2-Chlorethanol

Do not breathe fumes from burning material. Air purifying respirator or self-contained breathing apparatus, coat, pants, gloves, and boots should be worn. No skin surface should be exposed. Bands around legs, arm and waist should be provided.；Water spray may be used to extinguish the fire because the material can be cooled below its flash point. Alcohol foam, carbon dioxide, and dry chemical may be used. (EPA, 1998)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Refer for medical attention .

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.；· Keep unauthorized personnel away.；· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.；· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.；· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.；· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.；· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.；· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.；· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.；Small Spill；· Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal.；· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.；Large Spill；· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.；· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Chloroethanol Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to chloroethanol may include weakness, dizziness, confusion, visual disturbances, incoordination, shock, seizures, and coma. Dyspnea (shortness of breath), pulmonary edema, respiratory depression, and respiratory failure may occur. Weak pulse, hypotension (low blood pressure), and cyanosis (blue tint to the skin and mucous membranes) may be observed. Nausea, vomiting, and hematuria (bloody urine) may be seen after exposure. Liver and kidney damage may also occur. Chloroethanol is irritating to the skin and mucous membranes.；Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to chloroethanol may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.；Inhalation Exposure:；1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to chloroethanol.；2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.；3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.；4. Transport to a health care facility.；Dermal/Eye Exposure:；1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to chloroethanol.；2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.；3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.；4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.；5. Wash exposed skin areas THOROUGHLY with soap and water.；6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.；7. Transport to a health care facility.；Ingestion Exposure:；1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.；2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.；3. Give the victims water or milk: children up to 1 year old, 125 mL (4 oz or 1/2 cup); children 1 to 12 years old, 200 mL (6 oz or 3/4 cup); adults, 250 mL (8 oz or 1 cup). Water or milk should be given only if victims are conscious and alert.；4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

General First Aid:；· Call 911 or emergency medical service.；· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.；· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.；· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.；· If victim is not breathing:；-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.；-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).；-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.；· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.；· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.；· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.；· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.；· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.；· Keep victim calm and warm.；· Keep victim under observation.；· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.；· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.；Specific First Aid:；· Wash skin with soap and water.

(General first aid procedures)；Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.；Skin: Water flush immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.；Breathing: Respiratory support；Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).；· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.；· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

2.0 [ppm]

1. Remove all ignition sources. 2. Ventilate area of spill or leak. 3. For small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in a safe place (such as a fume hood). Allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors to completely clear the hood ductwork. Burn the paper in a suitable location away from combustible materials. Large quantities can be collected and atomized in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. Ethylene chlorohydrin should not be allowed to enter a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:；ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.；SMALL SPILL: Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.；LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

1. By absorbing it in vermiculite, dry sand, earth or a similar material and disposing in a secured sanitary landfill. 2. By atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device.

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Simultaneous administration of ethyl alcohol increased the LD50 of ethylene chlorohydrin regardless of the route of administration (peroral or percutaneous). Necrotic lesions produced in the liver and kidney by ethylene chlorohydrin were also reduced in number and extent by ethanol. Blood concn of the chlorohydrin were raised by ethanol administration, which suggests that the protective effect is due to competitive inhibition of chlorohydrin metabolism to chloroacetaldehyde.

2-Chloroethanol is thought to interfere with the detoxification mechanisms of the alkaloids. Chickens were administered monocrotaline after separate groups were pretreated with BHA and 2-chloroethanol. There was an apparent deleterious effect of monocrotaline in 2-chloroethanol-pretreated chickens, similar to that in non-pretreated birds, with respect to growth rates, morbility, mortality, and hepatic histopatholoqy. Monocrotaline pyrrole formation was measured in chickens pretread with BHA and 2-chloroethanol by means of the Erlich reagent reaction spectrophotometric assay. There was a significant difference in pyrrole production between the treatment groups. The 2-chloroethanol plus-monocrotaline (40 mg/kg), BHA (500 mg/kg) plus monocrotaline, nonocrotaline, BHA (100 mg/kg) plus monocrotaline (20 mg/kg), and BHA (500 mg/kg) plus 2-chloroethanol and monocrotaline groups had decreasing amounts of pyrrole metabolite formation respectively.

LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 83.7 mg/l/96 hr (95% confidence limit 75.0-93.4 mg/l), flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 24.0 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.1 mg/l, hardness 52.3 mg/l calcium carbonate, alkalinity 44.2 mg/l calcium carbonate, and pH 7.22.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: If released on soil 2-chloroethanol would be expected to leach because of its estimated very low adsorptivity to soil. In view of its low estimated Henry's Law constant, 1.04X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(1), and low estimated adsortivity to soil, 2-chloroethanol would not be expected to volatilize from moist soil. However, it would be expected to volatilize from dry soil and other surfaces because it's vapor pressure is appreciable, 7.18 mm Hg at 25 °C(2). 2-Chloroethanol was readily biodegradable in screening tests and biological treatment simulations tests which suggest that it may biodegrade in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: If released in water, the fate of 2-chloroethanol is not clear. In view of its low estimated Henry's Law constant, 1.04X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(1), 2-chloroethanol would not be expected to volatilize from surface waters. It would not be expected to adsorb to sediment, bioconcentrate in fish, photolyze or hydrolyze. However, based on data from screening tests, it may biodegrade(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: 2-Chloroethanol reacts with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere and has a rate constant of 1.40X10-12 cu cm/molec-sec(1) for this reaction. Assuming a hydroxyl radical concn of 5X10+5 per cu cm, the half-life of 2-chloroethanol in the atmosphere will be 11.5 days(SRC). 2-Chloroethanol is soluble in water(2) and would be subject to washout by rain.

2-Chloroethanol and 2-chloroethanol fatty acid esters are byproducts of the ethylene oxide fumigation of foods(1). Furthermore, 2-chloroethanol fatty acid esters are hydrolyzed to 2-chloroethanol in model digestive systems(1). The level of 2-chloroethanol found in samples of black walnuts and a variety of spices (item, concn in ppm) was: allspice, 810-880; black pepper, 0.2-45; black walnuts, 1.9-4.8; chili powder, 0.8-45; cocoa, not detected; mint flakes, 0.6; mushrooms, not detected - 0.4; Nacho cheese mix, not detected - 14; nutmeg, 16-37; onion powder, not detected; paprika, not detected - 513; parsley flakes, 0.4; red pepper, 3.6-490; seafood seasoning, 33; taco seasoning, 115-117; vegetable flakes, 0.35-0.6; and white pepper, 0.78(1).

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome；Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.；Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.；ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Cough. Dizziness. Headache. Nausea. Sore throat. Vomiting.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Further see Inhalation.

Redness. Pain. Severe deep burns.

See Inhalation.

irritation mucous membrane; nausea, vomiting; dizziness, incoordination; numb; visual disturbance; headache; thirst; delirium; low blood pressure; collapse, shock, coma; liver, kidney damage

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=107-07-3]

The following medical procedures should be made available to each employee who is exposed to ethylene chlorohydrin at potentially hazardous levels: ... A complete history and physical examination. ... Examination of the respiratory system, liver, kidneys, and central nervous system should be stressed. The skin should be examined for evidence of chronic disorders. ... A profile of liver function should be obtained by using a medically acceptable array of biochemical tests. ... Since kidney damage has been observed from exposure, a urinalysis should be obtained to include at a minimum specific gravity, albumin, glucose, and microscopic /examination/ of centrifuged sediment. ... The aforementioned medical examinations should be repeated on a semi-annual basis for the first two years and annually thereafter.

Chemical: Ethanol, 2-chloro-

Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 (amended)

Ethylene Chlorohydrin is listed in the dataset of EPA Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides under the Safe Drinking Water Act (40 eCFR 141)

Status: Active Update: 12-04-2019 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/19389；Status: Active Update: 14-10-2021 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/13574

Ethylene chlorohydrin: HSNO Approval: HSR002990 Approved with controls

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. ETHYLENE CHLOROHYDRIN is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Chloroethanol is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 500 lbs.