Tramadol

(R,R)-tramadol · (1R-cis)- · (+)-Tramadol · (+)-trans-Tramadol free base · Cyclohexanol, 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)-, (1R,2R)-

https://huagongshe.com/de/chemical/33741

Identifikatoren & physikalische Daten

CAS No.	123154-38-1
Summenformel	C16H25NO2
Durchschnittliche Molmasse	263,37 g/mol
SMILES	COc1cccc([C@@]2(O)CCCC[C@@H]2CN(C)C)c1
InChIKey	TVYLLZQTGLZFBW-ZBFHGGJFSA-N
PubChem CID	33741
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1066
ChEBI	CHEBI:75725
EC No.	248-319-6
DTXSID	DTXSID401167150

Chemische & physikalische Eigenschaften

XLogP	2,6
Polarare Oberfläche (TPSA)	32,7
H-Brücken-Donoren	1
H-Brücken-Akzeptoren	3
Frei drehbare Bindungen	4
Schwere Atome	19
Formalladung	0
Komplexität	282
Stoffklassen	Pharmaceutical
Arzneimittel	DEA NFLIS-Drug Category -> Narcotic AnalgesicsPharmaceuticals -> AnalgesicsPharmaceuticals -> Listed in ZINC15Pharmaceuticals -> Used in SwitzerlandPharmaceuticals -> Synthetic Cannabinoids or Psychoactive Compounds
LogP (Verteilungskoeffizient)	2.4
Löslichkeit	Soluble7.50e-01 g/L>39.5 [ug/mL] (The mean of the results at pH 7.4)
Human Drugs	Breast FeedingLactationMilk, HumanAnalgesics, OpioidNarcoticsPharmaceuticals
Endocrine Disruptors	Potential endocrine disrupting compound
Decomposition	When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides/.
Schmelzpunkt	178-181 °C180 - 181 °C
Physical Description	Solid
Stability/Shelf Life	Stable under recommended storage conditions. /Tramadol hydrochloride/
Dissociation Constants	9.41pKa1 = 9.23 (tertiarary amine)pKa2= 13.08 (alcohol)
Lagerbedingungen	Refrigerator

Sicherheit & Vorschriften

GHS-Einstufung	DangerH300 (28.6%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 7 reports by companies from 3 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.WarningH302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]
Regulatorische Informationen	Status: Active Update: 29-05-2018 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/24188Tramadol: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard
FDA-Anforderungen	The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations identifies currently marketed prescription drug products, including tramadol hydrochloride, approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by FDA under sections 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. /Tramadol hydrochloride/Schedule IV shall consist of the drugs and other substances, by whatever official name, common or usual name, chemical name, or brand name designated, listed in this section. Each drug or substance has been assigned the DEA Controlled Substances Code Number set forth opposite it. (b) Narcotic drugs. Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation containing any of the following narcotic drugs, or their salts calculated as the free anhydrous base or alkaloid, in limited quantities as set forth below. 2-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol, its salts, optical and geometric isomers and salts of these isomers (including tramadol) is included on this list.
Special Reports	CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain - United States, 2016This guideline provides recommendations for primary care clinicians who are prescribing opioids for chronic pain outside of active cancer treatment, palliative care, and end-of-life care. The guideline addresses 1) when to initiate or continue opioids for chronic pain2) opioid selection, dosage, duration, follow-up, and discontinuationand 3) assessing risk and addressing harms of opioid use. CDC developed the guideline using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework, and recommendations are made on the basis of a systematic review of the scientific evidence while considering benefits and harms, values and preferences, and resource allocation. CDC obtained input from experts, stakeholders, the public, peer reviewers, and a federally chartered advisory committee. It is important that patients receive appropriate pain treatment with careful consideration of the benefits and risks of treatment options. This guideline is intended to improve communication between clinicians and patients about the risks and benefits of opioid therapy for chronic pain, improve the safety and effectiveness of pain treatment, and reduce the risks associated with long-term opioid therapy, including opioid use disorder, overdose, and death.[Dowell D et alMorbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) 65 (1):1-49 (2016)Available from, as of March 22, 2016: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/rr/rr6501e1.htm]
Toxic Combustion Products	Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture: Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas /Tramadol hydrochloride/
Hazard Classes and Categories	Acute Tox. 2 (28.6%)
Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities	Incompatible materials Strong oxidizing agents /Tramadol hydrochloride/
Brandbekämpfungsverfahren	Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Tramadol hydrochloride/Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary. /Tramadol hydrochloride/
Lagerbedingungen	Store at 25 °C (77 °F)excursions permitted to 15 - 30 °C (59 -86 °F).Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Keep in a dry place. /Tramadol hydrochloride/
Reinigungsverfahren	ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Avoid breathing dustEnvironmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoidedMethods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal. /Tramadol hydrochloride/
Entsorgungsverfahren	SRP: Expired or waste pharmaceuticals shall carefully take into consideration applicable DEA, EPA, and FDA regulations. It is not appropriate to dispose by flushing the pharmaceutical down the toilet or discarding to trash. If possible return the pharmaceutical to the manufacturer for proper disposal being careful to properly label and securely package the material. Alternatively, the waste pharmaceutical shall be labeled, securely packaged and transported by a state licensed medical waste contractor to dispose by burial in a licensed hazardous or toxic waste landfill or incinerator.Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubberContaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product. /Tramadol hydrochloride/SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.
Preventive Measures	Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed. /Tramadol hydrochloride/Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday. /Tramadol hydrochloride/Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands. /Tramadol hydrochloride/SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)	Eye/face protection: Safety glasses with side-shields conforming to EN166. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU). /Tramadol hydrochloride/Skin protection: Handle with gloves. /Tramadol hydrochloride/Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace. /Tramadol hydrochloride/Respiratory protection: For nuisance exposures use type P95 (US) or type P1 (EU EN 143) particle respirator. For higher level protection use type OV/AG/P99 (US) or type ABEK-P2 (EU EN 143) respirator cartridges. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU). /Tramadol hydrochloride/
Körperbelastung	... In the peripheral blood, tramadol was measured in a concn of 9.6 mg/l exceeded at least 30-times the normal therapeutic range of 0.1-0.3 mg/l. ... /Salt not specified/
Treatment	In treating an overdose, primary attention should be given to maintaining adequate ventilation along with general supportive treatment. While naloxone will reverse some, but not all, symptoms caused by overdosage with ULTRAM, the risk of seizures is also increased with naloxone administration. (L1712)
Wechselwirkungen	To investigate a possible antinociceptive role of serotonin receptor subtype 3 (5-HT(3)), we evaluated the effects of a coadmin of ondansetron, a 5-HT(3) selective antagonist, and tramadol, a central analgesic dependent on enhanced serotonergic transmission. Fifty-nine patients undergoing ear, throat, and nose surgery, using tramadol for 24-hr postoperative patient-controlled analgesia (bolus = 30 mglockout interval = 10 min) were randomly allocated either to a group receiving ondansetron continuous infusion (1 mg/mL/hr) for postoperative nausea and vomiting (Group O) or to a control group receiving saline (Group T). Pain & vomiting scores & tramadol consumption were evaluated at 4, 8, 12, and 24 hr. Pain scores were never >4, according to a 0-10 numerical rating scale, in both groups. Group O required significantly larger doses of tramadol at 4 hr (213 vs 71 mg, P<0.001), 8 hr (285 vs 128 mg, P<0.002), and 12 hr (406 vs 190 mg, P<0.002). Vomiting scores were higher in Group O at 4 hr (P<0.05) and 8 hr (P=0.05). We conclude that ondansetron reduced the overall analgesic effect of tramadol, probably blocking spinal 5-HT(3) receptors. ... Serotonin is an important neurotransmitter of the descending pathways that down-modulate spinal nociception. In postoperative pain, ondansetron, a selective 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist, increased the analgesic dose of tramadol. We suggest that, when antagonized for antiemetic purpose, 5-HT(3) receptors foster nociception, because of their site-dependent action.The primary aims of this study were to assess the analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of single-dose oral tramadol plus acetaminophen in acute postoperative pain and to use meta-analysis to demonstrate the efficacy of the combination drug compared with its components. Individual patient data from 7 randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trials of tramadol plus acetaminophen were supplied for analysis by the R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Raritan, New Jersey, USA. All trials used identical methods and assessed single-dose oral tramadol (75 mg or 112.5 mg) plus acetaminophen (650 mg or 975 mg) in adult patients with moderate or severe postoperative pain. Summed pain intensity and pain relief data over 6 and 8 hr and global evaluations of treatment effect after 8 hrs were extracted. Number-needed-to-treat (NNT) for one patient to obtain at least 50% pain relief was calculated. NNTs derived from pain relief data were compared with those derived from pain intensity data and global evaluations. Information on adverse effects was collected. Combination analgesics (tramadol plus acetaminophen) had significantly lower (better) NNTs than the components alone, and comparable efficacy to ibuprofen 400 mg. This could be shown for dental but not postsurgical pain, because more patients were available for the former. Adverse effects were similar for the combination drugs and the opioid component alone. Common adverse effects were dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, and headache. In sum, this meta-analysis demonstrated analgesic superiority of the combination drug over its components, without additional toxicity.A case report involving a 34-year-old white male who was found dead at home by his roommate is presented. At the time of his death, he was being treated with tramadol/acetaminophen, metaxalone, oxycodone, and amitriptyline. The decedent's mother stated that he had been taking increasing amounts of pain medication in order to sleep at night. There were no significant findings at autopsyhowever, toxicology results supported a cause and manner of death resulting from suicidal mixed tramadol and amitriptyline toxicity. This case reports the tissue and fluid distribution of tramadol, amitriptyline, and their metabolites in an acutely fatal ingestion in an effort to document concentrations of these analytes in 12 matrices with respect to one another to assist toxicologists in difficult interpretations.Tramadol has weak opioid properties, and an analgesic effect that is mediated mainly by inhibition of the reuptake of norepinephrine & serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) and facilitation of 5-HT release (1,2) at the spinal cord. Because 5-HT3 receptors play a key role in pain transmission at the spinal level (3), the 5-HT3 antagonist ondansetron may decr the efficacy of tramadol ... . In /a previous/ study, a small dose of 1 mg/kg tramadol was administered along with ondansetron 0.1 mg/kg or placebo, 15 min before the induction of anesthesia. Early postoperative pain scored differed significantly between the test groups. We therefore tested the hypothesis that the tramadol requirement by patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) may be increased when ondansetron is administered for antiemetic prophylaxis.For more Interactions (Complete) data for TRAMADOL (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Gesundheitliche Auswirkungen	Serious potential consequences of overdosage are respiratory depression, lethargy, coma, seizure, cardiac arrest and death. The respiratory depressant effects include carbon dioxide retention and secondary elevation of cerebrospinal fluid pressure, and may be markedly exaggerated in these patients (RxList, A308). Medical problems can include congested lungs, liver disease, tetanus, infection of the heart valves, skin abscesses, anemia and pneumonia. Death can occur from overdose.
Hepatotoxicity	Serum aminotransferase levels can be elevated in a small proportion of patients receiving tramadol, particularly with high doses. Intentional and accidental overdoses of tramadol can cause respiratory arrest as well as acute liver failure, several fatal instances of which have been reported. In these cases, however, the liver injury may have been caused by shock, hypoxia or ischemia secondary to the respiratory arrest. Liver injury attributed to tramadol overdose has also been associated with hyperammonemia, lactic acidosis and hepatic steatosis, suggestive of direct mitochondrial injury. In some situations, acute liver failure after tramadol overdose may be related to acetaminophen taken separately or in combination with tramadol. Clinically apparent idiosyncratic liver injury with recommended doses of tramadol has not been reported.
Umweltverhalten	TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 616(2) indicates that tramadol is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). The estimated pKa of tramadol is 9.23(3), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the compound exists as a cation and cations do not volatilize. Tramadol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 4.6X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). Tramadol is classified as not readily biodegradable in water(6) suggesting that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 616(2) indicates that tramadol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). An estimated pKa of 9.23(3) indicates tramadol will exist almost entirely in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 25(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 3.01(5) and a regression-derived equation(5), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). A photodegradation half-life of 3.7 days in water under natural sunlight conditions was reported(6). Tramadol is classified as not readily biodegradable in water(6) indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), tramadol, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 4.6X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase tramadol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC)the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1 hour(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.5X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase tramadol may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). A photodegradation half-life of 3.7 days in water under natural sunlight conditions(4) suggests that tramadol may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight since sunlight consists of wavelengths above 290 nm(SRC).
Unerwünschte Wirkungen	The most common adverse drug reactions with tramadol are nausea, dizziness, pruritus, constipation, vomiting, somnolence, and headache. They tend to occur during the initial treatment rather than the maintenance phase. Tramadol-induced mania has been reported in a patient with no history of bipolar disorder.
Expositionspfade	Inhalation. Racemic tramadol is rapidly and almost completely absorbed after oral administration. The mean absolute bioavailability of a 100 mg oral dose is approximately 75%. The mean peak plasma concentration of racemic tramadol and M1 occurs at two and three hours, respectively, after administration in healthy adults.
Toxizitätsübersicht	IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Tramadol is white, odorless crystalline powder with a bitter taste. Tramadol is an opioid analgesic which is indicated for the management of moderate to moderately severe pain in adults. In veterinary care, it may be used for the treatment of post-operative or chronic pain or cough. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Manifestations of overdosage are similar to those of other opiate agonists and include respiratory depression, lethargy, skeletal muscle flaccidity, coma, seizure, bradycardia, hypotension, cardiac arrest, miosis, vomiting, cold and clammy skin, cardiac collapse, and death. Serious and rarely fatal anaphylactoid reactions have been reported. Other reported hypersensitivity reactions include pruritus, urticaria, angioedema, bronchospasm, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Potentially life-threatening serotonin syndrome may occur with tramadol, particularly with concurrent use of other serotonergic drugs, drugs that impair the metabolism of serotonin (e.g., MAO inhibitors), or drugs that impair the metabolism of tramadol (e.g., inhibitors of cytochrome P-450 [CYP] isoenzymes 2D6 and 3A4). The use of tramadol has been associated with an increased risk of hyponatremia requiring hospitalization. One study suggests a moderately increased risk of a teratogenic effect of tramadol. When tramadol is used during pregnancy, there is a serious risk for neonatal abstinence syndrome. ANIMAL STUDIES: There were 910 single agent exposures to tramadol reported to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center during 2009-2013. Of the 749 dogs, 142 were symptomatic. Symptoms included being sedated/lethargic, vomiting, tachycardic, vocalizing or ataxic, and agitated or tremoring. Of the 157 cats, 96 were symptomatic with symptoms such as having mydriasis, hypersalivating, lethargic, ataxic or tachycardic, and vomiting. Serotonin-reduced rats were predisposed to tramadol-induced seizures, and serotonin concentrations were negatively associated with seizure thresholds. Tramadol has been shown to be embryotoxic and fetotoxic in mice, rats, and rabbits at maternally toxic doses, but was not teratogenic at these dose levels. Tramadol was not mutagenic in the following assays: Ames Salmonella microsomal activation test, CHO/HPRT mammalian cell assay, mouse lymphoma assay (in the absence of metabolic activation), dominant lethal mutation tests in mice, chromosome aberration test in Chinese hamsters, and bone marrow micronucleus tests in mice and Chinese hamsters. Weakly mutagenic results occurred in the presence of metabolic activation in the mouse lymphoma assay and micronucleus test in rats. No carcinogenic effect of tramadol was observed in mice at oral doses up to approximately twice the MDHD of 400 mg/day for a 60 kg adult based on body surface conversion, for 26 weeks and in rats at oral doses up to approximately twice the MDHD for two years. A slight, but statistically significant, increase in two common murine tumors, pulmonary and hepatic, was observed in mice dosed orally up to 0.36 times the MDHD for approximately two years.Signs and Symptoms of OverdoseTramadol and its O-desmethyl metabolite (M1) are selective, weak OP3-receptor agonists. Opiate receptors are coupled with G-protein receptors and function as both positive and negative regulators of synaptic transmission via G-proteins that activate effector proteins. As the effector system is adenylate cyclase and cAMP located at the inner surface of the plasma membrane, opioids decrease intracellular cAMP by inhibiting adenylate cyclase. Subsequently, the release of nociceptive neurotransmitters such as substance P, GABA, dopamine, acetylcholine and noradrenaline is inhibited. The analgesic properties of Tramadol can be attributed to norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake blockade in the CNS, which inhibits pain transmission in the spinal cord. The (+) enantiomer has higher affinity for the OP3 receptor and preferentially inhibits serotonin uptake and enhances serotonin release. The (-) enantiomer preferentially inhibits norepinephrine reuptake by stimulating alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors.
Signs and Symptoms	Overdose symptoms of a tramadol overdose may include drowsiness, shallow breathing, slow heartbeat, extreme weakness, cold or clammy skin, feeling light-headed, fainting, or coma. (L1328)
Effluent Concentrations	Tramadol was present at a maximum of 1,129 ng/L in untreated wastewater near Hesse, Germany sampled between January and September, 2010(1). The compound was reported in unspecified influent at a range of 733-48,999 ng/L and in the final effluent 739-59,046 ng/L, with <50% removal (secondary treatment). The primary breakdown product is desmethyltramadol(2). The compound was detected at an average concentration of 256 ng/L (1166 ng/L max) in 100% of eflluents sampled from 90 wastewater treatment plants in the European Union sampled in 2010detection limit = 0.5 ng/L(3).The presence of the anesthetic lidocaine (LDC), the analgesic tramadol (TRA), the antidepressant venlafaxine (VEN) and the metabolites O-desmethyltramadol (ODT) and O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV) was investigated in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents, in surface waters and in groundwater. The analytes were detected in all effluent samples and in only 64% of the surface water samples. The mean concentrations of the analytes in effluent samples from WWTPs with wastewater from only households and hospitals were 107 (LDC), 757 (TRA), 122 (ODT), 160 (VEN) and 637 ng L(-1) (ODV), while the mean concentrations in effluents from WWTPs treating additionally wastewater from pharmaceutical industries as indirect dischargers were for some pharmaceuticals clearly higher. WWTP effluents were identified as important sources of the analyzed pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in surface waters. The concentrations of the compounds found in surface waters ranged from <LOQ to 176 (LDC), 381 (TRA), 261 (ODT), 122 (VEN) and 743 ng L(-1) (ODV) and were dependent on the concentrations of the compounds in the WWTP effluents, the proportion of wastewater in the recipient water, the mean flow rate of the surface water, and the proximity of the sampling point to the WWTP discharge point. The dependence of the concentrations of the target compounds in the surface water on the distance between the sampling points and the points of WWTP discharge into the recipient rivers and streams indicates possible degradation of the compounds in the surface waters. Infiltration of the target analytes into groundwater was not observed.
Soil Adsorption/Mobility	A log Koc of 2.79 (Koc 616) Kd value of 22 L/kg was reported using an agricultural soil (pH 6.3) from Corrstown, Co Dublin, Ireland(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that tramadol is expected to have low mobility in soil. The estimated pKa1 of tramadol is 9.23(3), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Sorption isotherms (Kd, L/kg) of 1.1X10+2 and 1.9X10+2 have been reported using primary and secondary sludge, respectively, from the Klagshamn waste water treatment plant in Malmo City, Sweden(5).

Anwendungen & Verwendung

Verwenden

(+)-trans-Tramadol free base is an analgesic. Used in the treatment of urinary incontinence.