsequently enters the 2-carbon pool of intermediary metabolism.

When (14)C diethyl ether ... admin ... to mice by inhalation a proportion was rapidly metabolized into palmitic, stearic, & oleic acids & cholesterol, which, together with 3 other non-volatile radioactive metab ... mono-, di-, & tri-glycerides, were recovered from liver.

Diethyl ether caused detectable blood acetaldehyde levels in 15 patients. Avg acetaldehyde concn was 21 umolar which approximates the level found after intake of ethanol.

Liver microsomes metabolized diethyl ether to acetaldehyde. The reaction was NADPH-dependent, & inhibited by CO & antibody to rat liver cytochrome P450. Cytochrome P450 containing monooxygenase system analogous to o-dealkylation is indicated.

For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for DIETHYL ETHER (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Diethyl ether can be absorbed following ingestion and inhalation, and is then rapidly distributed to the brain and fatty tissues. Diethyl ether is not metabolized in humans and is excreted mainly in expired air. (T36)

Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Gases or volatile liquids that vary in the rate at which they induce anesthesia; potency; the degree of circulation, respiratory, or neuromuscular depression they produce; and analgesic effects. Inhalation anesthetics have advantages over intravenous agents in that the depth of anesthesia can be changed rapidly by altering the inhaled concentration. Because of their rapid elimination, any postoperative respiratory depression is of relatively short duration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p173)

After inhalation, ethyl ether is rapidly transferred from alveoli to blood. The normal alveolar membrane poses no barrier to the transfer of ethyl ether in either direction. The blood/gas distribution coefficient of ethyl ether is high - 12.1. For oil/gas, the distribution coefficient is 65. ...The penetration /of ethyl ether/ in rabbit skin /was studied/. ... Doses over 20 mL/kg bw could not be retained in contact with the skin. ... The single dermal penetration LD50 was greater than 20 mL/kg bw.

The majority of inhaled ethyl ether is excreted unchanged through the lungs. In experiments on dogs, /it was/ reported that the recovery of ethyl ether in expired air was 79-92% (average for 12 dogs 87%).

... Over 90% of it can be recovered in the exhaled air. A small fraction is excreted in the urine, milk, sweat and other body fluids, and a tiny amount escapes by diffusion through the intact skin. All volatile anesthetics easily pass placental barrier ...

Diethyl ether is instantaneously absorbed from inhaled air into the bloodstream, from which it passes rapidly into the brain. ... It is also taken up rapidly by fatty tissue in rats.

For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for DIETHYL ETHER (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Used as a solvent and a reagent in organic syntheses; [ACGIH] Used as a solvent (waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, gums, nitrocellulose, alkaloids); Also used to prime gasoline engines; [Merck Index]

Good solvent for fats, oils, dyes, gums, resins, raw rubber, smokeless powder, perfumes, and nitrocellulose. Also used in the manufacture of photographic films and pharmaceuticals, and as a reaction and extraction medium in the chemical industry. /Formerly (in U.S.A.)/ used as an inhalation anesthetic in surgery, a refrigerant, in diesel fuels, in dry cleaning, and as a starting fuel for engines.

... Used as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, dyes, gums, resins, nitrocellulose, hydrocarbons, raw rubber, and smokeless powder. ... used as an inhalation anesthetic, a refrigerant, in diesel fuels, in dry cleaning, as an extractant, and as a chemical reagent for various organic reactions.

For azeotropic distillation /entrainer/ to obtain better separation.

"Unrefined" grade is used as component of cold weather starting fluids for diesel and gasoline engines, usually blended with other volatile, flammable materials such as propane and butane.

For more Uses (Complete) data for DIETHYL ETHER (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

USP/ACS grade typically containing 2% alcohol; anhydrous grade typically containing 0.003% water and less than 0.01% alcohol.

Maximum limits of impurities: ethanol (preservative)= 2%, carbonyl compounds= 0.001%, water= 0.01%, acetic acid= 5 ppm, heavy metals= 1 ppm, nickel= 0.1 ppm /Ether, anhydrous, 'Photrex' reagent, for spectrophotometry/

(1964) 3.96X10+8 GRAMS

(1984) 1.68X10+9 g

(1972) 3.31X10+6 GRAMS

(1975) 7.75X10+7 GRAMS

(1984) 9.55X10+5 g

2023: 4,000,000 - <5,500,000 lb；2022: 4,000,000 - <5,500,000 lb；2021: 7,000,000 - <8,500,000 lb；2020: 2,500,000 - <4,000,000 lb

(1972) 3.15X10+10 GRAMS (TECHNICAL GRADE)

(1975) 1.25X10+10 GRAMS (TECHNICAL GRADE)

Ethane, 1,1'-oxybis- is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#201]

65% AS A SOLVENT; 25% IN CHEM SYNTH (INCL AS AN INT FOR MONOETHANOLAMINE AND ETHYLENE); 3% AS A GENERAL ANESTHETIC AND IN OTHER MEDICAL USES; AND 7% IN MISC USES (INCL AS A DENATURANT FOR ETHYL ALCOHOL)(1974)

Solvent & chemical syntheses, 75%; Diesel & gasoline engine starting fluids, 25% (1983)

Produced on large scale by dehydration of ethanol or by hydration of ethylene, both processes being carried out in the presence of sulfuric acid.

Vapor phase dehydration of ethanol in a fixed-bed reactor using an alumina catalyst in greater than 95% yield.

/From/ ethylene (catalytic hydration; byproduct of ethanol production)

In countries where ethanol is produced synthetically, diethyl ether is produced in sufficient quantities as a byproduct to make its synthesis unnecessary.

For more Methods of Manufacturing (Complete) data for DIETHYL ETHER (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Grade: USP (for anesthesia); ACS reagent; ACS absolute; CP; concentrated; USP 1880; washed; motor; electronic.

USI (National Distillers) produces four grades: unrefined, USP, ACS, and anhydrous.

Two grades of diethyl ether are commercially available: technical-grade ether and anesthetic ether. There are no universally accepted specifications for technical-grade ether, but it is conventionally free of peroxides. Anhydrous technical-grade ether has a maximum water content of 500 mg/kg. Anesthetic ether has a neutral reaction, is free from foreign odors, passes the tests for peroxides and aldehydes, and has a maximum water content of 0.2%

Food Additives -> EXTRACTION_SOLVENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Food Additives -> EXTRACTION_SOLVENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Food Additives -> EXTRACTION_SOLVENT -> JECFA Functional Classes